• 한국인구학
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• 제5권1호
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• pp.117-132
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• 1982

During the period of 1962 through 1981, a total of 11. 7 million cummulative acceptors have received contraceptive services under the national family planning program. The number of annual acceptors have steadly increased from 151, 200 in 1963 to 842, 200 in 1975, and since then it has maintained the range of 600, 000 to 800, 000 acceptors per year. From the beginning of the program, the IUD had been the principal method of contraception provided by the government program until 1976, at which time the government made female sterilization services available thorough the introduction of the laparoscopy method. The popularity of female sterilization has increased very rapidly during the last few years. Out of 614, 200 program acceptors in 1981, the proportion of female sterilization and IUD acceptors were virtually the same(26.8% and 27.2% respectively). Considering various anticipated problems such as a large proportion of contraceptive users for the fertility termination and the high discontinuation rates of IUD and other traditional method, the government has emphasized the distribution of female sterilization and deemphasized condom and pill contraceptives since 1978. However, the recent service statistics has revealed that the acceptance rate of female sterilization has steadly declined since 1979. Thus, the purpose of this analysis is to review the current government policy on contraceptive distribution with emphasis of female sterilization by estimating the prospect of sterilization acceptablilty. According to the Fifth Five-Year Plan for Family Planning Program(1982-1986) the annual average target of sterilization was set up to secure 230, 000 acceptors by the government sector during the period. If the sterilization target is to be met as planned, about 80 percent of exposed women aged 30-44 will be remained as sterilized women in 1985. This means the the high acceptance rate of sterilization shown in the past years can not be expected, unless the acceptors' age of sterilization is drastically lowered below 30 years. Accordingly, the current policy on contraceptive distribution with emphasis on sterilization should be gradually changed to encourage target population to use contraceptives for birth spacing by increasing access to such contraceptives as IUDs, pills, and condoms, and to improve continuation rates through better program management system including target setting, acceptors' follow-up, supervision, and evaluation system.

• 보건행정학회지
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• 제31권2호
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• pp.225-231
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• 2021

Unmet healthcare is an important indicator to measure accessibility of healthcare services. To examine the latest status of unmet healthcare needs in South Korea, the four different data which is composed of nationally representative sample of South Korean population were used; the Korea Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNAHANES, 2007-2019), the Community Health Survey (CHS, 2008-2019), the Korea Health Panel Survey (KHP, 2011-2017), and the Korean Welfare Panel Study (KOWEPS, 2006-2019). The proportion of individuals reporting unmet healthcare needs were 5.8% (KNHANES), 5.3% (CHS), and 11.6% (KHP). Annual percentage change (APC) which identifies trend for the follow-up period was -9.5%, -8.0%, and -6.5%, respectively. The proportion of individuals reporting unmet healthcare needs due to cost were 1.1% (KNAHANES), 0.7% (CHS), 2.4% (KHP), and 0.4% (KOWEPS). The APC was -10.5%, -14.2%, -12.2%, and -19.6%, respectively. Compared to last year, the rate of unmet healthcare needs has declined in general. However, the low-income and the elderly population were reporting the highest rate of unmet health care needs, and the disparity between lowest and highest groups were remained. These results suggest that adequate benefit coverage is needed for low-income and elderly population.

• 생명과학회지
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• 제29권2호
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• pp.152-157
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• 2019

김(Porphyra yezoensis)은 김속의 홍조류이다. RAPD (random amplified polymorphic DNA) 마커를 이용하여 한국 내 네 집단의 표현형과 유전적 다양성을 조사하였다. 전체적으로 20 시발체로 김에서 55분절이 관찰되었다. 이들 밴드 중 30개(54.5%)는 다형성을 나타내었다. OPA-18-02 밴드는 낙동 김 집단에서만 증폭되었다. OPA-20-02 밴드는 서천 김 집단에서만 증폭되었다. 이 두 밴드는 특별한 집단을 구별해주는 특이밴드로 판정되었다. 대립유전자좌위의 수(Ae)는 1.161에서 1.293로 평균은 1.366였다. 서천 김 집단이 가장 높은 다형성을 나타내었다(0.163). 다른 집단과 격리되고 조간대에 위치한 낙동 김 집단은 가장 낮은 다형성을 나타내었다(0.092). 샤논의 표현형 다양성(I)은 서천 김 집단이 가장 높았다(0.238). 전체 유전적 다양도($H_T$)는 0.132(OPA-02)에서 0.420(OPA-19)로 나타났다. 대립유전자좌위에서 유전적 다양성($H_S$)은 0.059(OPA-18)에서 0.339(OPA-19)였다. 대립유전자좌위에 근거에서 전체 유전적 다양도에서 집단 간 차이($G_{ST}$)는 0.012(OPA-11)에서 0.762(OPA-18)이였으며 평균은 0.415였다. 이는 전체 변이의 약 42%는 집단 간에서 발견된다는 것을 의미한다. 종 내 다양도의 58.5%는 집단 내에 있었다. 유전자 흐름(Nm)은 0.705로 낮았다.

• 한국가금학회지
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• 제44권2호
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• pp.83-92
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• 2017

본 연구에서는 가금연구소에서 집단의 혈통 구조 및 근친 수준을 평가하기 위하여 근교계수와 유효집단크기를 추정하였으며, 추정한 근교계수의 신뢰 정도를 제시하기 위하여 혈통의 품질로써 1) 아비 어미를 모두 아는 개체의 비율과 2) 근교계수가 0이 아닌 개체의 비율을 태어난 부화 년도와 계통에 따라 제시하였다. 아비 어미를 모두 아는 개체의 비율에서 대부분 계통이 1~2년 사이에 거의 100%에 도달하였으며, 근교계수가 0이 아닌 개체의 비율에서 기초집단인 0세대부터 5~6년 사이에 비율이 100%에 가깝게 도달하는 것을 보면 가금연구소 혈통기록 시스템이 잘 이루어졌으며, 이 논문에서 추정한 근교계수가 신뢰할 수 있음을 나타낸다. 각 계통의 평균 근교계수에서는 20세대 동안 7.6~10.9%의 근교계수 상승도를 보였다. 세대당 가장 높은 근교계수 상승도를 보인 계통은 S계통으로 10세대 동안 8.2%의 근교계수 상승도를 보였으며, 평균 번식에 참여한 아비 어미의 수가 다른 계통에 비해 낮은 것이 원인인 것으로 사료된다. 평균 근교계수 변화량(${\Delta}F$)으로 추정한 유효집단크기를 보면 모든 계통에서 평균 근교계수 변화량이 0.39~0.85%로 1% 이하로 관리되는 것을 보이며, 따라서 유효집단크기도 모든 계통에서 50 이상의 값을 보였으며, 현 교배 관리에서 토종 닭 집단이 단시간에 근친퇴화나 집단의 멸종으로부터의 위험으로부터 안전하다고 사료된다. 그리고 유효집단크기를 유지하기 위하여, 즉 유전적 다양성을 유지하기 위하여, 적정 수의 아비 어미가 번식에 참여해야 된다고 사료된다.

• 보건행정학회지
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• 제24권2호
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• pp.143-152
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• 2014

Background: Previous studies showed that the characteristics of population and regions were related to the suicide rates. This study purposed to analyze the relationships between regional factors and suicide rates with spatial analysis model. Methods: This is a cross sectional study based on the statistics of 2011 which was extracted from the 229 City Gun Gu administrative districts in Korea. Cause of death statistics on each district was used to produce the age-, sex-adjusted mortality rates resulting from suicide. Regional characteristics were measured by the number of doctors engaged in medical institutions per 1,000 population, divorced people's rate per 1,000 population, number of marriages per 1,000 population, and percent of welfare budget in general accounting. Statistical analysis was performed by using SAS ver. 9.3 and ArcGIS ver. 10.2 was used for geographically weighted regression (GWR). Results: In ordinary least square (OLS) regression, divorced people's rate per 1,000 population had a significant positive relationship with the standardized mortality rate per 100,000 population. Marriages per 1,000 population and the proportion of welfare budget in the general accounting had significant negative relationships with the mortality rates. Meanwhile, GWR provided that the directions of variable, divorced people's rate per 1,000 population, were varied depending on regions. The adjusted $R^2$ was improved from the 0.32 in OLS to the 0.46 in GWR. Conclusion: Results of GWR showed that regional factors had different effects on the suicide rates depending on locations. It suggested that policy interventions for reducing the suicide rate should consider the regional characteristics in obtaining policy objectives.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• 제42권2호
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• pp.130-134
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• 2009

Objectives : A method of estimation using 8 populationbased cancer registries databases in Korea(KRCR DB) has been introduced as another strategy for validly estimating the national cancer incidence(NCI) in Korea. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the validity of this method with using the 7 KRCR DBs, excluding Seoul covering 21% of the total population of Korea. Methods : We designed the study method(NCSE_7) as same as the estimating method with using 8 KRCR DBs (NCSE_8) in order to ensure maximal comparability. We defined the expected number of cancer cases in each registry as the number of observed cases and then we added the weighted observed cases according to gender, age and the proportion of the population covered by each registry for the population of the seven regions and the population of all areas, with excluding these seven regions. From the expected number of total cancer incidents, the estimated NCI was calculated by dividing the expected number of cancer cases by the number of the total population. The standard error(SE) of the estimated incidence was also taken from the expected number of total cancer incidents. Results : Compared with the results of the NCSE_8, the overall age-standardized rates(ASR) in men and women became over-estimated and under-estimated, respectively. Primary sites that showed statistically significant differences were the colo-rectum, prostate, breast and thyroid. The index of death certificate only(DCO)and microscopically verified(MV)% indicating levels of data quality were decreased, especially for the brain in DCO% and kidney in the MV%. Conclusions : The database of Seoul regional cancer registry has a key role for the method to estimate the valid nationwide cancer statistics in Korea with using the population-based cancer registries databases.

• 수산해양기술연구
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• 제46권4호
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• pp.392-405
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• 2010

The population of small yellow croaker, Larimichthys polyactis, in the Yellow and East China Seas has decreased significantly since the mid 1970s. Several management measures have been introduced to conserve it, but population size remains low. To rebuild this population, it is now necessary to consider more effective management methods based on the stock assessment. To determine long-term population changes, fishery and biological data collected over 34 years (1969-2002) were analysed. Yearly fish length compositions were analysed for the time periods 1968 through 1970, 1978 through 1982, and 1993 through 2002; and catch data was available from 1969 to 2002. Annual population sizes were calculated based on length composition, the relationship between total length and body weight, and total landings. Analyses showed that since the 1970s, average size of harvested fish decreased; the proportion of less mature fish (smaller than the 50% maturity length, 19cm) in catches has increased and the estimated biomass has decreased significantly. Consequently, the main management recommendation is that juvenile fish need to be better protected to allow the rebuilding of resources to a more sustainable population level. This will require fish size limit, permissible mesh size, and closed area and season regulations.

• 한국인구학
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• 제6권1호
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• pp.3-42
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• 1983

The purposes of this paper is to introduce a technique for construction of nuptiality tables using proportion single of synthetic cohorts between times at two consecutive censuses, and to observe patterns of change in marriage habit of Korean through the nuptiality tables for single population from 1925 to 1980. In this paper abridged gross and net nuptiality tables for single population of Korea have been constructed for the four quinquinial period: 1925-1930, 1955-1960, 1970-1975, and 1975-1980. Significant time trend has been observed in the nuptiality rates among the single population. The major findings observed in each table are as follows; (1)During 1925-1930, the rates are initially small, but increase rapidly until they reach a maximum at ages 25-29 for bachelors and 20-24 for spinsters, following which they are still in high level. (2)During 1955-1960, the age pattern of nuptiality begins to change; for female population, the rates increase rapidly in the same pattern as in l925-l930 untill they reach the highest level at ages 25-29, after which they gradually decline. During the period, however, there were an unprecedented high level of marriage rates for male population at a relatively later ages. (3)During 1970-1975, Korea had experienced a transition in marriage habits; at this times, nuptiality rates for both sexes showed the same pyramid shaped patterns as in western countries as age increases. The mean ages at marriage for both sexes also reached the highest level of 27.5 years for males and 24.1 years for females. (4)During 1975-1980, the age patterns of nuptiality showed almost the same patterns as in 1970-1975. In the later age group, however, age-specific marriage rates for both sexes greatly declined compared to the level of 1970-1975, while the rate in age group of 20-24 for male population greatly increased.

• 한국인구학
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• 제14권2호
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• pp.1-17
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• 1991

While various fiscal measures have been used to influence regional capital inflow or industrial location, the effect of fiscal variables on labor mobility has been little understood. Understanding the relationship between the composition of local public and urban migration would enhance the city govenment's ability to pursue an appropriate population policy. In order to examine the potential for local public finance to be utilized as a policy tool in directing urban population growth, this paper analyzes the impact of local government financial structure on urban migration. In examining the data on local government finance and the changes in population of Korean cities during the last ten years, it was found that cities with high per capita expenditure in regional development have experienced high population growth rates. In this study migration equations were constructed using various fiscal variables such as the proportion of special account expenditures which are mostly spent for local development purposes, per capita regional development expenditure, degree of local financial independence and per capita net fiscal benefit, along with other explanatory variables. The results of regression analysis showed that city government's regional development expenditure variables have a positive effect on urban net migration and a negative effect on outmigration. Fiscal independence and per capita net fiscal benefit had mixed effects on in and out migration variables, implying that local tax burden does not consistently deter inmigration or induce outmigration. Based on the results of this study some important policy implications can be found regarding local government's fiscal policies. Those cities seeking to attract higher population inflow should make a greater effort in appropriating local expenditures for regional development purposes such as infrastructure, housing, and transportation. city governments should not be too concerned about high local tax burden or necessarily seek to enhance financial independence for these factors do not exert a clear influence on urban population growth or labor supply.

• 생명과학회지
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• 제18권2호
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• pp.175-179
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• 2008

Cornus controversa is a long-lived woody species mostly distributed in East Asia. Random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers were used to investigate the genetic diversity and population structure of Korean populations of this species. A high level of genetic variation was found in seven populations of C. controversa. The mean genetic diversity (H) was 0.222 across populations, varying from 0.200 to 0.238. Eighty of the 93 loci (86.0%) showed detectable polymorphism in at least one population. Total genetic diversity values ($H_T$) varied between 0.192 and 0.231, giving an average overall polymorphic loci of 0.212. The interlocus variation of genetic diversity within populations ($H_S$) was high (0.167). Mean of genetic diversity in C. controversa was higher than average values for species with similar life history traits. The sexual reproduction, perennial habitat, and longevity are proposed as possible factors contributing to high genetic diversity. On a per locus basis, the proportion of total genetic variation due to differences among populations ($G_{ST}$) ranged from 0.169 to 0.278 with a mean of 0.216, indicating that about 21.6% of the total genetic variation was among populations. An indirect estimate of the number of migrants per generation (Nm=1.893) indicated that gene flow was extensive among Korean populations of C. controversa.