• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.20 no.5
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• pp.424-436
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• 2007

In this paper, it was discussed situations and necessities of conservation management strategy for the woody plants resources in Jeju Island. Out of 320 taxa of the woody plants distributed in Jeju, there were 62 families, 136 genus, 279 species, 28 varieties and 13 forma. Conifers, gymnosperms, were 3 families, 5 genus and 7 species as holding 2.2% of total woody plants. Broad leaves, angiosperms, were 59 families, 131 genus, 272 species, 28 varieties and 13 forma that were 313 taxa. Evergreens were 84 taxa consisting of 31 families, 45 genus, 72 species, 7 varieties and 5 forma that make up 26.8% out of total angiosperms. Deciduous were 229 taxa(73.2%) consisting of 42 families, 93 genus, 200 species, 21 varieties and 8 forma that were 122 trees(38.1%), 177 shrubs(55.1%) and 21 vine plants(6.8%). Life form spectra by dormancy, disseminule, radicoid and growth form were analysed. Thirty eight taxa including 17 families, 21 genus, 14 species and 16 varieties out of 320 taxa growing Jeju were endemic to Korea and 22 taxa of them were endemic to Jeju. The specific plant species among the woody plants in Jeju were 10 taxa in V grade, 24 taxa in IV grade and 53 taxa in III grade. These are correspondence to those of nations as 12% of V grade, 7.6% of IV grade and 17.2% of III grade.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural and Forest Meteorology
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• v.6 no.4
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• pp.235-241
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• 2004

There is a growing concern about the possible increase in inter-annual variation of minimum temperature during the winter season in Korea. This view is strengthened by frequently reported freezing injury to dormant fruit trees, while warmer winters have prevailed recently. The January minimum temperature record at fourteen weather stations was analyzed for 1951-2000. The results showed no evidence of increasing standard deviation at 3 locations between 1951-1980 and 1971-2000, while the remaining 11 stations showed a trend of decreasing standard deviation for the two periods. An empirical model explaining the spatial variation of the standard deviation was derived by regression analysis of 56 stations' data for 1971-2000. Daily minimum temperature and the site elevation may account for 68% of the observed variations. We applied this model to restore the average standard deviation of the January minimum temperature for 1971-2000, and the result was used to produce gridded minimum temperature data for the recurrence interval of 10 and 30 years at 250m resolution. A digital form of the plant hardiness zone map may be developed from this product for site-specific selection of adapted plant species.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.32 no.5
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• pp.615-632
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• 2019

Field surveys were conducted from May 2016 to October and from April to October 2017 in Tributary Region of Middle Stream of the Nakdong River. The survey was carried out at 66 sites including Young-gang 11, Naeseong-cheon 21, Wi-cheon 16, and Gam-cheon 9, Byeongseong-cheon 9. As a result of investigation, 474 taxa in total ; 99 familly, 288 genera, 421 species, 4 subspecies, 39 varieties and 10 forma. Among them, 5 Korean endemic plants, 7 rare plants, 31 taxa were listed as Floristic Target Species in Korea. Naturalized plants was confirmed 73 taxa, their Urbanization Ratio 22.7%, and naturalization ratio 15.4% in the investigated area. The Life form(Dormancy form) review results as follows ; Therophytes 159 taxa, Hemicryptophytes 91 taxa, Hydrophanerophytes 68 taxa, Geophyte 52 taxa, Nanophanerophytes 35 taxa, Megaphanerophytes 32 taxa, Microphanerophytes 25 taxa, Chamaephytes 12 taxa, and Epiphyten 1 taxa.

• Journal of Environmental Impact Assessment
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.103-123
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• 2016

This study is a comparison of the flora and case studies distributed in Gulup-do Ongjingun, Incheon. The numbers of vascular plants were summarized as 282 taxa including 81 families, 201 genera, 252 species, 3 subspecies, 22 varieties and 5 forms. The Raunkiaer life forms are analyzed in hemicryptophytes were 66 taxa (23.4%) in dormancy form, non-clonal growth ($R_5$) were 160 taxa (56.7%) in propagation form of radicoid form, having no special modification for dissemination ($D_4$) were 197 taxa (48.6%) in propagation form of disseminule form, erect form (e) were 117 taxa (41.5%) in growth form. The halophytes were 23 taxa including Salsola collina, Asparagus oligoclonos and so on. The rare plants were 7 taxa including Pyrrosia hastata (VU), Senecio nemorensis (VU) and so on. The Korean endemic plants were 5 taxa including Hepatica insularis, Lespedeza maritima and so on. In the specific plants by floristic region were 38 taxa, a degree I were 23 taxa (Dictamnus dasycarpus, Vitex rotundifolia and so on), 6 taxa of a degree II (Morus cathayana, Euphorbia esula and so on), 8 taxa of a degree III (Pyrrosia hastata, Rhodotypos scandens and so on), Senecio nemorensis of a degree V and degree IV were not found. The naturalized plants were 17 taxa including Robinia pseudoacacia, Bromus tectorumand so on. Of those Ambrosia artemisiifolia is a invasive alien plants. Naturalization rate (NR) was 6.0% of all 282 taxa of vascular plants and urbanization index (UI) was 5.3% of all 321 taxa of naturalized plants. Gulup-do and adjacent Baega-do were locally investigated field work and it summarizes the results of a total of 41 islands literature in Ongjin-gun and Ganghwa-gun, Incheon including uninhabited islands, Baengnyeong-do, Daecheong-do and so on. The average number of species were each analyzed in about 89 taxa, rare plants are about 2 taxa, endemic plants are about 1 taxa, naturalized plants are about 4 taxa. This study was the comparison of the flora and literature distribution case that the Gulup-do maintain the naturalness and continuously conducted to explore the future conservation measures the adjacent islands.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.73-85
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• 1991

Rhododendron mucronulatum for. albiflorum, native species is a shrub that has white flowers on May to June, and rare species endangered by people's rash digging or cutting. But its physiological ecological characteristics and propagation method are not being known at all. Therefore, this study was executed to utilize this species as the planting material for landscaping by analysing its habitat environment and growth form, and also experimenting its seed and vegetative propagation, and it field culture and utilization. The results are as follows; 1. The elevation, gradient and direction of this species were 295-1,350m, 10-36$^{\circ}$, northwest respectively. It was found that the species is shade-liking plant that grows under forest cover of average 51.33%. 2. The soil pH and water content of its habitat were 5.4, 25.41% respectively. The organic matter content was 6.29% that was higher than 3.2%, the average organic matter content of forest soil in Korea. 3. Representative plant community within which this species was living was Quercus mongolica community, and its main neighboring species were Lindea obtusiloba, Fraxinus sieboldiana, Rhus trichocarpa, Rhododendron Schlippenbachii, Rododendron mucronulatum. 4. The leaf length and width of this species were 39.18mm, 12.60mm respectively. This result showed that generally its leaf size was larger than that of R. micranthum, R. yedoense var. poukhanense and R. mucronulatum var. ciliatum and smaller than that of R. mucronulatum and R. schlippenbachii. 5. The whole size of its pollen was, as 59${\times}$61$\mu\textrm{m}$, the largest of plants of Rhododendron family including R. mucronulatum and R. mucronulatum var. ciliatum. 6. The result of seed germination experiment at intervals of 5$^{\circ}C$ from 15$^{\circ}C$ to 30$^{\circ}C$ presented the highest germination rate of 94.7% at 20$^{\circ}C$ numerically, but high percent germination at all temperature levels without significant difference. And the seed of this plant proved to be sun-liking seed at requiring dormancy in germination. 7. Through seed germination experiment by treatment of growth regulators such as GA. Thiourea and Kinetin under dark condition, it was found that the effect of GA treatment on germination increase and acceleration was the highest. 8. In greenwood cutting, rooted rate by treatment of various concentration of IBA and NAA on clay and vermiculite bed was not wholly high, but 100ppm plots of both IBA and NAA of clay bed showed relatively good rooted rate. 9. As result of field culture experiment for finding out optimum growth temperature and light intensity, growth conditions such as height, number of leaves, fresh weight and chlorophyll contents were the best at night/day temperature of 20/25$^{\circ}C$ and under 1/2sun. Also, the photosynthetic rate was the highest at 25$^{\circ}C$. Accordingly, it was found that optimum temperature and light intensity for growth of this plant are 25$^{\circ}C$ (day temperature), 50% of natural light respectively.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Biology
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• v.34 no.2
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• pp.63-72
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• 2016

The objective of this study was to identify the life form characteristics, naturalized degree and introduction period of naturalized plants on upland fields in South Korea. The survey sites were selected in 222 upland fields over 9 provinces where are relatively dry soil conditions and are disturbed continuously by farming practices. It seemed that these uplands maintain good condition for the invasion and settlement of alien plants. Field surveys were carried out twice from May to June and from August to September in 2013. The vascular plants of the upland fields were listed into 539 taxa which contain 103 families, 320 genera, 448 species, 2 subspecies, 74 varieties and 15 forms. Ninety nine taxa were naturalized plants composed of 23 families, 64 genera, 91 species and 8 varieties. The urbanization index and naturalized index is 30.65% and 18.37%, respectively. Among total 99 naturalized plants, Compositae (30 taxa) was the most dominant family, and followed by Gramineae (14 taxa). On the basis of dormancy form, 78 taxa were belong to Th (Therophyte). In radicoid form, $R_5$ plants (86 taxa) and $R_3$ plants (14 taxa) were dominantly distributed. In disseminule form, $D_4$ including 63 taxa and $D_2$ containing 26 taxa were dominant. On the basis of growth form, erect form (e) containing 26 taxa was dominant. In conclusion, life form spectrum was $Th-R_5-D_4-e$ type. According to life form analysis, naturalized degree and introduction period, alien plants with unique characteristics may have high ability to settle and spread nationwide after inflow into South Korea. It needs further to observe some plant species with or without ecological features such as widely disseminated seeds by wind or water, high seed productivity, long life-span seeds, high germination rate of seeds, or non-dormant germinable seed.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Biology
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• v.38 no.1
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• pp.197-205
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• 2020

With the purpose of designing companion planting of groundcover plants for ornamental uses, this study identified the yearly growth characteristics of nine species of different life forms, analyzed the coverage characteristics of individual plants, and suggested combinations of plants suitable for each life form. Polygonatum odoratum var. pluriflorum, Liriope platyphylla and Hosta capitata, as short-grained plants that can grow to more than 20 cm, tended to grow for 60 days after planting in April and maintain their shape thereafter. Their aerial parts started to wither and enter dormancy after September. Saxifraga stolonifera, Dianthus chinensis and Sedum middendorffianum tended to continuously grow until September after planting in April and their growth declined after September. Lysimachia nummularia, as a creeping plant that grows creeping on the ground, started to show a rapid growth three months after planting. Sedum sarmentosum grew slowly until August and the aerial parts started to wither from September when the temperature decreases. The coverage characteristics of these nine species that grow differently after companion planting were surveyed and the growth of Sedum sarmentosum showed the highest number of companions. It was found that Hosta capitata can be companion planted with Sedum middendorffianum, Saxifraga stolonifera, and Lysimachia nummularia. These results indicate that among different shoot growth types species propagated with their stems creeping on the ground or those that can grow vegetatively with non-rhizome parts are more suitable for companion planting with others than those of which rhizomes branch.

• Journal of Forest and Environmental Science
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.1-16
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• 2000

This study was carried out to examine the process of plant succession through vegetation invasion and to select appropriate endemic plant species for rapid stabilization and good visual effect on cut-slopes of forest roads. Establishing total of sixty $1m{\times}1m$ sample plots. fifteen for each forest road constructed in the year of '93 (six-year-old), '95(four-year-old), '97(two-year-old), and '98(one-year-old), the ecological attributes of invading vegetation on cut-slopes were analyzed. The results are summarized as follows: 1. The rate of vegetation coverage was highly associated with soil hardness and aspect of cut-slope. Higher rate of vegetation coverage was caused by larger number of invading plant species. 2. The dominant woody species were Rubus crataegifolius, Rhus chinensis, Lespedeza bicolor, Salix hulteni, Alnus hirsuta, and Pinus densiflora. The visual attractive for the fruit of Rubus crataegifolius and the autumn coloration of Rhus chinensis was noteworthy. The dominant herbaceous species were Youngia sonchifolia, Spodiopogon sibiricus, and Lysimachia clethroides in all study forest roads. Spring flower of Potentilla freyniana and Viola rossii: summer flower of Lysimachia clethroides, Commelina communis, Glycine soja. Persicaria sieboldi, and Oenothera odorata: and autumn flower of Artemisia stolonifera and Impatiens textori were abundant and remarkable. 3. The diversity index of woody species tended to be increased as years passed after construction, and that of herbaceous species were decreased. 4. The dominance of Th of dormancy form was early high in the first year of construction, getting decreased thereafter. And that of MM + M + N was increased as years passed after construction. but that of Ch+H+G+Th+HH was decreased. 5. The degrees of succession were estimated by 359, 111, 97, and 87 for the construction year of '93, '95, '97, and '98. respectively, increased as years passed after construction.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Biology
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• v.40 no.3
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• pp.239-246
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• 2022

Lactuca scariola L. is one of ecosystem-disturbance plants that grow everywhere such as roadsides, grasslands, railroads, banks, and fields. L. scariola usually occurs in autumn. It overwinters in rosette form. It flowers and produces seeds in early summer of the next year. Seeds of L. scariola can germinate immediately without dormancy when the temperature is over 20℃. Due to endogenous bacteria in seeds of L. scariola, it has a strong drought tolerance. Thus, it can grow well on roadsides. L. scariola should be controlled as it can result in 60-80% of soybean yield loss at densities above 50 plants m^-2. It is advisable to remove L. scariola as it competes with native plants by acting as a pioneer to other ecosystem-disturbance plants. Among various control methods, chemical control is the most effective method that is widely used. Soil treatment with herbicides such as oxyfluorfen EC and pendimethalin EC can inhibit the development of L. scariola. Foliar treatment herbicides glyphosate and glufosinateammonium are widely used. L. scariola is resistant to 2,4-D, dicamba, and MCPA among foliar treatment herbicides. Thus, it is recommended to apply herbicides with different modes of action.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.33 no.4
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• pp.358-363
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• 2014

BACKGROUND: Many strawberry growers are utilizing daylength extension by using incandescent bulb or fluorescent lamp to break dormancy of strawberry induced by low temperature and short day conditions. Conventional incandescent bulb and fluorescent lamp consume a lot of electricity and have short longevity. Red light known for most efficient wavelength for daylength extension light of short-day plant and long-day plant. This study was conducted to verify the effects of red light to enhance growth and to increase production of strawberry (Fragaria ${\times}$ ananassa Duch. cvs. "Seolhyang") METHODS AND RESULTS: Three red light (660nm) of 0.70, 0.87, and $1.05{\mu}mol/m^2/s$ (PAR) and conventional incandescent bulb of 40 Lux were treated respectively under the pot experiment. All treatment irradiated from 18:00 to 24:00 for 6 hours. Red light treatment tend to increase leaf stem number, flower stem number, weight of flower stem, crown weight, root weight, and leaf area of strawberry then incandescent bulb treatment. In field experiment, red light of $0.7{\mu}mol/m^2/s$ (PAR) and conventional incandescent bulb of 40 Lux were irradiated respectively. Field experiment showed that the leaf number, leaf weight, and crown weight of strawberry increased than those of incandescent bulb control with red LED of $0.7{\mu}mol/m^2/s$ (PAR). Red LED treatment increased the fruit number over 15g than incandescent bulb. Furthermore, red LED treatment decreased fruit number below 15g of strawberry than incandescent bulb treatment. Therefore, We believed that red LED treatment increased marketable fruit number by increment of weight of each fruit. Consequently, marketable fruit number, fruit weight, and fruit production of strawberry were increased than those of incandescent bulb by 5 %, 2.9 %, and 8.5 % respectively, but not showed significantly differences. CONCLUSION: These results presumably due to directly enhanced photosynthesis of strawberry leaves and activated action of Pfr phytochrome form by red light. In conclusion, red LED of 660nm could be used for daylength extension light source to enhance production of strawberry.