• Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.208-214
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• 2004

Purpose: The prognosis of neonates with cholestasis is not clear. Some factors, such as high peak bilirubin levels and liver histologic findings have been claimed to affect the prognosis adversely. Our study aims to define which factors influence the prognosis of neonatal intrahepatic cholestasis. Methods: Retrospective reviews of the medical records were performed in 32 cases with neonatal intrahepatic cholestasis, who were admitted to Department of Pediatrics, Pusan National University Hospital from July 1995 to July 2002. Neonates were classified into 2 groups according to the duration of elevated serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) levels more or less than 6 months. The data, such as biochemical, histopathologic and radiologic findings, were compared in both groups. Biochemical data included mean peak level of serum ALT, total bilirubin, direct bilirubin, and alkaline phosphatase. Histologic parameters related to lobular architecture, fibrosis, inflammatory infiltration and degenerative features of hepatocytes were arbitrary estimated on a scale of 1 to 3. Results: There were 19 males and 13 females, whose mean age was 48 days (14~77 days). The peak serum ALT levels were higher in the poor outcome group. Ductular proliferation and portoportal bridging were more severe in the poor outcome group. But the degree of multinucleated hepatocytes, hepatocellular swelling and canalicular plug did not appear to be significantly related to the long-term outcome. The DISIDA scintigraphy by visualization time of gall bladder and intestine was not useful in predicting outcome of neonatal intrahepatic cholestasis. Conclusion: Neonates who have intrahepatic cholestasis with high serum ALT levels, severe ductular proliferation and portoportal bridging in the liver biopsy specimen should be carefully followed up because they may have a poor prognosis.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.146-153
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• 2013

This study was conducted to enhance graft-take ratio and quality of grafted tomato seedlings by controlling temperature and humidity during the healing and acclimatization processes. Three temperature levels ($20^{\circ}C$, $23^{\circ}C$, and $26^{\circ}C$) were carried out to determine optimum temperature on four rootstocks. In addition, twelve combinations of three relative humidity levels (70%, 80%, and 90%) and four temperature levels ($17^{\circ}C$, $20^{\circ}C$, $23^{\circ}C$, and $26^{\circ}C$) were set up to evaluate the effect of relative humidity and temperature on the graft-take ratio of grafted seedlings. In the other hand, five relative humidity periods (H0, H1, H2, H3, and H4: 90% relative humidity for first 0, 1, 2, 3 and 10 days and afterwards relative humidity was reduced to 70%, respectively) were examined effect of relative humidity periods on the graft-take and quality of grafted seedlings. The higher graft-take ratios (84.0~87.4%) were showed at $23^{\circ}C$ compared to $20^{\circ}C$ and $26^{\circ}C$ in all rootstocks. Graft-take ratios decreased and number of diseased plants increased at high temperature. The graft-take ratios increased with increasing relative humidity in all temperature levels on the $3^{rd}$ and $7^{th}$ day after grafting. However, increasing relative humidity significantly increased percent of diseased plants. The graft-take ratio reduced at ($26^{\circ}C$) and ($17^{\circ}C$) temperature under all relative humidity conditions. The graft-take ratio increased with increasing period of 90% relative humidity. Maximum graft-take ratios were observed in H2 and H3 treatments. Graft-take ratio decreased with increasing 90% relative humidity for 10 days (H4). Diseased plants had not been found in H0, H1, H2, and H3 treatments. Seedling quality was improved through increasing fresh and dry weight of root, compactness, and root morphology of tomato seedlings in H2 and H3 treatments. Therefore, high relative humidity (90%) for first 2 or 3 days and afterwards reduced low relative humidity (70%) at $23^{\circ}C$ condition during healing and acclimatization promoted the graft-take and quality of grafted tomato seedlings.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.123-132
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• 2017

This study was aimed to investigate the effect of 1)irradiation with several different ratios using red, green, and blue LEDs and 2)various pulsed light irradiation with 50% duty ratio using red and blue LEDs on the growth and morphogenesis of three lettuce cultivars (Lactuca sativar L. cv. 'Jukchukmeon', 'Lolo Rosa', and 'Grand Rapid') in hydroponics culture system for 4 weeks after transplanting. Seeds were sown in rock-wool plug trays and they were placed in a culture room which was controlled at $23{\pm}1^{\circ}C/18{\pm}1^{\circ}C$ temperature and 50-60/70-85% for day and night, respectively, during cultivation period. Irradiated RGB ratios with LEDs were 6:3:1, 5:2.5:2.5, 3:3:4, 2:2:6, and 1:1:8 with $110{\pm}3{\mu}mol{\cdot}m^{-2}{\cdot}s^{-1}$ PPFD on the surface of cultivation bed. The frequencies of pulsed lighting was 50, 100, 500, 1,000, 5,000, 10,000, 25,000Hz (20, 10, 0.1, 0.04 ms) with red and blue LEDs and 50% duty ratio. At the RGB ratio of 6:3:1, the average fresh weight of 'Jukchukmeon' was significantly higher than that of other RGB treatments, but no significant difference compared to the fluorescent treatment. The average fresh weight at 1:1:8 RGB ratio in 'Lolo Rosa' was significantly lower than that of other RGB treatments. Leaf number and fresh weight of 'Grand Rapid' were significantly lower in the control and 1:1:8 RGB treatments, compared to the other RGB treatments. As the ratio of blue light increased, leaf length decreased and leaf shape became round in three lettuces. Although there is little change in growth, it could not be found any tendency to affect the growth and morphogenesis of three lettuces caused by increasing or decreasing frequency of pulsed lighting with 50% duty ratio at the $72{\mu}mol{\cdot}m^{-2}{\cdot}s^{-1}$ PPFD.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.49 no.4
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• pp.287-298
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• 2022

This study evaluated the efficacy of chlorine dioxide (ClO₂) as an oxidant to reduce malodor emission from chicken feces. Two experiments were performed with the following four treatments in parallel: 1) fresh chicken feces with only distilled water added as a control, 2) a commercial germicide as a positive control, and 3) 2,000 or 4) 3,000 ppm of ClO₂ supplementation. Aluminum gas bags containing chicken feces sealed with a silicone plug were used in both experiments, and each treatment was tested in triplicate. In Experiment 1, 10 mL of each additive was added on the first day of incubation, and malodor emissions were then assessed after 10 days of incubation. In Experiment 2, 1 mL of each additive was added daily during a 14-day incubation period. At the end of the incubation, gas production, malodor-causing substances (H₂S and NH₃ gases), dry matter, pH, volatile fatty acids (VFAs), and microbial enumeration were analyzed. Supplementing ClO₂ at 2,000 and 3,000 ppm significantly reduced the pH and the ammonia-N, total VFA, H₂S, and ammonia gas concentrations in chicken feces compared with the control feces (P<0.05). Additionally, microbial analysis indicated that the number of coliform bacteria was decrease after ClO₂ treatment (P<0.05). In conclusion, ClO₂ at 2,000 and 3,000 ppm was effective at reducing malodor emission from chicken feces. However, further studies are warranted to examine the effects of ClO₂ at various concentrations and the effects on malodor emission from a poultry farm.

• Cartoon and Animation Studies
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• s.50
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• pp.275-297
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• 2018

Japan's mechanic animation is widely known throughout the world. 1952년, Japan's first mechanic animation and the first TV animation, , has been popular since it's creation in 1952. Atom, a big hit at the time, has influenced many people. Japanese mechanic animations convey their unique traits and world view to the public In this paper, we are going to discuss the change of the Japanese mechanical design through comparison of the mechanical design, which has been booming since the 1990s in Japan; and the . I expect the results of this analysis to depict Japanese culture and thought reflected in animation, which is a good indication of worldwide cultural view of animation. unexpectedly influenced the Japanese animation industry after it screened in 1995, and there are still people constantly reinterpreting and analyzing it. This is the reaction of the audience to anticipate the mystery and endless conclusions of the work itself. The design elements of Evangelion are distinguished from other mechanical objects. Mechanic design based on human biotechnology can overcome limitations of machine and make you feel more human. The pilot 's boarding structure, which can contain human nature, is reinforced in the form of an enterprising plug, and the attitude of excavation makes humanity more prominent than a straight robot. Thus, pursues a mechanic design that can reflect human identity. can be selected as the mechanic animation of the 80's, and the "Neon Genesis Evangelion" of the 90's shows it with a completely different design. By comparing the mechanical design of two works, therefore, we examine the correlation between the message and the design of the work. presents the close relationship between the identity of the mechanical design and the contents. I would like to point out that mechanical design can be a good example and theoretical basis for the future.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.45 no.9
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• pp.1090-1096
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• 2002

Purpose : We evaluated the clinical manifestations, bronchoscopic findings and therapeutic effects of flexible fiberoptic bronchoscopy in atelectasis of children. Methods : Sixty six children who received bronchoscopy due to persistent atelectasis, acute severe atelectasis and incidental atelectasis on plain chest radiography were studied retrospectively. Results : The most common causative underlying disease was pneumonia(60.4%). Other underlying conditions were pulmonary tuberculosis, chronic lung disease, postoperative state, bronchial asthma and chest trauma. The most common abnormal findings were inflammatory changes such as bronchial stenosis(n=15), mucosal edema and large amount of secretion(n=14), granulation tissue( n=3) and mucus plug(n=3) although 39.4% showed normal airways. Other findings were congenital airway anomalies, endobronchial tuberculosis, extrinsic compression and obstruction by blood clot. In 32 children with pneumonia-associated atelectasis, 43.7% revealed normal airways, and the most common abnormal findings were also inflammatory changes. Eighteen out of 39 patients who received therapeutic intervention such as suctioning of secretion, bronchial washing and intrabronchial administration of N-acetylcysteine($Mucomyst^{(R)}$) had complete or partial resolution of their atelectasis. In 32 patients with pneumonia-associated atelectasis, 56.5% showed improvement by therapeutic intervention. Conclusion : In this study, atelectasis was mainly associated with inflammatory airway diseases such as pneumonia. The most common abnormal bronchoscopic findings were inflammatory changes such as mucosal edema and large amounts of secretion and bronchial stenosis, although about 40% revealed normal airway. Flexible bronchoscopy is helpful for either diagnosis or treatment, especially in pneumonia-associated atelectasis.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.396-403
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• 2019

This study was conducted to investigate the growth of grafted cucumber seedlings in biodegradable paper pot trays influenced by seedling age, nutrient management before transplanting, and night temperature after transplanting. Grafted cucumber seedlings in paper pot trays were supplied with different nutrient solution concentrations of 0.5 x full strength (S) (EC $0.8dS{\cdot}m^{-1}$), 1.0S(EC $1.6dS{\cdot}m^{-1}$), 2.0S(EC $3.2dS{\cdot}m^{-1}$) two times a week until transplanting. 26, 33, 40, and 47 day-old cucumber grafted seedlings were transplanted and grown at three levels of night temperature (10, 15, and $25^{\circ}C$) during ten days. Increasing nutrient solution concentration enhanced the shoot length, number of leaves, leaf area, dry weight, and relative growth rate of seedlings. With increasing seedling age, the differences in growth were greater among nutrient treatments. The dry matter percentage increased with the seedling age, but was lower with higher nutrient concentration. The specific leaf area showed the opposite results. In cucumbers transplanted at 26- or 33-day seedling ages, night temperature did not affect the growth at ten days after transplanting. However, the growth of 40 or 47 day-old seedling decreased at $10^{\circ}C$. Compared with $25^{\circ}C$, the dry weight of cucumbers transplanted at 40- or 47-day seedling ages was depressed by 58% or 71%, respectively, at $10^{\circ}C$. Accordingly, it was concluded that the optimum nutrient solution concentrations and seedling age for the production of grafted cucumber seedlings in biodegradable paper pot trays can be 1.0S and about 30 days, respectively, and night temperature should be maintained at the range of $15-25^{\circ}C$ for promoting the growth after transplanting.

• Journal of Intelligence and Information Systems
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.61-83
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• 2012

A knowledge map describes the network of related knowledge into the form of a diagram, and therefore underpins the structure of knowledge categorizing and archiving by defining the relationship of the referential navigation between knowledge. The referential navigation between knowledge means the relationship of cross-referencing exhibited when a piece of knowledge is utilized by a user. To understand the contents of the knowledge, a user usually requires additionally information or knowledge related with each other in the relation of cause and effect. This relation can be expanded as the effective connection between knowledge increases, and finally forms the network of knowledge. A network display of knowledge using nodes and links to arrange and to represent the relationship between concepts can provide a more complex knowledge structure than a hierarchical display. Moreover, it can facilitate a user to infer through the links shown on the network. For this reason, building a knowledge map based on the ontology technology has been emphasized to formally as well as objectively describe the knowledge and its relationships. As the necessity to build a knowledge map based on the structure of the ontology has been emphasized, not a few researches have been proposed to fulfill the needs. However, most of those researches to apply the ontology to build the knowledge map just focused on formally expressing knowledge and its relationships with other knowledge to promote the possibility of knowledge reuse. Although many types of knowledge maps based on the structure of the ontology were proposed, no researches have tried to design and implement the referential navigation-enabled knowledge map. This paper addresses a methodology to build the ontology-based knowledge map enabling the referential navigation between knowledge. The ontology-based knowledge map resulted from the proposed methodology can not only express the referential navigation between knowledge but also infer additional relationships among knowledge based on the referential relationships. The most highlighted benefits that can be delivered by applying the ontology technology to the knowledge map include; formal expression about knowledge and its relationships with others, automatic identification of the knowledge network based on the function of self-inference on the referential relationships, and automatic expansion of the knowledge-base designed to categorize and store knowledge according to the network between knowledge. To enable the referential navigation between knowledge included in the knowledge map, and therefore to form the knowledge map in the format of a network, the ontology must describe knowledge according to the relation with the process and task. A process is composed of component tasks, while a task is activated after any required knowledge is inputted. Since the relation of cause and effect between knowledge can be inherently determined by the sequence of tasks, the referential relationship between knowledge can be circuitously implemented if the knowledge is modeled to be one of input or output of each task. To describe the knowledge with respect to related process and task, the Protege-OWL, an editor that enables users to build ontologies for the Semantic Web, is used. An OWL ontology-based knowledge map includes descriptions of classes (process, task, and knowledge), properties (relationships between process and task, task and knowledge), and their instances. Given such an ontology, the OWL formal semantics specifies how to derive its logical consequences, i.e. facts not literally present in the ontology, but entailed by the semantics. Therefore a knowledge network can be automatically formulated based on the defined relationships, and the referential navigation between knowledge is enabled. To verify the validity of the proposed concepts, two real business process-oriented knowledge maps are exemplified: the knowledge map of the process of 'Business Trip Application' and 'Purchase Management'. By applying the 'DL-Query' provided by the Protege-OWL as a plug-in module, the performance of the implemented ontology-based knowledge map has been examined. Two kinds of queries to check whether the knowledge is networked with respect to the referential relations as well as the ontology-based knowledge network can infer further facts that are not literally described were tested. The test results show that not only the referential navigation between knowledge has been correctly realized, but also the additional inference has been accurately performed.

• Journal of the korean academy of Pediatric Dentistry
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.54-61
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• 2000

Amalgam, though a widely used dental material, does not bond to the tooth substrate Therefore, retentive preparation of the cavity is necessary. Such amalgam restorations, until corrosion products form and plug the margin, will show significant marginal leakage. Unless this is prevented early on, saliva and bacteria may enter the cavity causing postoperative hypersensitivity, dissolution and collapse of the restoration, discoloration of the margin and secondary caries, leading to shortened life-span of the restoration and pulpal pathosis. Recently, a method of restoration has been introduced whereby tooth material can be preserved, cavity margin can be sealed and preventive treatment of pit and fissure can be administered while retaining all the advantages of conventional amalgam restorations. Such sealed amalgams involve removing the carious lesion without extending the cavity for prevention and using pit and fissure sealants to seal cavity margins and pit and fissures to reduce microleakage. In this study, finishing of the amalgam and sealant application were performed after different intervals following of amalgam restoration to compare the microleakage of sealed and conventional amalgam restorations. Thirty bicuspids were prepared with Class V cavity preparations on the buccal and lingual surfaces. After amalgam placement, they were divided into the following groups and treated accordingly. Group 1 : Polishing after 24 hours Group 2 : Immediate sealant application without polishing Group 3 : No polishing, but sealant applied after thermocycling 500 times After treatment, the samples were thermocycled 500 times between $5^{\circ}C$ and $55^{\circ}C$ with a dwell time of 30 seconds. After thermocycling, the samples were dipped into 1% methylene blue kept in a $37^{\circ}C$ incubator at 100% humidity for 24 hours. The teeth were then embedded in resin and cut bucco-lingually along the tooth axis and observed with a stereomicroscope to determine the degree of microleakage, The following results were obtained : 1. Group 2 showed the least microleakeage, while group 1 showed the greatest. 2. Group 1 showed significantly greater microleakage compared to group 2 (p<0.05). However, no significant differences were found between group 1 and 3(p>0.05). No significant differences in microleakage were also found between cup 2 and 3(p<0.05).

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.26 no.3
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• pp.158-166
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• 2017

The object of this study was to improve tomato seedling quality in low temperature(below 7, $10^{\circ}C$ during night time or daily mean air temperature was $18^{\circ}C$) by application of silicate fertilizer. Six different silicate fertilizer concentrations (8, 16, 32, 64, 128, and 256mM) or water as the control were applied to tomato seedlings twice a week for 20 days. Positive effects were observed in the growth parameters of the seedlings treated with 16 and 32mM silicate fertilizer; the most effective concentration of silicate at which seedlings showed the best performance was 16mM. However, a high concentration of silicate (256mM) caused negative effects on the growth. The transpiration rate decreased alongside with the increase of silicate concentration up to 32mM, possibly due to the increased stomatal diffusive resistance. Silicate stimulated the growth and development of tomato seedlings, resulting in increased growth parameters and root morphology. However, no significant differences were observed among treatment numbers of soil-drenching wuth the silicate (6, 10, or 20 times with 16mM) for 20 days, suggesting that silicate treatment with 6 times may be sufficient to induce the silicate effects. The application of 16mM of silicate fertilizer reduced relative ion leakage and chilling injury during low temperature storage. In addition, the seedlings treated with silicate fertilizer recovered faster than those without silicate treatment after low temperature storage.