• Journal of Biomedical Engineering Research
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• v.29 no.1
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• pp.32-39
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• 2008

This paper reports on a realtime OS based master-slave configuration robot control system for laparoscopic surgery robot which enables telesurgery and overcomes shortcomings with conventional laparoscopic surgery. Surgery robot system requires control system that can process large volume information such as medical image data and video signal from endoscope in real-time manner, as well as precisely control the robot with high reliability. To meet the complex requirements, the use of high-level real-time OS (Operating System) in surgery robot controller is a must, which is as common as in many of modem robot controllers that adopt real-time OS as a base system software on which specific functional modules are implemened for more reliable and stable system. The control system consists of joint controllers, host controllers, and user interface units. The robot features a compact slave robot with 5 DOF (Degree-Of-Freedom) expanding the workspace of each tool and increasing the number of tools operating simultaneously. Each master, slave and Gill (Graphical User Interface) host runs a dedicated RTOS (Real-time OS), RTLinux-Pro (FSMLabs Inc., U.S.A.) on which functional modules such as motion control, communication, video signal integration and etc, are implemented, and all the hosts are in a gigabit Ethernet network for inter-host communication. Each master and slave controller set has a dedicated CAN (Controller Area Network) channel for control and monitoring signal communication with the joint controllers. Total 4 pairs of the master/slave manipulators as current are controlled by one host controller. The system showed satisfactory performance in both position control precision and master-slave motion synchronization in both bench test and animal experiment, and is now under further development for better safety and control fidelity for clinically applicable prototype.

• Proceedings of the KSRS Conference
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• 2002.10a
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• pp.65-65
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• 2002

In remote sensing, images are acquired over the same area by sensors of different spectral ranges (from the visible to the microwave) and/or with different number, position, and width of spectral bands. These images are generally partially redundant, as they represent the same scene, and partially complementary. For many applications of image classification, the information provided by a single sensor is often incomplete or imprecise resulting in misclassification. Fusion with redundant data can draw more consistent inferences for the interpretation of the scene, and can then improve classification accuracy. The common approach to the classification of multisensor data as a data fusion scheme at pixel level is to concatenate the data into one vector as if they were measurements from a single sensor. The multiband data acquired by a single multispectral sensor or by two or more different sensors are not completely independent, and a certain degree of informative overlap may exist between the observation spaces of the different bands. This dependence may make the data less informative and should be properly modeled in the analysis so that its effect can be eliminated. For modeling and eliminating the effect of such dependence, this study employs a strategy using self and conditional information variation measures. The self information variation reflects the self certainty of the individual bands, while the conditional information variation reflects the degree of dependence of the different bands. One data set might be very less reliable than others in the analysis and even exacerbate the classification results. The unreliable data set should be excluded in the analysis. To account for this, the self information variation is utilized to measure the degrees of reliability. The team of positively dependent bands can gather more information jointly than the team of independent ones. But, when bands are negatively dependent, the combined analysis of these bands may give worse information. Using the conditional information variation measure, the multiband data are split into two or more subsets according the dependence between the bands. Each subsets are classified separately, and a data fusion scheme at decision level is applied to integrate the individual classification results. In this study. a two-level algorithm using hierarchical clustering procedure is used for unsupervised image classification. Hierarchical clustering algorithm is based on similarity measures between all pairs of candidates being considered for merging. In the first level, the image is partitioned as any number of regions which are sets of spatially contiguous pixels so that no union of adjacent regions is statistically uniform. The regions resulted from the low level are clustered into a parsimonious number of groups according to their statistical characteristics. The algorithm has been applied to satellite multispectral data and airbone SAR data.

• Journal of Science Education
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• v.45 no.1
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• pp.105-117
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• 2021

The purpose of this study is to analyze the gender differences of elementary, junior high, and high school students in the artificial intelligence ethics awareness (hereinafter referred to as AIEA). This is a study to investigate whether there is a gender difference in the AIEA, and if so, when the gender difference will occur. This study was conducted with 198 elementary school students (98 female students, 100 male students), 265 middle school students (166 female students, 99 male students), and 114 high school students (58 female students and 56 male students) in I Metropolitan City. The results are as follows: First, a gender difference in the AIEA between all boys and girls was confirmed. Second, the gender difference in the AIEA tended to be solidified as the school age increased from elementary school to middle school and high school. Third, female students at all stages of elementary school, junior high school, and high school are not yet very reliable in artificial intelligence, and there is a greater concern about non-discrimination than boys. It turns out that they have a negative position on permission to enter the territory. Fourth, the interaction effects of school age and gender have been identified in 'stability and reliability,' and in 'permit and limit' categories. Taken together, these results show that an educational strategy that approaches the gender equality perspective of the educational program is necessary so that there will be no gender difference in the AIEA during artificial intelligence education activities.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.20 no.6
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• pp.557-564
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• 2019

The characteristics of the torque and torque ripple of Interior Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor(IPMSM) are influenced by the size and position of the rotor magnet and the size of the stator slot. This paper deals with the optimal design method for improving torque and torque ripplerate for IPMSM using Response Surface Methodology(RSM). Two objective functions of torque output and torque ripple were derived from the sensitivity analysis by Plackett-Burmann(PB) for the characteristic variables affecting torque and torque ripple. Secondary characteristic variables were selected from the derived objective function and RSM secondary regression model function was estimated by the experiment schedule and analysis results according to the Central Composite Design (CCD). The reliability of the secondary regression model was verified using ANOVA table. The analysis according to the experimental schedule was verified by JMAG(Ver. 18.0) which is Finite Element Method(FEM) software. The torque output of IPMSM applied with final characteristic variables was increased torque output by 11.5 % and the torque ripplerate was reduced by 9.1 %.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.20 no.7
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• pp.310-316
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• 2019

In automotive application, customers are demanding high efficiency and various functions for convenience. The demand for these automotive applications is steadily increasing. In this study, it has been studied the analysis of heat flow to improve the PCB(printed circuit board) heating performance of WPC (wireless power charger) recently developed for convenience. The charging performance of the wireless charger has been reduced due to power dissipation and thermal resistance of PCB. Therefore, it has been proposed optimal PCB design, layout and position of electronic parts through the simulation of heat flow analysis and PCB design was analyzed and decided at each design stage. Then, the experimental test is performed to verify the consistency of the analysis results under actual environmental conditions. In this paper, The PCB modeling and heat flow simulation in transient response were performed using HyperLynx Thermal and FloTHERM. In addition, the measurement was performed using infrared thermal imaging camera and used to verify the analysis results. In the final comparison, the error between analysis and experiment was found to be less than 10 % and the heating performance of PCB was also improved.

• Journal of the Society of Disaster Information
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.120-127
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• 2021

Purpose: In this study, the effect of changes in the variables related to water droplets on the spray density on the floor in the analysis of the water mist fire protection system using FDS was analyzed. Method: When the spray of the water mist nozzle was analyzed in FDS, Particles Per Seconds, Particle Velocity, Size Distribution, and Spray Pattern Shape that can be set in relation to droplets were input to review the analyzed results. Result: In the analysis results, when the number of particles per second was set above a certain value, the spray density of the floor was similar. In the case of Particle Velocity, as the velocity decreases, the spray density of the central portion increases but decreases at a distance of 0.15m or more. From the analysis of the change in the size distribution function, it was found that an increase in the 𝛾 value increases the spray density of the central part, but the value at a remote location decreases. Compared to the result of applying the Gaussian distribution, the median value decreases dramatically when the uniform distribution is applied, but the value at the adjacent position increases. Conclusion: Variables related to the droplet properties of the FDS affect the spray density of the floor. Therefore, in order to increase the reliability of results before performing analyses such as fire suppression or cooling, a sufficient review of input variables is required.

• Journal of Aerospace System Engineering
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.80-85
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• 2021

In this study, for conducting a static load test of an external fuel tank used for an aircraft, the flight load acting on the external fuel tank was converted to the test load and the suitability of the converted test loads was confirmed. In order to calculate the test load from the flight load, the external fuel tank was divided into several sections. Shear load, moment by unit shear load, and unit moment were calculated for each section. Test loads for each section were then calculated by computing the shear load, the moment of each section, and flight load condition. In actual static load tests, it might not be possible to impose the test load in the calculated position due to physical constraints. Therefore, after determining positions in which the load could be imposed in the actual test, the test load calculated for each section was redistributed to selected positions. Finally, a test load plan was established by applying a whiffle tree to enhance the efficiency of the test performance while making it easier to operate the actuator. The reliability of the test load plan was verified by comparing it with flight load conditions.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Radiology
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.319-325
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• 2022

The Study In order to obtain a sharpness Image from Skull PA axial projection (Haas) in a head axial X-ray Examination, this study changed the posture angle using Skull Phantom and evaluated the image subjectively to 5 radiologists who worked in the Department of Imaging at University Hospital. In the prone position, the head was lowered 4 cm from the back of the head, entered 25° toward the head, and the image evaluation score was high with 20 points, such as the back bone, dorsum sellae projected in the large hole, and posterior clinoid process. In addition, the score significance was verified, and the Cronbach Alpha value was evaluated to have good reliability of 0.789. As a result of calculating the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) by setting the region of interest (ROI) of the image, it was the highest at 5.957 for 25° incident at the back of the head and 6.430 for 30° incident at the back of the head. As a result of the study, in order to obtain a sharp image of the back of the head bone, dorsum sellae, and posterior clinoid process when shooting in the axial direction after the head, it is filmed by tilting 25° toward the head from 4 cm below the back of the head. In order to obtain a sharp image of rock pyramid symmetry, petrous ridge, sagittal suture, and lambdoid suture, it is thought that it will be helpful for clinical use if you shoot it 8cm down from the back of the head and tilt it 30° toward the head.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Navigation and Port Research Conference
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• v.1
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• pp.27-31
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• 2006

GNSS Services and Applications are today in permanent evolution in all the market sectors. This evolution comprises: ${\bullet}$ New constellations and systems, being GALILEO probably the most relevant example, but not the only one, as other regions of the world also dwell into developing their own elements (e.g. the Chinese Beidou system). ${\bullet}$ Modernisation of existing systems, as is the case of GPS and GLONASS ${\bullet}$ New Augmentation services, WAAS, EGNOS, MSAS, GRAS, GAGAN, and many initiatives from other regions of the world ${\bullet}$ Safety of Life services based on the provision of integrity and reliability of the navigation solutions through SBAS and GBAS systems, for aeronautical or maritime applications ${\bullet}$ New Professional applications, based on the unprecedented accuracies and integrity of the positioning and timing solutions of the new navigation systems with examples in science (geodesy, geophysics), Civil engineering (surveying, construction works), Transportation (fleet management, road tolling) and many others. ${\bullet}$ New Mass-market applications based on cheap and simple GNSS receivers providing accurate (meterlevel) solutions for daily personal navigation and information needs. Being on top of this evolving market requires an active participation on the key elements that drive the GNSS development. Early access to the new GNSS signals and services and appropriate testing facilities are critical to be able to reach a good market position in time before the next evolution, and this is usually accessible only to the large system developers as the US, Europe or Japan. Jumping into this league of GNSS developers requires a large investment and a significant development of technology, which may not be at range for all regions of the world. Bearing in mind this situation, MAGIC appears as a concept initiated by a small region within Europe with the purpose of fostering and supporting the development of advanced applications for the new services that can be enabled by the advent of SBAS systems and GALILEO. MAGIC is a low cost platform based on the application of technology developed within the EGNOS project (the SBAS system in Europe), which encompasses the capacity of providing real time EGNOS and, in the near future, GALILEO-like integrity services. MAGIC is designed to be a testing platform for safety of life and liability critical applications, as well as a provider of operational services for the transport or professional sectors in its region of application. This paper will present in detail the MAGIC concept, the status of development of the system within the Madrid region in Spain, the results of the first on-field demonstrations and the immediate plans for deployment and expansion into a complete SBAS+GALILEO regional augmentation system.

• Korean Association of Arts Management
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• no.52
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• pp.39-73
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• 2019

The purpose of this study is to explore the issues and alternatives in the promotion of space and exhibition support projects in visual arts, and to suggest an applicable direction of the government grant program. For this study, FGI and in-depth interviews were conducted in the direct beneficiaries of the grant program, the staff of the grant program, and the group of visual arts expert. As a result, the deliberation and selection of the support project should be carried out with sufficient time in consideration of the specificity of the support project. And the project requires to divide into two kinds of the projects based on the understanding of the social role and differentiation of non-profit exhibition spaces and private art museums. For the grant application and assessments, a long-term support is necessary to bring the capability and issues in efficient allocation of the budget, flexibility of budget item, and the budget shortfalls. Furthermore, the reliability between the grant program and beneficiaries needs to form a healthy partnership, and the evaluation criteria and eNARADOEUM system should be more practical and rationally established. Through this analysis, the implications of understanding the specificity of visual arts support projects, establishment of sustainable visual arts creation policies, and budget utilization were derived. Consequently, cultural and artistic support projects were directed to place more emphasis on efficiency than control, direction considering the position of consumers than suppliers, and long-term business planning rather than short-term perspective.