• The Korean Journal of Physiology
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• v.3 no.2
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• pp.25-31
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• 1969

Effects of graded increase of positive lung inflation upon heart rates and arterial blood pressure were observed in the anesthetized dogs to analyze the mechanical and neural regulatory factor in response to the positive inflation of the lung. The results obtained were summarized as followings: 1) When the low grade of positive lung inflation was employed under the mild to moderate anesthesia, central venous pressure was linearly increased while heart rate was decreased. After bilateral vagotomy, central venous pressure was obviously increased while heart rate was constant. 2) When the high degree of positive lung inflation was employed, changes of central venous pressure and heart rate were not significant. 3) The low grade of intrapulmonary pressure increase caused reflex tachycardia in phase 2 and overshooting in phase 4 in response to the systemic arterial blood pressure change. 4) On the other hand, the high degree of intrapulmonary pressure increase caused paradoxical bradycardia in phase 2 and lack of overshooting in phase 4 in response to the systemic arterial blood pressure change. 5) It may be noted that the experimental model employed in the present study is a useful tool to evaluate and analyze the neural and mechanical regulatory factor in response to the graded increase of the positive lung inflation.

• BMB Reports
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• v.41 no.4
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• pp.267-277
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• 2008

Insects mount a robust innate immune response against a wide array of microbial pathogens. The hallmark of the Drosophila humoral immune response is the rapid production of anti-microbial peptides in the fat body and their release into the circulation. Two recognition and signaling cascades regulate expression of these antimicrobial peptide genes. The Toll pathway is activated by fungal and many Gram-positive bacterial infections, whereas the immune deficiency (IMD) pathway responds to Gram-negative bacteria. Recent work has shown that the intensity and duration of the Drosophila immune response is tightly regulated. As in mammals, hyperactivated immune responses are detrimental, and the proper down-modulation of immunity is critical for protective immunity and health. In order to keep the immune response properly modulated, the Toll and IMD pathways are controlled at multiple levels by a series of negative regulators. In this review, we focus on recent advances identifying and characterizing the negative regulators of these pathways.

• Journal of Korea Society of Digital Industry and Information Management
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.209-224
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• 2010

This study is focus on consumer innovativeness. The purpose of this study is to explore variable that affect users' perceived value of mobile advertising and actual response intension to analyze relationship among variables. We built research new model based on the Technology Acceptance Model(TAM) and the Ducoffe's model(1996). The result of this study can be summarized as below. First, consumer innovativeness had a positive effect on convenience, the entertaining element and informativeness. Second, credibility and convenience had a positive effect on mobile advertising value. Third, Mobile advertising value had a positive effect on actual response intention to mobile advertising. As shown in the result of this study, the relation between perceived value of mobile advertising and actual response intention, depending on innovativeness in accordance with mobile advertising characters elements.

• Communications of the Korean Mathematical Society
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.701-717
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• 2006

The positive coexistence of a simple food chain model with ratio-dependent functional response and cross-diffusion is discussed. Especially, when a cross-diffusion is small enough, the existence of positive solutions of the system concerned can be expected. The extinction conditions for all three interacting species and for one or two of three species are studied. Moreover, when a cross-diffusion is sufficiently large, the extinction of prey species with cross-diffusion interaction to predator occurs. The method employed is the comparison argument for elliptic problem and fixed point theory in a positive cone on a Banach space.

• The Korean Journal of Rehabilitation Nursing
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.145-152
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• 2006

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate the depression, anxiety, stress response and self-care, to analyze the correlation among depression, anxiety, stress response and self-care by gender, and to determine factors associated with self-care in diabetic patients. Method: The subjects of this study were 103 participants with diabetes mellitus. Data were analyzed by chi-square test, t-test, Pearson correlation coefficient and multiple regression analysis by using SAS program. Result: Items for self-care evaluation by gender were significant differences in hospital visit, hypoglycemia preparation, proper hygiene, taking a rest, foot injury check, drinking, and smoking. The female patients are more likely to have higher self-care score than the male patients. However, there were no differences in depression, anxiety and stress response by gender. In male patients, there were positive correlations between the degree of depression and stress response, the degree of anxiety and stress response. In female patients, there were positive correlations between the degree of depression and stress response, the degree of anxiety and stress response. In multiple regression analysis, gender and experienced admission is associated with self-care. Conclusion: We should consider integrated approaches for psychological problems in the management of diabetic patients.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Electrical and Electronic Material Engineers
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• v.17 no.7
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• pp.754-759
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• 2004

We have studied the fringe field switching (FFS) mode with the positive dielectric anisotropy for the fast response time. The factors such as the physical properties of the LC, the cell gap, and the rubbing angle were critical for the fast response time of the FFS mode. The response time became 10 ms faster when the rotational viscosity of the new LC is 20 mPa.s lower than the conventional LC. When the cell gap changed from 3.6 ${\mu}{\textrm}{m}$ to 3.0 ${\mu}{\textrm}{m}$, it was possible to achieve the total response time and response times associated with grey-to-grey transitions under 16 ms. And the response times including grey-to-grey transitions become fast as the rubbing angle decreases.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Physical Medicine
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• v.14 no.3
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• pp.73-80
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• 2019

PURPOSE: This study examined the correlation between the visual analog scale (VAS) and the rate of change in the respiration patterns according to the result of Lumbar Instability Tests (LITs) in young people with chronic low back pain (CLBP) METHODS: Thirty-six adults, aged 20-40 years with CLBP, participated in this study. The general characteristics and VAS of the participants were recorded by the subjects themselves and seven structure and functional LITs were conducted. According to the positive response number, the positive group was divided into four groups (group 1: n=8, group 2: n=9, group 3: n=10, group 4: n=9). The breathing pattern change tests were performed in three states: during forced breathing exercise and motor control tests. A total of 13 positive lists were set, each of which was scored by 1 or 2 points according to the severity. After the positive lists were scored, the breathing pattern changing rate (BPCR) and VAS were compared according to the positive response number of LITs, and the correlation between them was analyzed. RESULTS: A strong correlation was observed between the number of positive of LITs and BPCR (r= .863, p= .000) and a moderate correlation between the positive number of LITs and VAS (r= .508, p= .002). In addition, there was a poor correlation between the BPCR and VAS (r= .434, p= .008). CONCLUSION: In young CLBP people, when the structural and functional instability are both present, the changes in the respiratory pattern of the whole body can be varied and broader, and the pain scale also increases.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• v.21 no.6
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• pp.177-186
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• 2004

Introduction : Recent studies Suggested that there is a strong correlation between acupuncture stimulation and its related cortical activation. Anther study showed that either positive or negative BOLD effects could be observed depending on anatomical structure in acupuncture stimulation. In ttis study, we investigated a new acupoint $KI_6$ (照海), which was known as motor-related acupoint and obtained an evidence that the stimulation of $KI_6$ resulted in either negative or positive BOLD response to stimulation. Methods & Results : 1. Subjects and paradigms : Two separate stimulation paradigms were performed on five healthy (aged 22-23 yrs) in this study. First, the paradigm of acupuncture stimulation was that the acupuncture needle was inserted in acupoints $KI_6$, which is located in lateral side of the foot and then continuously twisted(補瀉를 除外한 捻轉法) for 70 seconds for 10 cycles of activation. During rest period (70 seconds), the needle was completed removed from acupoint. Total 60 cycles were performed and 10 images were obtained per cycle. Second, nonacupoint was randomly selected and the same paradigm was performed as acupoint stimulation. The stimulation protocol comprised 10 cycles of alternating. activation and rest (10 images per cycle). Total 60 cycles were performed and each cycle take about 1.5 sec for motor task. Subjects take an at least 15 minutes break before starting anther paradigm. 2. fMRI mapping : Multi-slice functional images were obtained on a 1.5T Magnetom Vision MRI scanner (Simens Medical, Erlangen, Germany) equipped with high performance whole-body gradients. The BOLD T2 * - weighted images were acquired with acho planar imaging sequence (TR = 1.2 sec, TE = 60 msec, and flip angle = $90_{\circ}$). The other sequence parameter are : FOV = 210 mm, matrix=$64{\times}128$ or $64{\times}64$, slice number=10 and slice thickness = 5 or 8 mm. the anatomic images were obtained with Spin-echo T1-weighted images. The resulting images were then anaiyzed with STIMULATE (CMRR, U. of Minnesota) to generate functional maps using a student T-test (p < 0.005) and cluster analysis. Both positive and negative response were evaluated. Conclusions : We have observed the activation of the motor cortex by stimulating motor-related acupoint ($KI_6$). Among five subjects, negative BOLD response was shown in four and positive response in one. All subjects showed positive response to conventional finger flexion-extension task. To understand the detailed mechanisms of correlation between acupuncture stimulation and BOLD fMRI changes and two typs of response, further study strongly required.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.255-267
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• 2015

Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP) is the causative agent of Johne's disease, a chronic debilitating disease affecting ruminants worldwide. In the present study, we aimed to determine the major gene networks and pathways underlying the immune response to MAP infection using whole-blood cells, as well as provide the potential transcriptional markers for identifying the status of MAP infection. We analyzed the transcriptional profiles of whole-blood cells of cattle identified and grouped according to the presence of MAP-specific antibodies and the MAP shed by them. The grouping was based on the results obtained by ELISA and PCR analyses as follows: i) Test1 group: MAP-negative results obtained by ELISA and positive results obtained by PCR; ii) Test2 group: MAP-positive results obtained by ELISA and negative results obtained by PCR; iii) Test3 group: MAP-positive results obtained by ELISA and positive results obtained by PCR; iv) uninfected control: MAP-negative results obtained both by ELISA and PCR analysis. The results showed down-regulated production and metabolism of reactive oxygen species in the Test1 group, activation of pathways related to the host-defense response against MAP (LXR/RXR activation and complement system) in the Test2 and Test3 groups, and anti-inflammatory response (activation of IL-10 signaling pathway) only in the Test3 group. Our data indicate a balanced response that serves the immune-limiting mechanism while the host-defense responses are progressing.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.16 no.15
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• pp.6663-6668
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• 2015

Background: Treatment failure in leukemia is due to either pharmacokinetic resistance or cell resistance to drugs. Materials and Methods: Gene expression of multiple drug resistance protein (MDR-1), multidrug resistance-related protein (MRP) and low resistance protein (LRP) was assessed in 45 pediatric ALL cases and 7 healthy controls by real time PCR. The expression was scored as negative, weak, moderate and strong. Results: The male female ratio of cases was 2.75:1 and the mean age was 5.2 years. Some 26/45 (58%) were in standard risk, 17/45(38%) intermediate and 2/45 (4%) in high risk categorie, 42/45 (93%) being B-ALL and recurrent translocations being noted in 5/45 (11.0%). Rapid early response (RER) at day 14 was seen in 37/45 (82.3%) and slow early response (SER) in 8/45 (17.7%) cases. Positive expression of MDR-1, LRP and MRP was noted in 14/45 (31%), 15/45 (33%) and 27/45 (60%) cases and strong expression in 3/14 (21%), 11/27 (40.7%) and 8/15 (53.3%) cases respectively. Dual or more gene positivity was noted in 17/45 (38%) cases. 46.5 % (7/15) of LRP positive cases at day 14 were in RER as compared to 100% (30/30) of LRP negative cases (p<0.05). All 8 (100%) LRP positive cases in SER had strong LRP expression (p=<0.05). Moreover, only 53.3% of LRP positive cases were in haematological remission at day 30 as compared to 100% of LRP negative cases (p=<0.05). Conclusions: Our study indicated that increased LRP expression at diagnosis in pediatric ALL predicts poor response to early treatment and hence can be used as a prognostic marker. However, larger prospective studies with longer follow up are needed, to understand the clinical relevance of drug resistance proteins.