• 한국분말재료학회지
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• 제28권4호
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• pp.331-335
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• 2021

The effects of drying temperature on the microstructure of porous W fabricated by the freeze-casting process of tert-butyl alcohol slurry with WO₃ powder was investigated. Green bodies were hydrogen-reduced at 800℃ for 1 h and sintered at 1000℃ for 6 h. X-ray diffraction analysis revealed that WO₃ powders were completely converted to W without any reaction phases by hydrogen reduction. The sintered body showed pores aligned in the direction of tert-butyl alcohol growth, and the porosity and pore size decreased as the amount of WO₃ increased from 5 to 10vol%. As the drying temperature of the frozen body increased from -25℃ to -10℃, the pore size and thickness of the struts increased. The change in microstructural characteristics based on the amount of powder added and the drying temperature was explained by the growth behavior of the freezing agent and the degree of rearrangement of the solid powder during the solidification of the slurry.

• Membrane and Water Treatment
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• 제13권5호
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• pp.235-243
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• 2022

The paper presents the effect of operating temperatures and flow rates on the distillate flux that can be obtained from a hydrophobic membrane having the characteristics: pore size of 0.15 ㎛; thickness of 130 ㎛; and 85% porosity. That membrane in the present investigation could be the direct contact (DCMD) or the air-gap membrane distillation (AGMD). To model numerically the membrane distillation processes, the two-dimensional computational fluid dynamic (CFD) is used for the DCMD and AGMD cases here. In this work, DCMD and AGMD models have been validated with the experimental data using different flows (Parallel and Counter-current flows) in non-steady-state situations. A good agreement is obtained between the present results and those of the experimental data in the literature. The new approach in the present numerical modeling has allowed examining effects of the nature of materials (Polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) polymers, copolymers, and blends) used on thermal properties. Moreover, the effect of the area surface of the membrane (0.021 to 3.15 ㎡) is investigated to explore both the laminar and the turbulent flow regimes. The obtained results found that copolymer P(VDF-TrFE) (80/20) is more effective than the other materials of membrane distillation (MD). The mass flux and thermal efficiency reach 193.5 (g/㎡s), and 83.29 % using turbulent flow and an effective area of 3.1 ㎡, respectively. The increase of feed inlet temperatures and its flow rate, with the reduction of cold temperatures and its flow rate are very effective for increasing distillate water flow in MD applications.

• 한국분말재료학회지
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• 제31권1호
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• pp.43-49
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• 2024

In this study, a core-shell powder and sintered specimens using a mechanically alloyed (MAed) Ti-Mo powder fabricated through high-energy ball-milling are prepared. Analysis of sintering, microstructure, and mechanical properties confirms the applicability of the powder as a sputtering target material. To optimize the MAed Ti-Mo powder milling process, phase and elemental analyses of the powders are performed according to milling time. The results reveal that 20 h of milling time is the most suitable for the manufacturing process. Subsequently, the MAed Ti-Mo powder and MoO₃ powder are milled using a 3-D mixer and heat-treated for hydrogen reduction to manufacture the core-shell powder. The reduced core-shell powder is transformed to sintered specimens through molding and sintering at 1300 and 1400℃. The sintering properties are analyzed through X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy for phase and porosity analyses. Moreover, the microstructure of the powder is investigated through optical microscopy and electron probe microstructure analysis. The Ti-Mo core-shell sintered specimen is found to possess high density, uniform microstructure, and excellent hardness properties. These results indicate that the Ti-Mo core-shell sintered specimen has excellent sintering properties and is suitable as a sputtering target material.

• 한국압력기기공학회 논문집
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• 제19권2호
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• pp.102-108
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• 2023

A Chloride-induced stress corrosion cracking (CISCC) of austenite stainless steel in dry cask storage system (DCSS) can occur with extending service time than originally designed. Cold spray coating (CSC) not only form a very dense microstructure that can protect from corrosive environments, but also can generate compressive stress on the surface. This characteristic of CSC process is very helpful to increase the resistance for CISCC. CSC with several powders, such as 304L, 316L and Ni can be optimized to form very dense coating layer. In addition, the impact energy generated as the CSC powder collides with the surface of base metal at a speed of Mach 2 or more can remove the residual tensile stress of welding area and serve the compress stress. CSC layers include no oxidation and no contamination with under 0.2% porosity, which is enough to protect from the penetration of corrosive chloride. Therefore, the CSC coating layer can be accompanied by a function that can be disconnected from the corrosive environment and an effect of improving the residual stress that causes CISCC, so the canister's CISCC resistance can be increased.

• 자원환경지질
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• 제53권1호
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• pp.33-43
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• 2020

CO₂ 지중저장은 현재 온실가스 감축을 위한 CCS(Carbon Capture & Storage) 저장기술 중 가장 안정적이고 효과적인 기술로 평가되고 있다. 지중저장 대상 염대수층은 일반적으로 CO₂가 초임계상태로 저장될 수 있는 지하 800 m 이상의 심도에 위치하고, 그 상부에 지표로의 CO₂ 누출을 막는 광역적인 불투수성 덮개암층이 분포해야 한다. 본 연구에서는 남해 대륙붕 탄성파 및 시추공 자료를 해석하여 덮개암으로 활용할 수 있는 현무암층과, 하부 염대수층이 발달하고 있는 현무암 대지 구조를 CO₂ 지중저장 유망구조로 제시하였다. 연구지역 주입대상 염대수층의 지중저장용량을 평가하기 위해 총 공극률은 시추공 감마 및 음파검층 자료를 이용하여 산출하였으며, 염대수층 구간의 온도/압력 조건을 고려하여 CO₂ 밀도를 계산하였다. 정확한 주입대상 염대수층의 체적을 산정하기 위해 x, y, z 축 방향으로 일정한 크기를 가지는 3차원 지질 격자 모델을 구성하였고, 염대수층 3차원 공간의 물성 분포를 지구통계학적 기법으로 예측하는 물성 모델링을 수행하여 총 공극률 값을 지질 격자에 할당하였다. U.S. DOE 방법을 이용하여 남해 대륙붕 현무암 대지 구조의 CO₂ 지중저장용량 평가 결과 평균 약 8,417만 CO₂톤(최소 4,207만 ~ 최대 1억 4,379만 CO₂톤)이 주입대상 염대수층 구간에 저장 가능한 것으로 예측되었다.

• 한국산학기술학회논문지
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• 제19권2호
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• pp.71-76
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• 2018

최근 도로시설물에 작용되는 하중을 저감시키기 위하여 다양한 기술이 개발되고 있으며, 그 중 풍하중 저감을 위한 유공판을 사용하는 기술이 일부 적용 중에 있다. 현재 국내 도로시설물 설계기준에서는 유공판의 항력계수에 대한 규정은 마련되어 있지 않다. 미국의 구조물 설계기준 'Minimum design loads for buildings and other structures'에서는 Letchford(2001)와 Giannoulis(2012)의 연구 내용을 바탕으로 건축물과 도로시설물의 유공판 항력계수 내용이 개정되었다. 본 연구에서는 유공판 항력계수 규정에 대한 준용 가능성을 분석하고자 관련 풍동실험을 수행하였다. 더불어 풍동실험 결과 값과 미국 설계기준의 항력계수 값을 비교 분석하였으며, 미국 설계기준 항력계수를 적용한 도로표지 지주 및 가로재의 부재 단면적 감소효과를 비교 분석하였다. 본 연구의 풍동 실험 결과 값과 미국 설계기준 값이 매우 유사한 수준으로 도출되었으며, 이에 따라 유공판 항력계수에 대한 준용이 가능할 것으로 판단된다. 항력계수 설계기준의 준용에 따른 유공형 도로표지 구조물의 단면적 감소효과 분석 결과, 지주는 약 9.45%, 가로재는 6.45%의 단면적이 감소하였다. 지주와 가로재를 합친 유공형 도로표지의 전체 구조물은 약 6.45%의 단면적 감소효과가 있는 것으로 나타났다.

• 보존과학회지
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• 제30권4호
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• pp.373-381
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• 2014

점토에 혼입물이 포함되면 수축의 정도를 완화시켜 건조과정에서의 비틀어짐이나 갈라짐을 막아주는 역할을 한다. 이에 삼국시대에 제작된 나주 옹관을 바탕으로 옹관 제조 시 태토에 첨가하는 혼입물의 역할과 환원 소성 시 발생하는 태토의 상태 변화로 인한 옹관의 물성변화를 규명하였다. 나주 오량동 유적의 태토를 이용하여 혼입물 비율(0%, 20%, 40%)을 달리 배합한 재현시료를 제작하고, 여기에 소성온도($1000^{\circ}C$, $1100^{\circ}C$, $1200^{\circ}C$)를 달리하여 소성하였다. 소성 완료된 시료는 육안 관찰, 광학현미경(50배) 관찰, 비중 기공률 측정을 통해 물리적 특성을 확인하고, X-선 형광 분석(XRF), X-선 회절 분석(XRD)을 통해 성분의 함량과 특정 광물의 존재 여부를 확인하였다. 그 결과 소성온도 증가에 따른 체적 팽창과 원형의 기공 발생, 혼입물 함량 증가에 따른 비중 증가가 발생하였으며, XRF 분석에서는 $SiO_2$의 증가와 $Al_2O_3$의 감소 현상이 일어났다. $SiO_2$의 증가는 혼입물을 이루는 석영 입자의 영향 때문으로 추정되며, 따라서 혼입물의 첨가는 소성온도 증가로 인해 발생되는 태토의 체적 팽창을 억제를 위한 것으로 판단된다.

• 한국조경학회지
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• 제26권2호
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• pp.54-61
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• 1998

The subsurface environment of the root zone area can set the stae for "do or die" of the turfgrass plant. The good condition of the greens is verified by their physical properties. Therefore, this study was carried to evaluate on the existing green of Hwasan C.C. by undisturbed soil Core Anaysis. We completed the ISTRC SYSTEM BenchMarking of the undisturbed core samples taken from Green #1, Green #5, Green #9-"Best" area, and Green #9-"Stressed" area for the Hwasan C.C.. It was also our understanding that the greens were in "good" to "very good" conditioni. THe exception might be Green #9-"Stress" area, which was the stressed area. The stressed area was confined to a ridge across Green #9. The organic content test results comfirmed the development of organic layering in depth 0-2.5cm. For the amount of compaction in the upper root zones and te development of the green's respective organic layers, the infiltration rates were high in Green #1, Green #5, and Green #9 "Stressed" area. The depicted aerificaton hole might be the probable cause of the relatively high infiltraton rate. Green #9-"Best" area had a tested infiltration rate of 18.75cm/hr. Either this area had not been aerified, or the undisturbed sample did not contain a aerification cavity. The water retention capacity of the undisturbed samples was good. When the greens were first constructed, the original root zone mix had been relatively low water retention properties. And the bulk density and the porosity of the undisturbed samples were good. In the result, all the greens were similar except for the infiltration. Thus, we supposed that Green #9-"Stressed" area might be ainly influenced by the amount of irrigation water and the configuration of the green's surface. There had been a reduction in the amount of irrigation water as the water retention capacity in the greens was promoted. Especially, it had gradually become more of a problem as the green had matured in Green #9-"Stressed" area. Because Green #9-"Stressed" area was a ridge area. The reduction in the amount of irrigation water might be the probable cause of the stress in Green #9-"Stressed" area. Our final observation related to the soil texture and the particle size distribution of the sand. Though and sand contant of all the tested greens were good, the gravel content of them exceeded ISTRC Guidelines. In particle size distribution of the sand, the very coarse and the coarse content of all the tested greens exceeded, but the rest was insufficient. The stability is a function of the material retained on the 0.25mm mesh screen. But, the content of all the tested greens was very insufficient. Though all the greens was serviceable, the coarse root zone sands, such as the sand in the tested greens, tended to be "unstable". Thus, we recommend using a topdressing/aerification sand which should be more in line with ISTRC/USGA Guidelines.;unstable". Thus, we recommend using a topdressing/aerification sand which should be more in line with ISTRC/USGA Guidelines.ines.

• 한국습지학회지
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• 제18권2호
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• pp.183-193
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• 2016

본 연구에서는 고속도로 강우유출수 처리목적의 우드칩 충진 침투도랑 모니터링 연구를 통하여 설계 적정성 및 성능을 평가하였다. 강우시 모니터링 자료를 바탕으로 침투도랑의 평균 저감효율을 산정한 결과 TSS 88%, COD 94%, BOD 85%, TN 80%, TP 75%이었으며 강우조건 및 설계가 다르므로 국내외 다른 연구결과와 직접적인 비교는 어렵지만 개략적으로 유사한 저감성능을 보였다. 침투도랑의 가장 중요한 설계인자인 침투속도를 산출한 결과 강우강도가 증가함 따라 침투속도도 증가하였으며 평균 침투속도는 40mm/hr, 도랑 내부의 유효 저류수심 0.8m를 기준으로 침투시간을 산출한 결과 약 0.83일로 비점오염저감시설 설치 및 관리 운영 매뉴얼(MOE, 2014)의 설치기준(이하 설치기준)을 만족하는 것으로 나타났다. 수문자료에 따르면 유입량 기준으로 설계 누적강우유출고로 산출된 WQv와 유사한 유입량을 기록한 관측자료에 따르면 전량 저류, 침투되어(유출량$${\frac{._-}{.}}$$0) 침투식 LID 시설로서의 고유한 기능적 목표를 달성하였으므로 설계 누적강우유출고 5mm는 타당하다고 판단된다. 침투도랑은 강우시 일시적으로 여과 및 저류과정에서 침수가 이루어지며 완전침투가 24시간 이내에 종료되므로 우드칩으로 부터 유기물질 등의 용출가능성은 희박하며 현장 모니터링 자료에서도 용출기미는 나타나지 않았다. 따라서 추후 침투도랑 설치기준의 개정시 국내외 연구자료를 바탕으로 여재로서 우드칩의 적용을 면밀히 검토할 필요가 있다.

• Geomechanics and Engineering
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• 제20권6호
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• pp.537-546
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• 2020

Oil and natural gas reserves have been recognised abundantly in clayey rich rock formations in deep costal reservoirs. It is necessary to understand the sedimentary history of those reservoir rocks to well explore these natural resources. This work designs a group of laboratory experiments to mimic the physical process of the sedimentary clay-rich rock formation. It presents characterisation results of the physical properties of the artificial clayey rocks synthesized from illite clay, quartz sand and brine water by high-pressure consolidation tests. Special focus is given on the effects of illite clay content and high-stress consolidation on the physical properties. Multi-step loaded consolidation experiments were carried out with stress up to 35 MPa on mixtures constituting of the illite clay, quartz sand and brine water with five initial illite clay contents (w=85%, 70%, 55%, 40% and 25%). Compressibility and void ratio were characterised throughout the physical compaction process of the mixtures constituting of five illite clay contents and their water permeability was measured as well. Results show that the applied stress induces a great reduction of clayey rock void ratio. Illite clay contents has a significant influence on the compressibility, void ratio and the permeability of the physically synthesized clayey rocks. There is a critical illite clay content w=70% that induces the minimum void ratio in the physically synthesised clayey rocks. The SEM study indicates, in the high-pressure synthesised clayey rocks with high illite clay contents, the illite clay minerals are located in layers and serve as the material matrix, and the quartz minerals fill in the inter-mineral pores or are embedded in the illite clay matrix. The arrangements of the minerals in microscale originate the structural anisotropy of the high-pressure synthesised clayey rock. The test findings can give an intuitive physical understanding of the deep-buried clayey rock basins in energy reservoirs.