• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
• /
• v.15 no.1
• /
• pp.36-43
• /
• 2010

The purpose of this study was to investigate the phenolic acid, proanthocyanidin (PAs), and flavonol glycoside contents, as well as the antioxidant activities of pine needle extracts from six species of young pine trees. The extracts were prepared from Section Pinus (Diploxylon): P. densiflora, P. sylvestris, P. pinaster and P. pinea, and Section Strobus (Haploxylon): P. koraiensis and P. strobus. Phenolics were extracted from pine needles with 80% acetone to obtain the soluble free fraction, and insoluble residues were digested with 4 M NaOH to obtain bound ethyl acetate and bound water fractions. Phenolics were analyzed by HPLC, and the hydrophilic antioxidant activity was measured using oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC). Total phenolic and flavonoid contents of the soluble free fraction were higher than those of the bound ethyl acetate and bound water fractions. The main phenolics were monomers and polymers of PAs in the soluble free fraction, and phenolic acids and flavonol glycosides in bound ethyl acetate fraction. Flavonol glycosides found in different species of pine needles were qualitatively similar within fractions, but composition varied among Pinus sections. High levels of kaempferol arabinoside and an unknown compound were present in all Strobus species. The soluble free fraction had the highest antioxidant activity, followed by bound ethyl acetate and bound water fractions.

• Journal of the Korea Furniture Society
• /
• v.26 no.3
• /
• pp.222-228
• /
• 2015

To evaluate the natural decay durability of valuable domestic softwoods which are used for preservative treatment in our country, we carried out decay test by European standard method. Of all test wood species, Japanese larch (Larix leptolepis) showed slightly high natural decay durability compared to other 4 wood species, Japanese red pine (Pinus densiflora), pitch pine (Pinus rigida), Japanese cedar (Cryptomeria japonica), and scots pine (Pinus sylvestris). However, all of evaluated domestic softwood species in this study caused high weight losses over about 30% in heartwood by test fungus, Poria placenta. We can hardly expect a good natural decay durability from these softwood species. According to the classification of the natural durability of European standard (EN 350-1), they are classified into "Not durable" or "Slightly durable". Therefore, if using these softwoods as exterior materials, we must do preservative treatment to ensure durability.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
• /
• v.19 no.1
• /
• pp.45-59
• /
• 2016

Vegetation and soil conditions of four sites in west coastal forests in South Korea, were examined to analyze the relationship between Pinus thunbergii forests structure and soil conditions. The P. thunbergii forests were divided into four clusters; 1) P. thunbergii - Prunus sargentii var. sargentii, 2) P. thunbergii - Robinia pseudoacacia, 3) P. thunbergii - P. densiflora and 4) P. thunbergii - Quercus serrata. The soil of each site was poor in chemical characteristics but good enough for land plants to grow because of its low salt concentration. According to the results by CCA Ordination, certain excessive soil nutrition has influenced on vegetation and specific species distribution. Forty eight species were found in the whole sites of coastal forests and some species appeared in every site. They are P. thunbergii, R. pseudoacacia, Rhus chinensis, Idesia polycarpa and Morus alba. For the tree species importance value, P. thunbergii was followed by R. pseudoacacia, Q. serrata, P. densiflora, Celtis sinensis, M. alba, I. polycarpa and Q. mongolica in order.

• Proceedings of the KSRS Conference
• /
• 1998.09a
• /
• pp.382-386
• /
• 1998

The objectives of this study are to reveal relationship between tree physiology and spectral reflectance on effects of artificial acid rain and to obtain basic data on optimal wave length for forest of LRC sensor on KOMPSAT-2. Three pH levels of artificial acid rain - control, pH4.5 and pH3.0 - were applied to Pinus and Quercus species. Three types of the acid rain were spraied at the amount of 500m1 in every two days. Spectral reflectance data was collected once in a month by using GER 1500 (350~2500nm) or Ll 1800(300~1100nm) Spectroradiometer. The data was measured three times in a pH level. The results of this study are as follows; in April, the spectral reflectance of Pinus species was high in order at the level of pH3.0, control and pH4.5; in May, control, pH3.0 and pH4.5; in June, control, pH4.5 and pH3.0. That of Quercus species was high in the order of control, pH4.5 and pH3.0 in May; in June, control, pH3.0 and pH4.5, especially, within infrared wave length range, control, pH4.5 and ph3.0.

• Journal of the Korea Furniture Society
• /
• v.26 no.2
• /
• pp.163-170
• /
• 2015

This study was conducted to identify wood species for 51 excavated wooden shoes in the 12~16 Chungjin district of Jongno. Wood species of 31 Pinus sp., 12 Torreya nucifera S. et Z., 4 Ginkgo biloba L., 2 Salix sp., 1 Kalopanax pictus (Thunb.) Nakai. and 1 Morus sp. were identified. Wood used for wooden shoes was a species that can be mainly obtained easily around. Among them, Torreya nucifera S. et Z. grows in warm temperate zone of Korea, which shows that interregional cooperation has occurred.

• Korean Journal of Remote Sensing
• /
• v.24 no.3
• /
• pp.267-272
• /
• 2008

Tree species-specific estimates with spacebome high-resolution imagery improve estimation of forest biomass which is needed to predict the long term planning for the sustainable forest management(SFM). This paper is a contribution to develop crown distinguishing coniferous species, Pinus densiflora and Pinus koraiensis, from QuickBird imagery. The proposed feature analysis derived from shape parameters and first and second-order statistical texture features of the same test area were compared for the two species separation and delineation. As expected, initial studies have shown that both formfactor and compactness shape parameters provided the successful differentiating method between the pine species within the compartment for single crown identification from spaceborne high resolution imagery. Another result revealed that the selected texture parameters - the mean, variance, angular second moment(ASM) - in the infrared band image could produce good subset combination of texture features for representing detailed tree crown outline.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
• /
• v.89 no.3
• /
• pp.378-383
• /
• 2000

Pinus sylvestris plantations in the Eifel mountains, Germany, were studied and classified phytosociologically. Ecological characteristics(soil, natural regeneration & succession) of the plant communities classified were analyzed and described with emphasis on the forest management. According to soil and topographic characteristics, this plantations were divided into four categories ; Vaccinium myrtillus-Pinus sylvestris community of the adequate moisture area, Pteridium aquilium-Pinus sylvestris community of the moisture area, Molinia caerulea-Pinus sylvestris community of the hardened soil layer B and Festuca tenuifolia-Pinus sylvestris of the dry area. Tree species growing below the shrub layer was analyzed. The results were considered as Vaccinium mytillus-Pinus sylvestris, Pteridium aquline-Pinus sylvestris and Molinia caerulea-Pinus sylvestris will be changed into Fagus sylvatica forest following Quercus forest, and Festuca tenuifilia-Pinus sylvestris will be changed into Pinus sylvestris-dominated climax forest.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
• /
• v.89 no.5
• /
• pp.609-617
• /
• 2000

To inverstigate the boring insects in Pinus densiflora forests, bait logs were set up in healthy-looking forests of Chunchon Hongchon and in damaged forests(gall formation rate 70----) by Thecodiplosis japonensis of Pyongchang Jeongsun. The period of investigation was from April to August in 1999. Boring insects investigated were 35 species of 12 families. Five species of them were unrecorded species from Korea. Natural enemies investigated were 5 species of 2 families. The prefered parts of tree according to species of boring insects were lower trunk in Siphalinus gigas and 3 other species, middle-stem in Monochamus sutor and 7 other species, and top stem in Orthotomicus suturalis and 1 other species. Hylurgops interstitialis were found in all parts of tree. Sap wood was attacked by Xyleborus validus Cerambycidae, heart wood by Hylobitelus haroldi Siphalinus gigas, and cambium region by Pissodes nitidus P. obscurus Shirahoshizo insidiosus Scolytidae.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
• /
• v.12 no.3
• /
• pp.224-235
• /
• 1998

Floristic composition of Kyongpo Provincial Park area were investigated from June, 1997 to June, 1998. Vascular plants were composed of 87 families, 240 genera, 281 species, 51 varieties, and 7 formae, totaling 339 taxa. Among them, three taxa such as Vicia venosissima, Paulownia coreana, Aster ciliosa were Korean endemic species. Pteridophyta calculation(Pte-Q) was investigated, 0.61. A naturalized plants were 12 species, corresponding to 5.5％ of totaling 218 species in South Korea by Lee and Chon(1995). The dominant species could be represented by Pinus thunbergii and P. densiflora. And its stratification structure were composed as follows : Pinus thunbergii and P. densiflora in tree and subtree layer, Pinus thunbergii, P. densiflora. and Prunus sargentii in shrub layer, and Spodiopogon sibiricus, Festuca ovina, Melandryum firmum, Artemisia princeps, Rumex acetosella, Commelina communis and Plantago depressa in herb layer, respectively. But stratification structure of dominant species appeared very unstable in subtree and shrub layer.

• Journal of Ecology and Environment
• /
• v.30 no.2
• /
• pp.179-186
• /
• 2007

The diversity of spider communities was investigated in the pine forest of Pinus densiflora in Songri-san, where chemical pesticides had been applied to control pine gall midge (Thecodiplosis japonensis). Spider communities were surveyed in four areas: a pesticide-untreated natural forest (area A), a forest with vinyl-covered ground surface (area B), an aldicarb-treated forest (area C) and a forest treated with a systemic pesticide (phosphamidon) (area D). A total of 74 spider species from 17 families were collected from the four survey areas. There were 54 species from 15 families in area A, 27 species from 12 families in area B, 29 species from 9 families in area C and 34 species from 9 families in area D, respectively. The species diversity of spider communities was highest in pesticide-untreated area A, and much lower in the other three areas. The monthly species diversity of spider communities was highest in May and lowest in January. The similarity of the spider communities was highest in areas B and D. The monthly similarity of the spider communities was highest in November and February. The dominant species was Clubiona jucunda (12.71%, N=304 individuals). According to our results, the application of aldicarb and phosphamidon dramatically decreased spider diversity and the number of individuals in the forests. Thus, the application of these two pesticides to natural forests should be restricted, or alternative pesticides need to be developed. Our results also indicated that application of the pesticides should be avoided in May and June when high spider diversity is expected.