• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.42 no.6
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• pp.744-748
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• 2009

Background: This study was designed to determine etiologic factors for iatrogenic pneumothorax in an era of in-creased use of invasive procedures and to evaluate its impact on morbidity. Material and Method: Subjects were 112 patients (65 men and 47 women ranging in age from 20 to 90 years) who were diagnosed with an iatrogenic pneumothorax between January 2005 and December 2008. We reviewed medical records retrospectively. Result: The leading causes of iatrogenic pneumothorax were percutaneous needle aspiration (50), central venous catheterization (29), acupuncture (14), thoracentesis (8) and positive pressure ventilation (7). The majority of the patients (60 of 114) were treated with chest tubes. The mean duration of hospital treatment was 5.8 $({\pm}4.0)$ days. Hospitalization was prolonged in 24 patients (21.1%). No patient died from iatrogenic pneumothorax. Conclusion: In our study, the most common cause of Iatrogenic pneumothorax was percutaneous needle aspiration. The mortality and morbidity from iatrogenic pneumothorax is not significant. The recognition of pneumothorax, depends on careful examination after completion of an invasive procedure, and should be followed by prompt and definitive therapy.

• Journal of Korea Water Resources Association
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• v.46 no.5
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• pp.559-568
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• 2013

Surface compaction significantly impacts runoff and soil erosion under rainfall since it leads to changes of soil physical characteristics such as increase of bulk density and shear stress, change of microporosity, and decrease of hydraulic conductivity. This study addressed surface compaction effects on runoff and soil loss from bare and disturbed soils that are commonly distributed on construction sites. Thirty-six rainfall simulations from three replicates of each involving rainfall intensities (68.5 mm/hr, 95.6 mm/hr) and plot gradients ($5^{\circ}$, $12.5^{\circ}$, $20^{\circ}$) were conducted to measure runoff and soil loss for two different soil surface treatments (compacted surface, non-compacted surface). Compacted surface increased significantly soil bulk density and soil strength. However, the effect of surface treatments on runoff changed with rainfall intensity and plot gradient. Rainfall intensity and plot gradient had a positive effect on mean soil loss. In addition, the effect of surface treatments on soil loss responded differently with rainfall intensity and plot gradient. Compacted surfaces increased soil loss at gentle slope ($5^{\circ}$) while they decreased soil loss at steep slope ($20^{\circ}$). These results indicate that there exists transitional slope range ($10{\sim}15^{\circ}$) between gentle and steep slope by surface compaction effects on soil loss under disturbed bare soils and simulated rainfalls.

• Journal of Technology Innovation
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.25-53
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• 2009

The purpose of this paper is to analysis sectoral patterns of technological innovation in Korean manufacturing sector. Pavitt(1984) put forward a well-known taxonomy that industries three groups of industries characterized by markedly different innovative modes, namely science-based, production-intensive and supplier-dominated industries. Using Pavitt's taxonomy as a framework, we try to explain similarities and differences among sectors in the sources and impact of innovations. Based on a sample of 2,371 firms in manufacturing industry, this paper investigated its relevance to explain the sources and directions of innovative activities in Korean industries. Empirical study shows that in supplier dominated firms most process innovations come from suppliers of equipment and materials. In science-based firms product innovation is produced internally, based on the rapid development of the underlying sciences in the universities and research institutes. It also shows that production-intensive firms have a positive association between innovativeness and customer collaboration. This explanation has implications for our understanding of the sources and directions of technical changes, the formation of technological advantages at the level of both region and country.

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.33 no.2
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• pp.102-106
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• 2016

More than 20 years after the first report of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) in Korea, the disease is still having major impact on domestic pig health and relevant industries. Although ELISA tests are commonly used by veterinarians to guide herd management, data on diagnostic performance of the test in field settings are very limited. The objective of this study was to evaluate two commercially available PRRSV ELISA (IDEXX PRRS X3 ELISA and Bionote PRRSV ELISA 4.0) to detect antibodies against PRRSV on serum samples. To this end, a total of 1,108 sera were recruited from 35 swine farms located in Gyeonggi province and tested at the Gyeonggi Province Veterinary Service Center. All tests were performed according to the manufacturer's instructions, by laboratory technicians who routinely perform PRRS testing on blood samples. Samples were collected from two sources of swine populations with different PRRS prevalence; 60 samples (5.4%) were originated from breeding farms and the remaining 1,048 samples (94.6%) were from farrow-to-finish farms. We applied Bayesian latent class model (LCM) for two-tests in the two-population when the accuracy of the gold standard is not available. The model estimated that Bionote ELISA was a bit more specific but slightly less sensitive. The estimated sensitivity and specificity of the IDEXX ELISA were 99.8% (95% CI 98.1-100%) and 86.4% (95% CI 81.4-96.5%), respectively. Sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value and negative predictive value for Bionote kit were 98.7% (95% CI 92.8-100%), 89.8% (95% CI 86.2-93.1%), 93.8% (95% CI 91.5-96.0%), and 97.8% (95% CI 87.1-100%), respectively. Based on the Bayesian 95% credible intervals, the sensitivity and specificity of the two ELISAs were not significantly different each other when assuming that two kits were imperfect, indicating that two kits performed equally well in terms of sensitivity and specificity in our filed setting.

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.32 no.4
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• pp.324-329
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• 2015

The primary aim of this study was to investigate biosecurity practices in pig farms and to determine the major risk factors associated with PCV2 infection for a sampled swine population in Korea. To this end, we analyzed data from a cross-sectional study of 296 farrow-to-finish farms, which was conducted between March and September 2014 to explore the prevalence of swine disease at farm level. Face-to-face interviews by on-site visit of trained veterinarians were conducted with the farm owners or managers using a standardized questionnaires with information about basic demographical data and management practices. Farms were classified as negative or positive through the use of infection profiles that combined data on serological testing including PCR antigen test result, antibody titer and sero-conversion pattern at each age category taking into account vaccination status. Data were analyzed using multivariate ordinal logistic regression. Results from this study indicated that biosecurity level of the farms was considered not good given low compliance of the biosecurity programs and facilities in the farm: off-site removal of dead stocks (7%), off-site location of storage facility for incoming feeds (12.6%), off-site pick-up location for finishers (19.3%), restrictions on feed supplier vehicles for farm entrance (19.6%), restriction of finisher trucks entering the farm (22.4%), and restriction on manure disposal trucks entering the farm (26.4%). In the final model (n = 255), allowance of finisher truck driver to the pig unit had increased risk of infection (OR = 2.4, 95% CI 1.22-4.67) whereas farms with a sign forbidding the entrance had decreased risk of infection (OR = 0.19, 95% CI 0.10-0.58). Further comprehensive research with larger sample size is required to better understand the multifactorial characteristic that some predisposing risk factors that were not available in this study. To the best knowledge of the authors, this was the first study to use empirical data to report risk factors associated with PCV2 infection in the Korean pig farms. Results from the current study could be used to decide optimal biosecurity measures to reduce the impact of PCV2 infection to farmers and policy makers.

• Pediatric Infection and Vaccine
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.178-185
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• 2015

Purpose: We investigated trends in antibiotic pressure and the antibiotic susceptibility of gram negative bacteria isolated from Korean children over 10 consecutive years. Methods: From January 2004 to December 2013, the antibiotic susceptibility of Klebsiella pneumoniae, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Acinetobacter baumannii blood isolates obtained from children <18 years of age was determined according to the 2009 Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute guidelines. Antibiotic consumption data were also analyzed. Results: The prevalence of K. pneumoniae, E. coli, P. aeruginosa, and A. baumannii bacteremia was 4.6, 3.5, 3.4, and 2.2 cases/1,000 blood cultures/year, respectively. In K. pneumoniae, resistance to the third and fourth cephalosporin did not increase significantly. However, carbapenem-resistant K. pneumoniae first appeared in 2010, and the resistance rate increased to 9% between 2012 and 2013. Resistance to 3rd and 4th cephalosporin increased from 10% to 50% in E. coli, and resistance to carbapenem rose abruptly from 11% to 71% in A. baumannii (P for trend <0.01). However, such an increase of resistance was not observed in P. aeruginosa. There is a positive correlation between the resistance rate of cefepime in E. coli and the consumption of cefepime (r=0.900, P=0.037). Conclusion: The significant burden of antibiotic consumption and the high prevalence of antibiotic resistance to gram negative pathogen isolated from bacteremic children were observed. Empirical antibiotics should be wisely selected, and continued efforts to decrease the overall antibiotic pressure are mandatory, especially in highly resistant situations.

• Asia pacific journal of information systems
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.29-51
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• 2013

In line with network technology development and smart device penetration, the social network service (SNS) has expanded its influence. The SNS which is a service based on communication and sharing among people, has grown based on users' voluntary engagement and participation and its influence has appeared beyond the cyberspace into the overall areas of domestic and foreign culture and society. In particular, SNS-based real-time communication during diverse disasters, can help prevent further damage. By sharing information on social donation activities and environmental campaigns, people have used SNS as a tool to change the society in a more positive way. Such series of activities functioning as a power to change the society have been made much faster and wider through the help of a new media called SNS. To better understand such trends, we are required to study about the SNS and its user relationships first. In this context, this study sought to identify the effects of people's desire to build friendships through SNS on the voluntary and society-friendly activities of people. This study considers online pro-social behavior and proposes online citizenship behavior. Citizenship behavior has been examined in organization context. That is, organizational citizenship behavior explains an employee's pro-social behavior in an organization context. Organizational citizenship behavior is characterized by the individual's helping others and promoting the functioning of the organization. By applying organizational citizenship behavior to an online context, we propose online citizenship behavior, an individual's pro-social behavior in an online context. An individual's pro-social behavior, i.e., online citizenship behavior, could be considered as a way for the better management of online community and society. It also needs to examine the development of online citizenship behavior. This study examined online citizenship behavior from the friendship desire. Because online society or community is characterized by online relationships between members, the friendship between members would lead to pro-social behavior, i.e., helping others and promoting the functioning of the online society, in such online context. This study further examines the antecedents of friendship desire in terms of SNS interactivity with its four factors. The findings based on the survey from real SNS users explain that the three factors of SNS interactivity (connectivity, enjoyment, and synchronicity) increases online friendship desire which then increases online citizenship behavior significantly. This study contributes to the literature by examining the key role of online friendship desire in leading to online citizenship behavior and identifying its antecedents in terms of SNS characteristics. The findings in this study also provide guidance on how to manage online society and how to promote the effective functioning of SNS.

• Journal of Internet Computing and Services
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.87-94
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• 2014

Social media which includes Facebook enable users to construct relationships and networks as well as sharing of information. By enlisting Facebook users as proxy, this paper attempted to analyze the different emotional states experienced by social media users, specifically to gauge what effect their usage motivation and usage pattern had on the ambivalence level of the users. The quantitative survey result revealed that usage duration or the time of day when Facebook was accessed had no relevant impact on one's ambivalence level. However, there was a direct correlation between frequency of Facebook usage and the ambivalence level. The more the user logged onto Facebook the more suppressed his or her expression became due to fear of giving negative impressions to others and also receiving their negative feedbacks, which then subsequently added to the user's ambivalence. People's main reasons for using Facebook were identified as "chatting," "communicating," "maintaining relationships," "relationship building," "networking," and "finding information about friends," but only "maintaining relationships," "communicating," and "networking" had observable effect on ambivalence. There were no noticeable differences among genders with regards to ambivalence and usage levels, but there was a marked difference based on the user's age. For example, people in their forties showed higher levels of ambivalence than those in their twenties. This may be attributed to anxiety they face as they use Facebook primarily to expand their networks and to maintain relationships. As such, it is surmised that their fatigue level from using social media will only increase. Meanwhile, Korean Facebook user's emotional manifestation tended to skew toward relation-involved ambivalence rather than the self-defensive type. This relation-involved ambivalence might be something that can actually help prevent damage to relationships by limiting excessive emotional expressions. In other words, such ambivalence by Facebook users may be a positive element in a user's social media interaction.

• Journal of Hospice and Palliative Care
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.29-36
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• 2004

Purpose: A quantitative descriptive study aimed to identify the relationships between spiritual well-being and perception attitudes of death in nursing students. Methods: A survey was conducted and 175 data were collected. Collected data were computed and analyzed using SPSS10.0 for Win. 1) Descriptive statistics were used to identify demographic data, and 2) both t-test and ANOVA statistics were used to figure out the relationships between spiritual well-being /or perception attitudes of death and demographic data of the participants. 3) Pearson's correlation coefficient was used to identify the relationships between the two main variables. Results: 1) The mean of spiritual well-being score of the participants was $50.9943{\pm}10.7235$. Significant relationships between religion /or doing economic activity and spiritual well-being were found. 2) The mean of perception attitudes of death was $20.4914{\pm}2.6280$. There were significant relationships between gender /or age and perception attitudes of death among participants. 3) A strong positive relationship between spiritual well-being and perception attitudes of death of participants was also found(r=.261, P=.000). Conclusion: The study results shows that spiritual well-being of nursing students as caregivers of terminal patients is important when the perception of death of terminal patients is considered. Previous studies indicate that caregivers' perception attitudes impact on those of terminal patients. Therefore, it is suggested that not only perception attitudes of death and spiritual well-being in terminal patients, but also those of caregivers are importantly required to consider in educational programs in relation to spiritual care of terminal patients.

• Journal of Gifted/Talented Education
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• v.23 no.3
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• pp.315-333
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• 2013

The purpose of this study was to compare the time management behaviors and life satisfaction of gifted students and general students, and to investigate relationships between the time management and the life satisfaction. For this study, 104 gifted middle school students and 203 regular middle school students in Kyunggi Province were participated. The results of this study were as follows.; First, there was significant difference in the time management behaviors between gifted students and general students. Analyzing by independent samples t-test showed that gifted students' time management behaviors showed significantly higher than that of general students'. There was no gender difference in gifted students' time management behaviors. However, there was a significant gender difference in general students. The interaction effect between the group and the gender did not appear. Second, there was significant difference in the life satisfaction between gifted students and general students. Analyzing by independent samples t-test showed that gifted students' life satisfaction showed significantly higher than that of general students'. There was no gender difference in both groups. The interaction effect between the group and the gender did not appear. Third, investigating the relationship between time management behaviors and life satisfaction of gifted students and general students, the results showed significantly positive correlations in both groups. Regression analysis was performed to investigate the impact of time management behaviors on life satisfaction, and it showed that time management behavior affects significantly on life satisfaction.