• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.123-140
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• 1998

The flora of Kunsan Wolmyong park was 77 families, 168 genera, 240 species, 2 subspecies, 35 varieties, 1 formae or 278taxa. Using the Phytosociology method, 12 plant communities were recognized ; Alnus japonica, Pinus densiflora, Pinus thunbergii, Pinus rigida, Castanea crenata, Quercus acutissima, Robinia pseudo-acacia, Alnus hirsuta, Quercus serrata, Aluns firma, Liriope platyphylla and Reynoutria communities. Similarity between different communities was low for most of the cases except for Pinus densiflora, Pinus Thunbergii and Pinus rigida communities kept comparely high with ond another. Species diversity was analyzed by species richness(SR), species diversity index(H') and evenness(J'). Castanea crenata, Robinia pseudo-acacia and Alnus firma communities were higher in SR, H' than the other communities. But Pinus rigida, Quercus acutissima and castanea crenata communities were higher in evenness than the other communities. To investigate the plant community structure and to establish restoration counter plan of a Wolmyeng Park in Kunsan City. As a remedial approach, following is propesed. first, Establishment of an adequate planting plan and development of slope stalilization method by planting native species. second, Sellection of adequate species by planting experiments for pioneer species, native species, and dietary species. third, Landscape planting zones should be managed artificially, the others be managed with ecological approach.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Environment and Ecology Conference
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• 1999.04a
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• pp.116-119
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• 1999

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.324-333
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• 2014

The Black Pine, Pinus thunbergii, is widely distributed along the eastern coast of Korea and its importance as a shelterbelt was highlighted after tsunamis in Indonesia and Japan. The root endophytic diversity of P. thunbergii was investigated in three coastal regions; Goseong, Uljin, and Busan. Fungi were isolated from the root tips, and growth rates of pure cultures were measured and compared between PDA with and without 3% NaCl to determine their saline resistance. A total of 259 isolates were divided into 136 morphotypes, of which internal transcribed spacer region sequences identified 58 species. Representatives of each major fungi phylum were present: 44 Ascomycota, 8 Zygomycota, and 6 Basidiomycota. Eighteen species exhibited saline resistance, many of which were Penicillium and Trichoderma species. Shoreline habitats harbored higher saline-tolerant endophytic diversity compared with inland sites. This investigation indicates that endophytes of P. thunbergii living closer to the coast may have higher resistance to salinity and potentially have specific relationships with P. thunbergii.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.53-61
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• 1974

Pine forests existing in Hong-do island were examined as regarding such characteristics, tree form, needle length, branch diameter, bark colors, ratio of summer wood to springwood, location and number of resin canal and other measurements. Hong-do island, located the furthest west part of Korea, suports only Pinus densiflora but very few Pinus thunbergii, in fact the present authors could not find any black pine individuals at all through investigation. Checking 14 individual trees of red pine, more than age of 20, of the genetic contamination by black pine, in a certain degree, exist. Here, a very dense foliage type and a very sparse foliage type tree of red pine growing nearby was examined and the unique fact was that each of those type has only one (average number 1.3) accessory resin canal, while other trees have three as minimum or more. The present authors thought this island had not been covered by any Pinus thunbergii but by Pinus densiflora. It was thought that Pinus thunbergii stands grown along the sea-coast of Korean Peninsula are pollen donors to this island.

• The Plant Pathology Journal
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.299-305
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• 2010

A half-sib family of two 4-year-old seedlings of Pinus $\times$ rigitaeda was inoculated with each of 20 Pinus thunbergii isolates of Fusarium circinatum (syn. Fusarium subglutinans f. sp. pini) from two pitch canker damaged sites in Jeju Island, South Korea. Initial symptoms of needle damages were visible on most of the seedlings at 18 days after inoculation. The 20 tested isolates were not significantly different in virulence, based on lesion lengths at the site of inoculation (P = 0.217). The most virulent isolate FT-7 showed the longest lesion length. Some seedlings began to die 46 days after inoculation. All seedlings were dead by 68 days after inoculation except two seedlings inoculated with each of isolates FS-2 and FS-13, respectively. Using the FT-7, 38-year-old 11 P. $\times$ rigitaeda trees, which were survived from a seed orchard severely damaged by pitch canker, were inoculated on branches in the seed orchard in Jeju Island to assess differences in susceptibility to pitch canker. The 11 trees differed significantly (P < 0.001) in susceptibility to F. circinatum based on average lesion lengths measured 56 days after inoculation. It is possible that induced resistance contributed to their capacity to limit lesion development. The susceptibility of natural selection P. $\times$ rigitaeda trees are more likely affected by interaction with F. circinatum rather than environmental conditions.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.1-9
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• 2002

This study was carried out to examine the tree-ring growth characteristics of Pinus thunbergii Parl. after replanting on the reclaimed land from the sea in Kwangyang bay, The factors, mostly affecting the growths of Pinus thunbergii Parl. , were the replanting stress and drought. The growth reduction due to replanting occurred in the replanting year and following year, but that due to drought after 2-3 years of replanting. The growth recovery after replanting differed with soil condition. The sites showing fast recovery were the covered ground of improve soil, the ground of medium mounding, the top and the slope ground of big mounding sites. The filled ground of improve soil and the lower ground of big mounding sites showed retarded growths. The mean sensitivity(year-to-year variation) and the coefficient of variation(tree-to-tree variation in a certain year) in tree rings of Pinus thunbergii Parl. were higher in the poor soil sites than in the favourable soil ones. The physical characteristics of the soil, especially soil hardness, were the most crucial. The mean sensitivity and the coefficient of variation were also low in the salty soil environment.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.75-86
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• 2002

This study was conducted to analyze the change of soil characteristics effect on the condition of urban forest in Sasang parti located near Sasang Industrial Complex. The results of this study are as follows; 1. Soil hardness is increasing from the area of forest, to the entrance, to facilities in that order. Soil acidity pH4.19∼4.23 in Sasang park indicated a high acidity condition. High levers of K, Na, Mg, Ca are shown in the areas composed of high soil hardness. 2. Pinus thunbergii in the overstory tree layer, Alnus japonica in the understory tree layer, and Rhus sylvestris in the shurb layer are shown respectively as dominant species based on the ground survey and the compution of important value. Pinus thunbergii is decreasing, while Alnus japonica and increasing. 3. Oplismenus undulatifolius which has a strong tolerance for air pollution, is shown as a dominant species of herbaceous plants in Sasang park. There are 10 species of Harbaceous in Sasang park compared to 20 species in Molundae park. This shows that deversity in herbaceous plants are imported by air pollution. 4. Species diversity indices of Sasang park is 0.8738∼0.9700 compared to 1.0817∼ 1.233 in Molundae park is due to the good condition of soil environment in addition to air pollution effects. 5. The vitality of Pinus thunbergii is 16.41∼20.42ER in Sasang park, and 12.42∼ 16.81ER, in Molundae park. This shows that tree vitality are impacted by soil characteristics. The regression analysis between tree vitality and soil environment shows the effects of is soil hardness, soil moisture, soil acidity, K, Na, Mg, Ca.

• Journal of Korea Foresty Energy
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.34-40
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• 2001

This study was carried out to investigate the effects of IBA(indole-bufrric acid) on the rooting and root growth of air-layered part of Pinus thunbergii for miniature tree material. The experiment was performed on April 13 and lune 11, 2000 in the humidity controllable greenhouse condition. In April experiment, IBA treatment with 5000ppm at girdling part shortened about 20 days for rooting than those of control and 1000ppm treatment. IBA treatment in June did not affect on the period required for rooting, but the rooting of all the air-layered seedlings was faster than that of in April. On the other hand, IBA treatment in April did not affect on the number of root grown at girdling part and the root biomass, but the treatment in June increased the number of root and the root biomass of air-layered Pinus thunbergii.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.33 no.7
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• pp.453-462
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• 2024

This study was carried out for the purpose of selecting the most appropriate taper equation for the actual stands of Pinus thunbergii in the southern coastal region of Korea and then developing a stem volume table to provide basic data for rational management. To develop a volume table of Pinus thunbergii in this region of Korea, 59 sample trees with various diameter distributions were selected and stem analysis was performed. As a result of stem analysis, two trees with abnormal diameter and height growth as the age increased were rejected, and 57 trees were analyzed. To develop the taper equation, seven major variable exponential equations were used, including Kozak 1988, 1994, 2001, 2002, Bi 2000, Muhairwe 1999, and Sharma and Parton 2009. As a result of parameter estimation and statistical verification, the Kozak 1988 model showed the highest goodness of fit with Fit I (Fit Index), RMSE 1.5620, Bias 0.0031, and MAD 1.0784. The diameter of each 10cm stem ridge for the selected model was estimated, and a stem volume table was produced using the mensuration of division (end area formula) using the Smalian equation. As a result of two-sample T-test for volume table of this study and current yield table, the volume for this study was found to be significantly larger at all observation points (p < 0.001). Even for the same tree species, it is judged that differentiated volume tables are needed for each growth environment characteristic.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.48 no.4
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• pp.527-547
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• 2020

Fish pathogens cause not only economic damages to fish farming but also infectious pathogens known as a zoonotic agent. Since the continued use of antibiotics to control fish pathogens entails side effects, materials of natural origin need to be developed. The purpose of this study is to discover coniferous essential oils with excellent antibacterial effects in order to develop antibiotic alternatives. We have extracted essential oils using hydro-distillation from the leaves of Abies holophylla, Pinus thunbergii, Pinus parviflora, Tsuga sieboldii, and Pinus rigitaeda, which are all Pinaceae family. And, we have evaluated antibacterial activity with the extracted essential oils against Edwardsiella tarda, Photobacterium damselae, Streptococcus parauberis, and Lactococcus garvieae, which are fish pathogens. As a result, the essential oils from A. holophylla and P. thunbergii showed the selectively strong antibacterial activity against E. tarda and P. damselae, which are gram-negative bacteria. From GC-MS analysis, it was identified that main component of A. holophylla essential oils are (-)-bornyl acetate (29.45%), D-limonene (20.47%), and camphene (11.73%), and that of P. thunbergii essential oils is α-pinene (59.81%). In addition, we found three compounds: neryl acetate, (-)-borneol, and (-)-carveol, which are oxygenated monoterpenes. These exist in a very small amount but exhibit the same efficacy as essential oil. Therefore, we expect that A. holophylla and P. thunbergii essential oils having excellent growth inhibitory effect against gram-negative fish pathogens can be used as biological products such as feed additives and fishery products.