• Journal of Korea Trade
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• v.23 no.6
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• pp.66-92
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• 2019

Purpose - Foreign Exchange Rates (FER) have been one of the most significant factors for both Korean exporters and the economy of Korea. The purpose of this study is to evaluate whether exporters with a high level of Exchange Rate Elasticity of Sales (ERES) make the use of earnings management for Income Smoothing (IS). Design/methodology - Income smoothing was obtained using the methodology suggested by Leuz, Nanda and Wysocki (2003). Accruals-based Earnings Management (AEM) was estimated using Discretionary Accruals (DA) calculated by the operant Jones Model developed by Dechow, Sloan and Sweeney (1995). Real Earnings Management (REM) was obtained using the methodologies suggested by Roychowdhury (2006) and Cohen and Zarowin (2010). Data were 2,402 firm years of public listed companies on the KRX, which were not in the financial industry and had a settlement of accounts in December for the period from 2013 to 2017. Findings - Results of the evaluation are as follows. First, companies with higher levels of ERES have relatively lower levels of smoothing of reported income. This might be because a fluctuation in sales caused by an exchange rate fluctuation has a direct impact on the volatility of the reported income. Second, companies with high levels of both ERES and IS have a positive correlation with both AEM and REM. This might be because companies with high levels of IS engage in earnings management to smooth reported income. Specifically, it is possible to assume that for smoothing the reported income, not only AEM but also REM is practiced. Third, companies with high levels of ERES but low levels of IS have a negative correlation with both AEM and REM. This could be interpreted as companies exhibiting low levels of IS due to higher levels of ERES tend to control IS. In addition, such results were supported by firms relying highly on exporting, and are consequently sensitive to exchange rate fluctuation. Therefore, it may conclude that companies with high levels of ERES make the use of earnings management as a means of IS. Originality/value - This study can find its significance from the fact that it is the first study, empirically verifying that companies of Korea, where exportation is a large part, use both AEM and REM as a means for smoothing reported income upon facing exchange rate fluctuations. In addition, it is highly expected that the results of this study could be useful for participants of financial markets when making IS-related decisions.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.545-553
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• 2021

The frequency by water disaster in urban areas are increasing continuously due to climate change and urbanization. Countermeasures are being conducted to reduce the damage caused by water disasters. An analysis based on permeability, one of the parameters that affect runoff, is needed to predict quantitative runoff in urban watersheds and study runoff reduction. In this study, the SWAT model was simulated for the oncheon stream basin, a representative urban stream in Busan. The permeability map was prepared by calculating the CN values for each hydrologic response unit. Based on the permeability map prepared, EPA SWMM analyzed the effect of LID technology application on the water cycle in the basin for short-term rainfall events. The LID element technology applied to the oncheon stream basin was rooftop greening in the residential complex, and waterproof packaging was installed on the road. The land cover status of the land selected based on the permeability map and the application of LID technology reduced the outflow rate, peak flow rate, and outflow rate and increased the infiltration. Hence, LID technology has a positive effect on the water cycle in an urban basin.

• 한국사회정책
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.3-43
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• 2018

The digital revolution has brought about both positive expectations and negative concerns. Many experts predict that the current technological revolution, so-called "Fourth Industrial Revolution", which is expected to increase productivity in a disruptive way, has significant implications on employment and the labor market. In subsequence, the possible demise of the traditional employment system could markedly undermine the comtemporary welfare state. As a result, basic income has emerged as an alternative. However, little welfare state research has conducted the systematic review on the impact of the present technological revolution on employment and welfare states. In this paper, we will start to review the gist of the digital revolution and critically review recent studies on its effects on employment and welfare states together with actual case studies. In particular, we will investigate the experiences of platform economies of Uber and Amazon Mechanical Turk, and the German experience from 'Work 4.0'. Finally, we will discuss key issues of future welfare state reforms. This research argues that the effects of the technological revolution on employment and welfare state policies would be enormous, but they will be most likely to be mediated by domestic political and policy institutions. It emphasizes the importance of high-quality social investment that would enable individuals to flexibly adapt technological changes and support creative human capital resource. But, high-quality social investment could not be sustained without the decent social protection system that universally provides security to people.

• International Area Studies Review
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• v.13 no.3
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• pp.191-210
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• 2009

Energy Security has been factor of great importance to national security, economy, society and all other areas. However, it has been in the lack of situation where there is no leading method to measure energy security nor to compare among countries until now. In the research, objective index to assess energy security has been developed and compared among the level of countries in terms of energy importing countries' perspective. Based on the suggested index, comparison for the energy security level has been explained. The implication of the research is that in terms of energy importing perspectives, method to appraise energy security and according to this, energy security rate by each countries with respect to LNG. This method is doubtlessly applicable to comparison of security rate from other resources and fluctuation of energy security by reflecting other factors. Also, discussion about how increased autonomy of resources can impact Korean energy security with regard to recent international energy development. As a consequence, it has revealed that enhanced authority of resources evokes ascendancy of energy security in a positive way.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.315-325
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• 2019

Loss experience can bring more negative impact to the person, if experienced in a younger period. This study examined how self-esteem mediates the effect of emotional expression and maladaptive emotion regulation strategies regarding one's loss during adolescence among college students on depression. The data of 380 college students entails what kind of loss was experienced, how the level of self-esteem mediated the effect of emotional expression and maladaptive emotion regulation strategy after loss experience on depression; and it was analyzed with SPSS 21.0 and Amos 21.0. The results showed that emotional expression about loss experiences was negatively correlated with depression (${\beta}=-.180$, p<.01), and maladaptive emotion regulation strategies showed a positive correlation with depression (${\beta}=.266$, p<.001). The emotional expression of loss experiences decreased the level of depression by increasing the level of self - esteem, and maladaptive emotion regulation strategy of loss experience increased depression level by lowering self-esteem level. Therefore, it is conceivable to assume that the more people articulate on various emotional experiences after their loss and think positively about themselves, and the less they criticize for themselves, the less likely they are to experience depression while maintaining high self-esteem.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.19 no.11
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• pp.264-277
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• 2018

Focusing on the potential impact of information and communication technology (ICT) on older adults' quality of life, this study empirically examined the influence of smartphone use in old age on life satisfaction, depression, social activity and social support of Korean older adults. In order to examine the effects of smartphone use, this study analyzed data from 630 questionnaire surveys from older adults aged 65 and over living in Seoul. The effects of smartphone use were tested using hierarchical multiple regression analysis, controlling for socio-demographic variables such as age, sex, spouse, education and income. Results showed that the effects of smartphone use on life satisfaction, depression and social activity of older adults were statistically significant. However, the effects of smartphone use on social support of older adults was not statistically significant. This study suggests that ICT such as smartphones in old age plays generally positive roles in enhancing psychological, mental and social aspects of quality of life. This implies that further practical efforts to expand the distribution and use of ICT in old age are required to improve quality of life and successful aging of older adults.

• Journal of the Korea Convergence Society
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• v.9 no.11
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• pp.307-313
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• 2018

In this study, analyzed the effect of the introduction and operation of internal control system of a company on accounting information usefulness in a rapidly changing business environment. In order to conduct this study, we studied a comprehensive analysis on the usefulness of internal control and accounting information, and applied the research model to the purpose of this study. In this study, we analyzed the degree of the relationship between variables based on the discretionary accruals of the modified Jones model using the internal control evaluation index based on the components of the internal control system for China. In the empirical analysis, analyzed that the operation of internal control has a negative influence on discretionary accruals, which is a substitute for usability of accounting information. In addition, the risk management factors of the internal control system have a negative correlation with the usefulness of accounting information. The results of this study suggest that it is possible to present the positive function of internal control system to many firms where the introduction and operation of internal control is important, and to provide useful guidance in the study of the relationship between the operation of internal control and discretionary accruals for foreign company.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.20 no.8
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• pp.8-14
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• 2019

Bird-strike is one of the most important design factors for safety in the aviation industry. Bird-strikes have been the cause of significant damage to aircraft and rotorcraft structures and the loss of life. This study used DYTRAN software to simulate the transient response of an Euler-Lagrangian composite helicopter blade that has been impacted by a bird. The Arbitrary Lagrangian Eulerian (ALE) method and a suitable equation of state were applied to model the bird. ALE was applied to the bird-strike analysis due to the large difference between the properties of the blade and bird. The debris of the bird was assumed to be a fluid and applied as Euler elements after the collision. Through the analysis of bird impacts, the leading-edge of the rotor blade (50.8 mm) was used to identify a positive margin of 1.18 based on the TSAI-FILL criteria. The results are assessed to be sufficiently reliable and may be evaluated to replace tests with various analysis conditions. The structural stability of the rotor blade could be assessed by applying various load conditions and different modeling methods in the future.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.19 no.8
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• pp.265-275
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• 2019

The purpose of this study is to validate scale of deteminants for watching Korean traditional music performances to activate the market by procuring and increasing Korean traditional music performance consumers that exhibit generally low preference in the performance market. Accordingly, FGI was conducted on seven employees and professionals in the arts and cultural sector and then open survey results were categorized into eight factors and a total of sixty-five items using the KJ method to find the viewing decision factors per consumer type of Korean traditional music performances. Afterwards, a six-factor and thirty-five items were extracted after conducting an exploratory factor analysis and confirmatory factor analysis was conducted to verify the structural appropriateness, and then the feasibility of the composition of Korean traditional music performance viewing decision factor scale was verified. Results of the analysis showed that first, for general Korean adults making decisions to view Korean traditional music performances, there was positive impact in the order of interest-creating factors, fame and talent factors, emotional and information factors, creativity factors, reasonable price factors, and social relation factors. Second, the general tendency of decision factors to view Korean traditional music performances showed relatively high levels in reasonable price factors and interest-creating factors among the Korean traditional music performance viewing decision factors, while emotional and information factors were found to be relatively low.

• Journal of the Korean Regional Science Association
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• v.35 no.1
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• pp.59-72
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• 2019

This study focused on low fertility and population decline which threaten national competitiveness. Therefore, a comprehensive analysis was attempted on the impact of housing characteristics and residential area characteristics of newlyweds on their birth plan. To this end, the hierarchical linear model(HLM) was implemented using '2016 Korea Newlyweds' Housing Survey' data. The main findings of this study are as follows. First, the birth plan of newlyweds is affected not only by housing characteristics, but also residential area characteristics such as the average housing price, average private education expenses and the number of local child centers. Second, the use of housing loans and the housing tenure have an interaction effect with the average housing price and the number of local child centers among the residential area characteristics. In other words, the use of housing loans has a negative effect on the birth plan if the housing price is high in the area, and being renter household has a positive effect on the birth plan if the number of local child centers is high in the area. These findings suggest that governmental effort to raise the birthrate of newlyweds should take into account their housing characteristics as wells as residential area characteristics.