• 제목/요약/키워드: Poison

검색결과 350건 처리시간 0.034초

Thresholds of Genotoxic and Non-Genotoxic Carcinogens

  • Nohmi, Takehiko
    • Toxicological Research
    • /
    • 제34권4호
    • /
    • pp.281-290
    • /
    • 2018
  • Exposure to chemical agents is an inevitable consequence of modern society; some of these agents are hazardous to human health. The effects of chemical carcinogens are of great concern in many countries, and international organizations, such as the World Health Organization, have established guidelines for the regulation of these chemicals. Carcinogens are currently categorized into two classes, genotoxic and non-genotoxic carcinogens, which are subject to different regulatory policies. Genotoxic carcinogens are chemicals that exert carcinogenicity via the induction of mutations. Owing to their DNA interaction properties, there is thought to be no safe exposure threshold or dose. Genotoxic carcinogens are regulated under the assumption that they pose a cancer risk for humans, even at very low doses. In contrast, non-genotoxic carcinogens, which induce cancer through mechanisms other than mutations, such as hormonal effects, cytotoxicity, cell proliferation, or epigenetic changes, are thought to have a safe exposure threshold or dose; thus, their use in society is permitted unless the exposure or intake level would exceed the threshold. Genotoxicity assays are an important method to distinguish the two classes of carcinogens. However, some carcinogens have negative results in in vitro bacterial mutation assays, but yield positive results in the in vivo transgenic rodent gene mutation assay. Non-DNA damage, such as spindle poison or topoisomerase inhibition, often leads to positive results in cytogenetic genotoxicity assays such as the chromosome aberration assay or the micronucleus assay. Therefore, mechanistic considerations of tumor induction, based on the results of the genotoxicity assays, are necessary to distinguish genotoxic and non-genotoxic carcinogens. In this review, the concept of threshold of toxicological concern is introduced and the potential risk from multiple exposures to low doses of genotoxic carcinogens is also discussed.

MUTAGENIC EVALUATION OF PRANOPROFEN, A NEW ANTI-INFLAMMATORY AGENT

  • Moon, Hwa-Hwey;Kim, Pu-Young;Yun, Tai-Bo;Jo, Dae-Hyun;Park, Han-Soo;Heo, Ok-Soon;Kim, Soon-Han;Choi, Suk-Hee
    • Toxicological Research
    • /
    • 제3권1호
    • /
    • pp.15-26
    • /
    • 1987
  • The mutagenicity of pranoprofen, a new antiinflammatory agent primarily used in Japan, was evaluated by employing several different methods such as the Ames test, micronucleus test, and the sister chromatid exchange test. For the Ames test, various doses of pranoprofen (5 and 1 mg, 100, 10, and 1 ${\mu}$g per plate) were applied, with or without the mammalian liver S-9 fraction, to the S. typhimurium LT2. For the micronucleus test, 24 hours after administering the various doses of pranoprofen (200, 100, and 50 mg/kg) to male mice by aral intubation, the femura of each group were isolated and the bone marrow samples were prepared. The micronucleated red cells and the ratio of the polychromatic versus the normochroomatic cells were counted. For the sister chromatid exchange test, the maximal non-cytotoxic concentrations (10 to 0.1 mM pranoprofen) were applied to the culture media of the Chinese Hamster Ovary (CHO) cells for 24 hrs. The numbers of revertant colonies did not increase with the increasing doses of pranoprofen when teseted with various strains of S. typhimurium. In the micronucleus test employing mice, the pranoprofen was identkfied to be a non-clastogen and a non-spindle poison. In the sister chromatid exchange test employing the cultured CHO cells, the pranoprofen did not increase the incidences of chromosomal abnormality. Based on these results, pranoprofen was found to have no mutagenic activity.

  • PDF

Purification of Antioxidant substance from the stem bark of Rhus verniciflua

  • Kim, Jung-Bae
    • 한국식품영양학회:학술대회논문집
    • /
    • 한국식품영양학회 2001년도 동계 학술심포지움
    • /
    • pp.126-126
    • /
    • 2001
  • The Rhus verniciflua contains alkly(en)-catechol type allergens with a saiurated or unsaturated alkly chain of 15 or 17 carbon atoms. It has been recognized as an extremely active allergen causing skin reactions similar In poison ivy. The allergic contact dermatitis induced by the urushiol is known to be mediated be T lymphocytes whicht specifically recognize the hepten urushiol. Therefore. direct use of this plant as a medicinal purpose might imply a considerable hazard in Korea. In this study, using the established method for the detoxification from the stem bark of Rhus verniciflua, an strong antioxidant substance was isolated and characterized DPPH (diphenypricryl hydrazyl) assay measures hydrogen atom-donating activity and hence provides a measure of free radical scavenging antioxidant activity. DPPH, a purple-colored stable free radical, is reduced to yellow-colored diphenylpicryl hydrazine by antioxidants to deducing agents. Antioxidative effects of the water extract from RV were measured by DPPH assay. Twenty microliters of the extract was added to 1ml of 100mM DPPH solution in ethanol The mixture was shaken and left to stand for 10min at room temperature. The crude water extracts was purified by using HPLC method with a DEAE (anionic type), CN, ODS column. The purified compound remained stable at pH 3.0-6,0, but unstable above pH 6.5. It was stable heat at 10$0^{\circ}C$ for 4 hours, but still had about 80% of residual activity after treatment at 10$0^{\circ}C$ for 5 hours. The elemental composition of the HR-EI mass spectrum at m/z 170.02 was estimated the empirical formula as $C_{7}$ $H_{6}$ $O_{5}$. $C_{10}$ $H_4$ $O_2$N$_1$, $C_{5}$ $H_4$ $O_4$N$_3$, $C_{8}$$H_2O$$_1$N$_4$. In antimicrobial test, no inhibition was observed against Gram-positive and negative bacteria. This compound was stronger than that of commercial antioxidant by DPPH test, such as BHT, BHC at the same concentration (20$\mu$g/ml).ml).

  • PDF

안전하고 효율적인 클라이언트 사이드 중복 제거 기술 (Secure and Efficient Client-side Deduplication for Cloud Storage)

  • 박경수;엄지은;박정수;이동훈
    • 정보보호학회논문지
    • /
    • 제25권1호
    • /
    • pp.83-94
    • /
    • 2015
  • 중복 제거 기술(Deduplication)은 동일한 데이터에 대하여 중복 저장을 방지하는 기법으로 클라이언트(Client)와 클라우드 서버(Cloud Server) 간에 데이터를 저장하고 관리하는데 있어 효율성을 제공한다. 하지만 공개된 환경의 클라우드 서버에 데이터를 저장하고 관리하기 때문에, 클라이언트가 저장한 데이터에 대한 프라이버시 문제가 발생할 뿐만 아니라 데이터의 손실이 발생할 수도 있다. 최근 이러한 문제점들을 해결하기 위해 안전한 중복 제거 기술이 제안되었지만, 여전히 각각의 공격의 안전성에 대한 문제가 발생할 뿐만 아니라 비효율적이다. 본 논문에서는 2013년 Bellare 등이 제안한 기법의 키 서버(Key Server)와 질의-응답 메커니즘(Challenge-Response)을 이용하여 안전하고 효율적인 클라이언트 사이드 중복 제거 기술을 제안한다. 제안 기법은 클라이언트 사이드 중복 제거 기술에서 발생하는 다양한 공격에 대해 안전성을 제공하며, 크기가 큰 데이터를 업로드 하는 환경에서 높은 효율성을 제공한다.

변혈(便血)에 대한 문헌적(文獻的) 고찰(考察) (A Literature Study on Stercoremia(Fecal blood))

  • 장규태;김장현;김희은
    • 대한한방소아과학회지
    • /
    • 제18권1호
    • /
    • pp.105-129
    • /
    • 2004
  • Methods: It was studied on the 47 kinds of oriental medical literature for fecal blood. Results: Fecal blood means bleeding with faces from anus and indicates all the three cases such as blooding before and after evacuation, evacuation of feces mixed with blood, and simple melena. The main causes are fire(火) and deficiency of spleen qi (脾氣虛). According to the color of fecal blood and the region of the bleeding, first, if the blood color is dark-red and blood discharges after emptying the bowels, it is called deposited poison into Jang(臟毒) or distant bleeding(遠血), and if the color of blood is clear and bowel emptying occurs after bleeding, it is bloody stool due to intestinal wind(腸風) or nearby bleeding(近血). For treating methods(治法). removing heat from the blood and stopping bleeding(淸熱凉血止血), removing dampness and stopping bleeding(淸熱除濕止血), invigorating Ki for promoting Hul-controJ(益氣攝血), warming the spleen and stomach to dispel cold and stopping bleeding(溫中散寒止血) etc are applied. As for the treating prescriptionl(治法), a Hwangtotang(黃土湯). Jeoksodudanggwitang(赤小豆當歸散). Gwihwasan(槐花散). Wipungtang(胃風湯). Hwangnyeonhwan modifying(黃連丸加減). Samultang modifying(四物湯加減). Paedoksan modifying(敗毒散加減) etc are used. As for acupuncture and moxibustion(鍼灸療法). if etiology(病因) is damp-heat(濕熱), acupuncture(刺鍼) at Janggang(長强); Charyo(BL 32); Sangeoheo(ST 37)(上巨虛); Seungsan(BL 57)(承山穴), and in case of deficiency of spleen Gi(脾氣虛), acupunture(刺鍼) with tonification(補法) at I Baek(EX-UE 2)(二白); Gwanwon(CC 4)(關元); Joksamni(ST 36)(足三里) Taebaek(SP 3)(太白); Hoeeum(CC 1)(會陰穴), or mxibuston(灸) at Baekoe(GC 2O)(百會); Myeongmun9GC (命門) or the point of opposite to umbilicus among spinal vertebrae(脊中對臍穴) are used. The external treatment(外治療法) was consisted of plastering umbilicus therapy(敷臍法) and enema therapy(灌腸法).

  • PDF

촉매독이 대두유의 경화에 미치는 영향 (Effect of catalyst poison agents on the hydrogenation of soybean oil)

  • 이서구;김창식
    • Applied Biological Chemistry
    • /
    • 제36권2호
    • /
    • pp.93-98
    • /
    • 1993
  • 촉매독으로 작용하는 인화합물과 유황화합물의 첨가에 의해서 수소첨가 반응되었을 때 나타나는 대두유의 물리적 화학적 성질을 규명하고저 하였다. 대두유에 첨가한 인화합물의 양이 증가할수록 oleic acid의 감소와 linoleic acid, stearic acid가 증가되었으며 유황화합물의 함량이 증가할수록 $10.0^{\circ}C$$21.1^{\circ}C$에서의 고체지 함량이 증가하는 반면에 점차로 $33.3^{\circ}C$$37.8^{\circ}C$에서 고체지 함량은 감소하였다. 유황화합물을 첨가하였을 경우에 비하여 인화합물을 첨가한 대두경화유의 융점이 높게 나타났고 유황화합물의 함량이 증가할수록 선택적인 경화조건이 나타났으며 정제공정을 거치면서 대두유에 존재하는 납과 비소는 극미량(0.01 ppm)으로 검출되었다.

  • PDF

동의보감(東醫寶鑑) 중(中) 백지(白芷)가 주약(主藥)으로 배오(配伍)된 방제(方劑)의 활용(活用)에 대한 고찰(考察) (A study on Applications of prescriptions including Radix Angelicae Dahuricae as a main component in Donguibogam)

  • 이성준;장선일;윤용갑
    • 대한한의학방제학회지
    • /
    • 제15권2호
    • /
    • pp.47-64
    • /
    • 2007
  • This report describes 94 prescriptions related to the use of Radix Angelicae Dahuricae main bl ended from Donguibogam. The following conclusions were reached through investigations on the prescriptions that use Radix Angelicae Dahuricae as a key component. 11.7% of wind. 10.6% of carbuncle and deep-rooted carbuncle. recorded the largest number of clinical frequency of the prescriptions in therapeutic use when Radix Angelicae Dahuricae was ta ken as a monarch drug in prescriptions, Prescriptions that utilize Radix Angelicae Dahuricae as t he main component are used in the treatment of apoplexy and carbuncle and deep-rooted carbuncle. headache. wound and they are also used for treating 26 different types of diseases. The prescriptions are compounded with Radix Angelicae Dahuricae as a monarch drug can ap ply to apoplexy, exogenous febrile disease, invasion by wind. wind-cold pathogen, wind-heat path ogen. epidemic disease, pestilence. bruise, bites, deficiency of liver and kidney, deficiency, phlegm-fire, phlegm-heat. The dosage of Radix Angelicae Dahuricae is 0.37g to 7.5g, however 3.75g has be en taken the most for clinical application. The function of Radix Angelicae Dahuricae is to expelling Wind and relieving pain, to expelling wound and forming muscle. to astrict and neutralizing poison. to expelling wind and to getting through body hole. to emit and relieving pain from the combination of drugs and prescriptions.

  • PDF

초대형 구조모델을 활용한 쉘구조물의 용접변형 해석 (A weld-distortion analysis method of the shell structures using ultra structural FE model)

  • 하윤석;이명수
    • Journal of Welding and Joining
    • /
    • 제33권3호
    • /
    • pp.62-67
    • /
    • 2015
  • A very large shell-structure built in shipyards like ship hulls or offshore structures are joined by welding through full process. As the welding contains a high thermal cycle at a local area, the welded structures should be distorted unavoidably. Because a distorted ship block should be revised to the designed value before the next stage, the ability to predict and to control the weld distortion is an accuracy level of the yard itself. Despite the ship block size, several present thermal distortion methodologies can deal those sizes, but it is a different story to deal full ship size model. Even a fully constructed ship hull not remaining any welding can have an accuracy issue like outfitting installation problems. Any present thermal distortion methodology cannot accept this size for its recommended element size and the number. The ordinary welding breadth at erection stage is about 20~40 mm. It can hardly be a good choice to make finite element model of these sizes considering human effort and computational environment. The finite element model for structure analysis of a ship hull is prepared at front-end engineering design stage which is the first process of the project. The element size of the model is as fine as the longitudinal space, and it is not proper to obtain a weld distortion at the erection stage. In this study, a methodology is suggested that a weldment can be shrunk at original place instead of using structural finite element model. We cut the original shell elements at erection weld-line and put truss elements between the edges of cut elements for weld shrinkage. Additional truss elements are used to facsimile transverse weld shrinkage which cannot be from the weld-line truss element shrink. They attach to weld-line truss element like twigs from barks. The capacity of developed elements is verified through an accuracy check of erection process of a container vessel at the apt. hull. It can be a useful tool for verifying a centering accuracy after renew and for block-separating planning considering accuracy.

제초제(除草劑) 신기능(新機能) 작물품종(作物品種) 이용(利用) 잡초방제(雜草防除) 기술(技術) (Weed Management Using a Potential Allelopathic Crop)

  • 김길웅;박광호
    • 한국잡초학회지
    • /
    • 제17권1호
    • /
    • pp.80-93
    • /
    • 1997
  • Allelopathic compounds as naturally occurring herbicide have originally reported from local vegetation since B.C. 300. These compounds are known as secondary plant metabolites which released from plants into the environment often attract or repel, nourish or poison other organisms. In recent, many natural plant allelochemicals be used to attempt to biologically or ecologically control weed among worldwide weed scientists. Some allelochemicals have also used as fungicides, insecticides, and nematodicides, and were less than man-made agrochemicals to damage the global ecosystem. It makes efficient use of resources internal to the farm, relies on a minimum of purchased inputs. Some scientists selected for allelopathic activity when breeding weed-controlling cultivars of rice, sorghum, cucumber, surflower etc. Thus, this paper is focused on allelopathic compounds isolated from cultivated crop with the high potential of prospective herbicides. The most environmentally acceptable and sustainable approach to utilization of allelopathy for weed control is to develop plant cultivars with proven allelopathic characteristics. In rice accessions, there are 60 cultivars/lines which have known as allelopathic activity and some of these cultivars control weed more less 90% within certain radius of activity. These accessions are originated from 15 countries including Korea, Japan, USA, India, Philippines, Indonesia, Laos, Taiwan, Afghanistan, Mali, Pakistan, Colombia, Egypt, China, and Dom. Rep. From these cultivars, the most common allelopathic compounds identified in rice are p-Hydroxybenzoic, Vanillic, p-Coumaric, and Ferulic acids. In addition, allelopathic lines of the following crop have shown inhibition of weed growth : beet (Beta vulgaris), lupin(Lupinus spp.), com(Zea mays), Wheat(Triticum aestivum), oats(Avena spp.) peas(Pisum sativum), barley(Hordeum vulgare), rye(Secale cereale), and cucumber(Cucumis sativus). Thus, future allelopathy research must be designed its potentially phytotoxic propertices and the ecotoxic features of the allelochemicals from release to degradation ; its ecological sustainability, its allelopathic effect in early growth. stages, and selectivity properties in combination with chemical stages, and selectivity properties in combination with chemical concentrations. Also, research approach in allelopathy might be screened for highly allelopathic germplasm collection of crops, the idea being to ultimately transfer this agronomic character into improved cultivars by either conventional breeding or other genetic transfer techniques.

  • PDF

65세 이상 노인 약물 중독 환자의 예후 인자 (Prognostic Factors of Acute Poisoning in Elderly Patients)

  • 김지윤;정현민;김지혜;한승백;김준식;백진휘
    • 대한임상독성학회지
    • /
    • 제9권2호
    • /
    • pp.81-87
    • /
    • 2011
  • Purpose: Incidents of suicide attempt and acute poisoning in the elderly population is rising. This study investigated the clinical nature of acute poisoning and differences between the survival and mortality groups in the elderly. Methods: We retrospectively investigated 325 patients with acute poisoning who visited the emergency department. Patients were divided into two groups, one survival and one death group. Information regarding patient sex, age, root cause of poisoning, time of year of poisoning, type of intoxicant, duration of time between intoxicant ingestion and arrival at the emergency department, total length of hospital stay, and any previous suicide attempts and subsequent hospitalization were collected. An initial Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) and an initial and final Poison Severity Score (PSS) for each patient was calculated. Results: The survival rate for men was higher than for women in this study. The most common reason of drug intoxication was suicide, with accidental ingestion and substance abuse occurring in descending frequency. Seasonal factors were reflected in the data with the highest number of incidents occurring in spring and the lowest number in winter. Compared with the mortality group, the survival group had a lower initial PSS with a higher GCS. Conclusion: We conclude that being female, having suicide as a root cause, agrochemicals as an intoxicant, low initial Glasgow Coma Scale and high initial Poisoning Severity Score, are all associated with poor prognosis.

  • PDF