• Architectural research
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• 제15권4호
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• pp.191-200
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• 2013

Since Modern Movement flexibility has been one of the most attractive words in architecture. However, "overprovision first, division later" has been the most prevailing design method for spatial flexibility, and many of buildings designed for flexible use are practically quite inflexible due to insufficient building systems or/and irresponsible planning. There have been two dominant strategies to achieve architectural flexibility: multi-functionality and polyvalence. These two approaches, which point contradictory directions, actually reflect the difficulty in providing a proper form of architectural flexibility. Multi-functionality can afford changeable environments with satisfying spatial conditions; however it lacks tolerance to accommodate other uses but intended functions by architects. Meanwhile, flexibility by a polyvalent form relies on the vague anticipation of user's various interpretations. In this study by looking up these two different standpoints and historical precedents flexibility in architecture is carefully scrutinized focused on the contradiction, and as an alternative for architectural flexibility contextual relations is proposed. Unlike both multi-functionality and polyvalence, which produce flexibility by changing its own properties, manipulating contextual relations infuses flexibility into space by changing the properties of a building, not of its individual room. By using this contextual relations method, a community-centered school in Manhattan, NY, which was in danger of being closed because of its academic failure, is represented as a flexible space.

• 한국산학기술학회논문지
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• 제14권7호
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• pp.3247-3252
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• 2013

정보기술의 융합화와 클라우드 컴퓨팅의 확산 등 빠르게 발전하는 정보통신기술은 학제간 융복합을 통해 새로운 교육의 패러다임 시대를 열고 있다. 정보통신기술의 발전에 따라 그동안 교육환경은 이러닝에서 유러닝을 거쳐 이제 스마트교육으로 변화되고 있다. 이미 교육계에서는 향후 교육환경의 변화를 가져올 스마트교육에 대한 다양한 연구들이 진행되고 있지만 스마트 환경이 구축될 교실공간, 곧 물리적 공간환경에 대한 연구는 거의 이루어지지 않고 있다. 이러한 문제의식 하에 본 연구는 교육의 새로운 패러다임으로 등장한 스마트교육과 스마트교육이 적용되는 물리공간의 특성을 살펴보았다. 그 결과 스마트교육이 적용될 물리공간은 공간의 소통성, 경계의 유연성, 요소의 다가성이 그 특성으로 나타남을 알 수 있었다.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제16권11호
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• pp.1784-1790
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• 2006

Bacillus anthracis is a causative agent of anthrax. Anthrax toxins are composed of a protective antigen (PA), lethal factor (LF), and edema factor (EF), in which the PA is a central mediator for the delivery of the two enzymatic moieties LF and EF. Therefore, the PA has been an attractive target in the prevention and vaccinization for anthrax toxin. Recently, it has been reported that the molecule consisting of multiple copies of PA-binding peptide, covalently linked to a flexible polymer backbone, blocked intoxification of anthrax toxin in an animal model. In the present study, we have screened novel diverse peptides that bind to PA with a high affinity (picomolar range) from an M13 peptide display library and characterized the binding regions of the peptides. Our works provide a basis to develop novel potent inhibitors or diagnostic probes with a diverse polyvalence.