• Korea Trade Review
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• v.47 no.5
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• pp.273-288
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• 2022

This study first classifies and organizes provisions on institutional arrangements (or IAs) and dispute settlement mechanism(or DSM) in a digital trade agreement. Then it conducts a case study on seven major digital trade agreements: the CPTPP, the USJDTA, the USMCA, the ASDEA, the RCEP, the KSDPA, and the DEPA. And it finally derives implications for Korea to improve implementation of DTAs by communicating better and resolving disputes efficiently with the help of IAs and DSM-related provisions. IAs of a digital trade agreement can be defined as a set of agreements on the division of the respective responsibilities of agencies involved in implementing and enforcing the agreement, including committees, working groups, or contact points. DSM of a digital trade agreement includes consultation, mediation, arbitration, and establishment of a panel. Comparing six FTAs with an e-commerce chapter, the CPTPP, the USMCA, and the RCEP contain the most advanced type of IA provisions while the CPTPP, the USMCA, the RCEP, and the KSDPA have that of DSM provisions. Korea is its initial stage as it has only signed the KSDPA with Singapore as well as it is about to launch a new digital trade negotiation for the DEPA, the CPTPP, and even the IPEF, it is necessary to engage in negotiations with a clearer position on behalf of Korean digital companies. As provisions on IAs and DSM are important policy tools that can reflect industry concerns and convey proposals in inter-governmental dialogue, a Korean draft of the IAs and DSM-related provision should be prepared in advance.

• International Commerce and Information Review
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.249-274
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• 2006

This study extensively investigated Japan's FTA strategy and plan of FTA policy and analyzed the economic effect caused by it. In the analysis of economic effect using world economical model shows not only positive economic effect in home country but also to the foreign country. Recently, Japan's bilateral relation with Korea and China is getting worse, not in a friendly way. Consequently Japan's future FTA negotiation will be expected to be focused on the East-Asia region. In other words, Japan expressed assistance for the purpose of communication, stability and prosperity in the East-Asia and will seek individual economic cooperation with each East-Asia country trying to reinforce the stand of Japan. This means that Japan is trying to improve the relation with Korea and China in the other way because it cannot change the relation with Korea and China on its own. That is to say, It can be interpreted as Japan is trying to reinforce the economic cooperation with other East-Asia countries for the realization of East Asia community rather than directly negotiating with Korea or China.

• Health Policy and Management
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.72-94
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• 1991

The number of disputes between physicians and patients caused by medical malpractice are showing a sharp increasing over the past several years. The disputes on medical malpractice may be resolved either in court or by direct negotiation between both sides concerned. There are no special acts relating to the civil or penal liability of the physicians in Korea. The medical disputes are decided merely through legal technicalities and without reference to actual medical practice. The current system which does not compensate injured patients adequately or equitably leads to taking a long time consuming for dispute resolution processes. The things make worsed, the problem is due to not being of insurance system or a proper funds for compensation. This research proposes a outline of new and comprehensive alternative for these problems and failure of conventional resolution of medical disputes. So far, we have learned lessons from the excperiencies of resolving medical malpractice disputes of Japan and the United States. The proposal first calls for an administrative arbitration and pretrial screening panels as a condition precedent to trial. The proposal also includes to facilitate with the funds for compensating the injured.

• Proceedings of the Korean Information Science Society Conference
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• 2002.10c
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• pp.613-615
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• 2002

IPsec 기술은 양단간 보안은 물론, 모드, 암호 프로토콜, 다양한 암호화 알고리즘들의 조합을 통하여 다양하고 계층적인 보안 서비스를 제공한다. 또한, 보안 정책 시스템은 패킷 처리에 관한 지칭은 물론, IPsec의 핵심 요소인 Security Association을 협상하기 위한 보안 기반 규칙을 제공한다. 하지만 인터넷의 확장과 더불어 발생한 IP 주소 부족 문제를 해결하기 위한 NAT로 인하여 IPsec과 같은 단대단 통합 보안 서비스를 제공하는데 치명적인 장애가 발생하게 되었다. 또한 서로 다른 네트워크의 정책 서버간 보안 정책 협상도 NAT에 의한 주소 변환으로 인하여 불가능하게 되었다. 따라서 본 논문에서는 NAT상에서의 효율적인 보안 정책 협상과 인증서 발급을 위한 SPS-ALG (Security Policy System-Application Level Gateway)를 제안한다.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.97 no.1
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• pp.102-112
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• 2008

The main purpose of this study is to provide informations by comparing and analyzing tariff structures for the upcoming FTA negotiation between Korea and China. China is the biggest trade partner of Korea, sharing 33% of total trade value of forest products. However, import takes majority of trade value and it grows constantly. The results of FTA negotiation may have large impacts on Korean forest industry. The conclusions indicate that China subdivides items more complicatedly, and impose lower tariffs on forest products except stone than Korea. Besides, China has tariff escalation system that imposes lower duties on raw material than the manufactured, and also charges different rates of tariff on items of the same heading number according to the degrees of manufacturing. Furthermore, Korea imposes adjustment duties and didn't grant concessions on plywood and board items for protection of domestic industries, however, China already made concessions on all items. As a result of this, it will be unavoidable for Korea to increase import value from China, and tariff removal will have more negative impacts on Korea than China.

• Journal of Korea Society of Digital Industry and Information Management
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.87-99
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• 2019

The purpose of this study is to examine an organizational ICT(Information and Communication Technology) performance by ICT investment and policy consistency of government organizations. As the rapid development of ICT is becoming an essential element of social culture, the ICT operation of bureaucratic government also is becoming important. The central government has invested substantially new ICT for improving the quality of nationwide service and to promote administrative efficiency. However, various departments of government occur frequently duplication investments of ICT, and budget conflicts between organizations caused difficulties in maximizing ICT competency. I will confirm the ICT operational performance by ICT investment behavior and organizational work competency as well as the significance of ICT policy consistency. The method of study used a structural equation. The research model set ICT investment behavior as independent variables, organizational work competencies and policy consistency as mediations, and operational performance as dependencies. As a result of the research, New ICT interests show negative effects that caused work change between government organizations and government-funded body. But, New ICT convergence shows positive effects on increasing the two competency variables. The two competency variables show negative effects that caused changes in ICT policy consistency and show no impact on the ICT operational performance. The ICT policy consistency shows a positive effect on enhancing ICT operational performance. The study contribution explain updated the contingency theory and because the ICT policy consistency is essential, negotiation between government organizations will be important. Future research will require a qualitative study through interviews in government organizations about consistency enhance of ICT policy.

• International Commerce and Information Review
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• v.12 no.3
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• pp.267-288
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• 2010

The collapse of housing market bubble in United States had a considerable impact on the world economy. The collapse of housing market bubble in United States generates the global financial crisis at the worldwide level. The housing market bubble question the efficacy of fundamental proposition of orthodox economics based on the rationality of human choice. According to neuroeconomics and neuroscience, emotion and affect play the important role in purchasing the commodity in retails market. On the basis of the neuroeconomics, this study focuses on the role of affect and emotion in the purchase of subprime loan in United States. Robert Schiller suggests that one of the causes of housing market bubble is the contagion effect of human belief in the society. The structure of this paper is as follows. First, this study investigates the mechanism of human brain and role of various neurons to influence the human behavior in the purchase of house in United States, such as Dophamine neuron and mirroring neuron. Second, this study shows the possibility that the mirror neuron might explain the contagion of human belief in housing transaction market. It can be a seed of housing market bubble. Furthermore, this study show the implications of neuroeconomics is suggestive to the negotiation process in commercial policy in United States.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• v.43 no.3
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• pp.468-480
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• 2016

As the existing FTAs' implementations are being accelerated, ex-post assessments, such as tariff schedules and agricultural trade analyses results, have been emerging as important national issues for the agricultural sector. Korea-Chile FTA is the first FTA in Korea, and more than ten years have passed since April 2004. It will be necessary to measure the impacts of the agreement on the domestic agricultural industry by analyzing concessions made on traded items of farm products on prices, agricultural trade, and so on. The purpose of this study is to prepare for the request for ex-post assessments on the agricultural sector by trade negotiation procedural law. Additionally, by providing policy direction for agricultural policy segments requiring amendments and supplements through an ex-post assessment, we can more objectively evaluate the conflicting arguments between the agricultural and non-agricultural sectors. Current evaluation methods about ex-post impact assessment of FTA are generally comparison analysis on the change of trade balance before and after FTA implementation. However, this simple comparison analysis cannot be said to pure FTA effects and objective, tightening economic impact assessment of the FTA because of all combined situations such as effects of exchange rates, international macroeconomic changes, climate change, and the occurrence of pests. This research attempts to use dynamic analysis as its ex-post assessment methodology and is expected to contribute to future policy evaluation.

• Journal of Environmental Policy
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• v.14 no.3
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• pp.119-136
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• 2015

As the means of implementation, the GCF and scaled-up climate finance compose major elements of a new climate agreement that will be implemented in 2020. The new agreement will be applicable to all parties, implying that developing countries as well as developed countries will be responsible for reducing GHG emissions. Achieving the goal of mobilizing 100 billion dollars will depend on the efforts put forth by developing countries in terms of meaningful mitigation actions and transparent implementation of the mitigation targets. This paper describes a major achievement on the negotiation related to climate finance since the Convention established and addresses the issues and perspectives for the Paris Agreement.

• Journal of Wetlands Research
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.97-106
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• 2006

This study discusses two canceled dam projects, Youngwol Dam in South Korea and Two Forks Dam in Colorado of the United States. Both of them illustrate how the new paradigm applies to regional water projects because they became victims of environmental opposition in the new paradigm. While the cases have no apparent close relationships and they occurred in different decades, they offer interesting comparisons. They were basically struggles between water development coalitions and environmental protection coalitions on regional water conflicts. The two proposed projects brought about fierce debates on large dam as they embraced a wide-range of environmental, social, and political issues rather than construction of dams themselves. Huge anti-dam oppositions scrapped them at the cost of nearly ten years for decision-makings and enormous financial resources for feasibility studies respectively. It identifies who the policy actors were, what the policy strategies were, and how the water policies evolved in both countries. The decision-makings on the two projects appeared at first glance to be made under formal institutional frameworks, but in actuality, they relied significantly on decisions of the two important political actors. The Korean society began to learn negotiation and cooperation approaches to solve the water conflict by establishing the Joint Task Force Team on Youngwol project in 1999. The team is recognized as a new conflict resolution method in South Korea because a diverse of stakeholder interests voluntarily participated in the decision-making process and discussed water issues directly. Even though the projects resulted in futile fruits in each country, they illustrate the images of the new paradigm that significantly affected in formulating regional water policies in South Korea and the United States.