• The Korean Journal of Mycology
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• v.32 no.1
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• pp.50-53
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• 2004

In March of 2003, the gray mold occurred severely on pea (Pisum sativum) grown in the green houses and open fields in Changseon-myon, Namhae-gun, Gyeongnam Province, Korea. The symptoms started with water-soaking lesions in the leaves, stems and pods. The typical symptoms of the leaves, stems and pods became withered, discolored and blighted, and then eventually died. The mycelia, conidia and conidiophore of the pathogen appeared on leaves, stems and pods. The conidia were gray, 1-celled, mostly ellipsoid or ovoid in the shape and were $8{\sim}17{\times}5{\sim}13\;{\mu}m$ in size. Conidiophores were $14{\sim}30\;{\mu}m$ in size. The sclerotia were formed abundantly on potato dextrose agar. The optimum temperature for sclerotial formation was $20^{\circ}C$. Pathogenicity of the causal organism was proven according to Koch's postulate. The causal organism was identified as Botrytis cinerea based on mycological characteristics. This is the first report on gray mold of Pisum sativum caused by B. cinerea in Korea.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.25 no.9
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• pp.1021-1026
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• 2015

Invertase (β-D-fructosfuranosidase, EC 3.2.1.26) catalyzes the hydrolysis of sucrose into D-glucose and D-fructose. Three biochemical subgroups of invertases have been investigated in plants: vacuolar (soluble acid), cytoplasmic (soluble alkaline), and cell wall-bound (insoluble acid) invertases. An isoform of neutral invertase was purified from pea seedlings (Pisum sativum L.) and treated with gibberellic acid (GA) by sequential procedures consisting of ammonium sulfate precipitation, ion-exchange chromatography, absorption chromatography, and reactive green-19 affinity chromatography. The results of the overall insoluble invertase purification were a 430-fold increase. The purified neutral invertase was not glycosylated and had an optimum pH between neutral and alkaline (pH 6.8-7.5). It was inhibited by Tris, as well as by heavy metals, such as Hg²⁺ and Cu²⁺. Typical Michaelis–Menten kinetics were observed when the activity of the purified invertase was measured, with sucrose concentrations up to 100 mM. The K_m and V_max values were 12.95 mM and 2.98 U/min, respectively. The molecular mass was around 20 kDa. The sucrose-cleaving enzyme activity of this enzyme is similar to that of sucrose synthase and fructosyltransferase, but its biochemical characteristics are different from those of sucrose synthase and fructosyltransferase. Based on this biochemical characterization and existing knowledge, neutral INV is an invertase isoform in plants.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.21 no.6
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• pp.901-906
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• 2011

In order to investigate the variations on the seed hardness of Pisum sativum distributed in southern area of Korean peninsula, 10 local strains (Choonseong. Ganghwa, Pocheon, Hadong, Haman, Geumneung, Yeongyang, Boseong, Gochang, Namweon), which located from $34^{\circ}26"N$ to $38^{\circ}11"N$, were selected according to their latitudes and geographical distances. The seeds of these strains were collected and their contents of mannose and galactose were analyzed. Mannose contents in the seeds were variable in the range between the highest 10.351 mg/g (Ganghwa) and the lowest 5.962 mg/g (Yeongyang). The contents of galactose were also represented remarkable differences from 7.050 mg/g (Yeongyang) to 19.314 mg/g (Hadong). The local strains were classified into 3 variation types such as the south central type (Namweon, Yeongyang, Geumneung, Gochang), the central type (Choonseong. Ganghwa, Pocheon) and the southern type (Haman, Hadong) and 1 strange strains (Boseong) according to the geographical climatic type, isopleth of warmth index and the ratio of mannose to galactose, which indicate the hardness of seeds in Leguminosae, ranged from 0.46 to 0.94. The variation types are very significant genecologically as an evidence for microevolution related to natual and artificial selection in cultivated plants.

• Plant Biotechnology Reports
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.21-31
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• 2008

In plants, the oxygen generated by photosynthesis can be excited to form reactive oxygen species (ROS) under excessive sunlight. Excess ROS including singlet oxygen ($^1O_2$) inhibit the growth, development and photosynthesis of plants. To isolate ROS-resistant crop plants, we used paraquat (PQ), a generator of $O_2{^-}$ as a source of screening and mutagen, and obtained two PQ-resistant lines in Pisum sativum, namely R3-1 and R3-2. Both lines showed greater resistance to PQ than their wild type (WT) siblings with respect to germination, root growth, and shoot growth. Biochemical analysis showed differences in these lines, in which ROS-scavenging enzymes undergo changes with a distinguishable increase in Mn-SOD. We further observed that the cytosolic catalases (CATs) in leaves in both lines were shifted in a native-PAGE analysis compared with that of the WT, indicating that the release of bound $^1O_2$ was enhanced. Phenotypic analysis revealed distinguishable differences in leaf development, and in flowering time and position. In addition, R3-1 and R3-2 showed shorter individual inter-node lengths, dwarf plant height, and stronger branching compared with the WT. These results suggested that PQ-induced ROS-resistant Pisum have the potential pleiotropic effects on flowering time and stem branching, and that ROS including $^1O_2$ plays not only important roles in plant growth and development as a signal transducer, but also appears as a strong inhibitor for crop yield.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.43-51
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• 1985

To identify amino acid conjugates of indole-3-acetic acid(IAA) in plants, 23 amino acid conjugates of IAA were synthesized and characterized by UV and IR spectroscopies, and thinlayer and high performance liquid chromatographies. In etiolated pea(Pisum sativum L. var. Sparkle) shoots, aspartic and glutamic acid conjugates of IAA were tentatively identified as metabolites of endogenous IAA by thin-layer and high performance liquid chromatography, and by alkaline hydrolysis of the conjugates.

• Journal of Plant Biology
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• v.39 no.2
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• pp.123-126
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• 1996

The pattern of seed storage protein, vicilin, deposition and site of intracellular localization was examined in cotyledon cells of pea (Pisum sativum) seed using the immunocytochemical methods. The vicilin was confined to the cisternae fo the rough endoplasmic reticulum and dictyosome as well as protein granules newly formed in rough endoplasmic reticulum. Vacuolar protein deposites and protein bodies were also labelled by gold particles. After small protein bodies were formed in the rough endoplasmic reticulum, they were transported to large protein bodies and then fused together. Electron dense protein granule, elaborated in the dictyosome, appears to be transported from dictyosome to protein body. A few unlabelled protein granules seem to be accumulated in other type of proteins than vicilin.

• Interdisciplinary Bio Central
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• v.5 no.4
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• pp.8.1-8.3
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• 2013

Unlike the traditional view, it is not mysterious about how G. Mendel chose the seven characters of the pea, Pisum sativum, that he studied. He first chose the pea that met three conditions he set up and repeated experiments for two years. Apparently, he knew that those characters were controlled by countable elements. Then, he derived the prediction on the basis of his idea about the elements, and selected the seven characters that satisfied the prediction. He knew "no prediction no science". In population genetics the Hardy-Weinberg principle is well known and cited in many papers and books. However, Mendel already derived the same principle in his paper, because he was acquainted also with physics and mathematics. Actually, the principle was trivial when they derived, but not at all when Mendel did. It is also well known that Mendel's laws were forgotten and rediscovered at the term of the 19th century. That may not be true either. His laws were internationally well known before the rediscovery. In fact, the 1881-year version of the Encyclopedia Britannica contains his laws.

• Journal of Plant Biology
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• v.32 no.1
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• pp.33-40
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• 1989

Polysomal polyadenylated mRNAs which were purified from pea leaves were fractionated by sucrose grandient sedimentation. Fractions corresponding to the peak at 11.5S were found to contain mostly mRNA encoding the precursor polypeptide to the small subunit of ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase (rbcS) by in vitro translation in wheat germ extract. Double-stranded cDNA which was synthesized from the 11.5S mRNA was cloned into Hind III site of plasmid pBR 325. A cDNA clone, H24, was identified to code for rbcS. In vitro translation product of the hybridization-selected mRNA was molecular weight 20,000, presumably the precursor of rbcS. The nucleotide sequences of the H24 showed almost complete homology with the sequences encoding the transit peptide of the rbcS-3A gene which was reported by Fluhr et al.(1986).

• BMB Reports
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• v.28 no.6
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• pp.523-526
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• 1995

Administering ${\delta}-aminolevulinic$ acid (ALA) to isolated pea (Pisum sativum L.) chloroplasts resulted in an increase of heme synthesis in the heme branch of the tetrapyrrole pathway. At 0.1 mM ALA, in the presence of 1 mM $FeSO_4$ heme synthesis was stimulated up to 7 fold of that in the absence of $FeSO_4$. N-Methylmesoporphyrin IX (NMMP), a powerful inhibitor of ferrochelatase, inhibited heme synthesis by 95% at one micromolar concentration. The addition of A TP to the chloroplasts caused not only heme synthesis, but Mg-protoporphyrin IX synthesis in the chlorophyll branch of the tetrapyrrole pathway. In the presence of NMMP, however, inhibition of Mg-protoporphyrin IX synthesis was not observed whereas heme synthesis was inhibited completely.

• Journal of Plant Biology
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• v.38 no.4
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• pp.343-348
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• 1995

Treatment of Pisum sativum tissue with the protein kinase inhibitor staurosphorine resulted in impairment of 3H-indoleacetic acid transport in etiolated stem segments. The transport inhibitiion was accompanied by an increase in net uptake of labeled auxin in the tissue. The magnitude of auxin accumulation in tissue treated with the phytotropin N-1-naphthylphthalaic acid (NPA) which specifically blocks the efflux of auxin in the plasma membrane was reduced by the protein kinase inhibitor, suggesting that inhibition of protein phosphorylation could lead to hindrance of the auxin-exporting function of NPA receptors. The flavonoid genistein which is also known to inhibit protein kinase likewise reduced NPA-induced auxin accumulation. However, the flavonoid did not bring about auxin accumulation by itself, nor did it inhibit auxin transport. In view of the finding that the flavonoid also competes with NPA for a common binding site, a mechanism for the flavonoid effect on the NPA action will be proposed.