• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.55-63
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• 2006

This study was carried out to analyze community character and classify forest community with phytosociological method and quadrat method to forest of Mt. Busosan in Buyeo-Gun.1. Communities by phytosociological method were classified into Pinus densiflora community and Quercus sp. community. With the classification of TWINSPAN, the community was categorized into Pinus densiflora - Quercus variabilis community and Pinus densiflora - Styrax japonica community.2. The importance value of Pinus densiflora, Quercus acutissima, Prunus sargentii, Styrax japonica, Quercus serrata, Quercus variabilis, Pinus rigida, Quercus aliena in tree layer were 83.20, 41.87, 30.93, 24.85, 23.27, 20.97, 20.28, and 9.46, respectively. The relative coverage of Stephanandra incisa, Quercus serrata, Styrax japonica, Parthenocissua tricuspidata, Rhododendron mucronulatum, Lindera obtusiloba, Prunus sargentii, Quercus variabilis, Indigofera kirilowii, Quercus acutissima, Lespedeza maximowiczii, and Acer pseudosibolianum in shrub layer were 9.62%, 9.55%, 9.18%, 7.85%, 6.18%, 5.25%, 4.82%, 4.15%, 3.98%, 3.98%, 3.55%, and 2.98%, respectively.3. According to size distribution map of diameter breast height of dominant species, the dominant species of Mt. Busosan was Pinus densiflora, and Quercus sp. such as Quercus acutissima, Quercus variabilis, and Quercus serrata may compete with the Pinus densiflora in the future.4. According to the ordination analysis of Mt. Busosan forest, Pinus densiflora - Styrax japonica community was found in moist site and Pinus densiflora - Quercus variabilis community was found in dry site.

• Research in Plant Disease
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.243-248
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• 2016

As preventive measures for bonsai exports, nematodes were isolated from 55 bonsai samples of five coniferous species (Chamaecyparis pisifera, Juniperus chinensis, Pinus densiflora, Pinus thunbergii, and Taxus cuspidate) from all 15 bonsai gardens in Korea. Nematodes belonging to 21 genera in 7 orders were isolated from the 55 bonsai samples. Among plant-parasitic nematodes, Tylenchus spp. was the most frequently isolated (14.9%), followed by Ditylenchus spp. (10.5%), Aphelenchoides spp. (9.5%), Aphelenchus sp. (5.5%), Criconemoides sp. (4.0%), Helicotylenchus sp. (0.7%), Hemicycliophora sp. (0.7%), Mesocriconema sp. (0.7%), Tylenchorhynchus sp. (0.7%), and Paratylenchus sp. (0.4%). Among nonparasitic nematodes, Cephalobina was the most frequently isolated nematodes (26.5%), followed by Rhabditida (19.3%), Dorylaimida (17.8%), Pangrolaimida (14.5%), Plectida (6.5%), Tryphylida (6.2%), Mononchida (3.3%), Alaimida (2.9%), Monhysterida (2.5%), and Triplonchida (0.4%). Based on these results, we conclude that there is no problematic plant-parasitic nematode in bonsai gardens of Korea.

• The Korean Journal of Mycology
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.109-119
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• 1991

The vertical distribution of the fungal population for the soil samples from two sites of producing and nonproducing of Tricholoma matsutake, song-yi mushroom, were examined at Yang­yang and Myung-joo, Gangweon province. By the dilution plate method, a total number of propagu­les of fungi per gram of soil was observed to be low at the song-yi producing sites but high at the song-yi nonproducing sites under the communities of Pinus densiflora. The tendency of the number of fungal propagules were decreased with the increasing vertical depth. In the incuhation method at $42^{\circ}C$, six genera and nineteen species of the fungi were isolated from two sites; Aspergillus fumigatus, Acremonium sp., Talaromyces stipitatus, Penicillium lilacinum, P. oxalicum and Westerdykella multispora. The most dominant species by this method was A. fumigatus. From heat treatment method at $70^{\circ}C$, seven genera and nineteen species were isolated; Aspergillus fumigatus, Alternaria alternata, Neurospora sitophila and Mucor sp.. In the ethanol treatment method, one genera and one species was isolated Mortierella sp.. From the three isolation methods, it was found that the total number of the soil fungi and the frequency of species appeared were the highest at the soil of upper layer whereas the lowest at the soils of lower layer in its vertical distribution.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Biology
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• v.29 no.1
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• pp.52-60
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• 2011

Today, the weather is changing continually, due to the progress of global warming. As the weather changes, the habitats of different organisms will change as well. It cannot be predicted whether or not the weather will change with each passing day. In particular, the biological distribution of the areas climate change affects constitutes a major factor in determining the natural state of indigenous plants; additionally, plants are constantly exposed to rhizospheric microorganisms, which are bound to be sensitive to these changes. Interest has grown in the relationship between plants and rhizopheric microorganisms. As a result of this interest we elected to research and experiment further. We researched the dominant changes that occur between plants and rhizospheric organisms due to global warming. First, we used temperature as a variable. We employed four different temperatures and four different sites: room temperature ($27^{\circ}C$), $+2^{\circ}C$, $+4^{\circ}C$, and $+6^{\circ}C$. The four different sites we used were populated by the following species: Pinus deniflora, Pinus koraiensis, Quercus acutissima, and Alnus japonica. We counted colonies of these plants and divided them. Then, using 16S rRNA analysis we identified the microorganisms. In conclusion, we identified the following genera, which were as follows: 10 species of Bacillus, 2 Enterobacter species, 4 Pseudomonas species, 1 Arthrobacter species, 1 Chryseobacterium species, and 1 Rhodococcus species. Among these genera, the dominant species in Pinus deniflora was discovered in the same genus, but a different species dominated at $33^{\circ}C$. Additionally, that of Pinus koraiensis changed in both genus and species which changed into the Chryseobacrterium genus from the Bacilus genus at $33^{\circ}C$.

• Research in Plant Disease
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.376-380
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• 2012

A survey of bacterial species associated with Korean isolates of pine wood nematode (PWN) was performed. A total of 110 bacterial isolates were obtained from the PWN isolates that were previously isolated from Pinus densiflora and P. koraiensis. Among the bacterial isolates, Cedecea neteri was most frequent (64 isolates) followed by Ewingella americana (21 isolates), Pseudomonas sp. (15 isolates), Flavobacterium sp. (8 isolates) and Rahnella aquatilis (2 isolates). Both E. americana and Pseudomonas sp. which are assumed to be closely associated with PWN were examined for their phytotoxicity to P. thunbergii seedlings. Ethyl acetate extracts of Psuedomonas sp. (Ba2 strain) cultures were found to induce wilting and mortality in the tested seedlings. The three bacterial species, Pseudomonas sp. (Ba2 strain), E. ameircana (Ba4 strain) and C. neteri (Ba10 strain) were examined in vitro for their sensitivity to 21 kinds of antibiotics. All of the strains were highly susceptible to carbenicillin, doxcycline and tetracycline.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.12 no.3
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• pp.271-278
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• 1998

Heavy metal concentrations in rocks and soils from serpentinite(SP) and in plants (Pinus densiflora: PD and Pinus rigida: PR) were examined at Baekdong mine in Hongsung, Chungnam. Parent rocks were compared with amphibole schist(AS) and gneiss(GN) and plants divided the above grounds and roots were examined, respectively. In rocks, Ni, Cr, Co, Fe concentrations in SP were higher than those in AS and GN. The concentrations of top soils had the similar differences to their rocks; especially Ni, Cr, Co, Fe concentrations were the highest in SP, Zn and Sc concentrations, however, were the highest in AS. Average Ni, Cr, Co, Au, As, Sb, W concentrations of PD were the highest in SP and especially Ni, Cr, Co concentrations were accorded with changes of rocks and top soils. Zn and Sc concentrations in AS were higher and Fe and Mo concentrations in GN were higher than those in SP. Compared with two plants in the same serpentinite sites, most elements of PR were higher than those of PD. Therefore, these suggested PR absorbed much heavy metal than PD. Most element concentrations of roots in two plants and three rocks were higher than those of the above ground. Relative ratios (average plant concentration/soil concentration) of Ni, Cr, Co, Zn, Sc, Fe in AS and GN were higher than those of SP. Especially, relative ratios of most elements except Zn in GN were the highest.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.1-8
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• 1999

Species of the pillars in the 4 different buildings(Sudaridjang, Beopbojeon, Dongsaganjang, Seosaganjang) in which Tripitaka Koreana wood blocks are conserved were identified. 1. In 114 pillars, including 6 partially piled-up pillars, 73(64%) was Zelkova serrata, 17(14.9%) was Pinus koraiensis, 16(14%) was Pinus densiflora, 5(4.4%) was Abies holophylla, 2(1.8%) was Quercus sp., and 1(0.9%) was Pinus rigida. 2. The pillars from Sudarajang were consist of various species such as Pinus densiflora, Pinus Koraiensis, Abies holophylla, Quercus sp., and Zelkova serrata, whereas all 47 out of 48 pillars from Beopbojeon were consist of only one species-Zelkova serrata. 3. We can be inferred from the characteristics of the identified species that Beopbojeon whose pillars are made of only Zelkova serrata was built at least before the mid-Koryo dynasty followed by Sudarajang, but Dongsaganjang and Seosaganjang might be built far later than that time.

• Journal of Forest and Environmental Science
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.77-88
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• 1999

This experiment was carried out to compare the cultural characteristics of mycorrizal fungi associated with Pinus species, and to form mycorrhizal association with Pinus thunbergii by artificial inoculation of these fungi. Mycorrhizal fungi tested showed great variations in cultural characteristics. Most fungal isolates was best grown on MP medium, except PDA for Lepista sp.(Ln73/92). Hagem for Rhizopogon rubescens(FRI91017), and FDA for Paxillus sp.(Pa60/92). Optimum temperature for these fungi was $25^{\circ}C$, except $30^{\circ}C$ for Pisolithus tinctorius(FRI91004 and Pt1). The range of pH conditions favorable for these fungal isolates were also variable from weak acidic(pH5) to weak alkalic(pH8). Utilization of the carbon sources for these mycorrhizal fungi was different. Fructose, glucose, and maltose were all utilized well, while xylose was not utilized generally. Mycelial growth on the media supplemented with potassium nitrate was better than those on other media with urea, asparagine, or peptone as a nitrogen source, and the poor growth was observed on the media with urea. Pisolithus tinctorius(Pt1) among 7 mycorrhizal fungi artificially inoculated for the mycorrhizal synthesis on pinus thunbergii seedlings in the test tube containing a mixture of peat moss-vermiculite(2:1, v/v) formed mycorrhizae successfully after 3 months. P. tinctorius formed branched and unbranched roots covered with thick fungal mantle and radiating extemal hyphae. Mycorrhizal root cross-sectioned by hand, stained, and observed by Nomarski interference microscope showed typical characteristics of ectomycorrhizae: fungal mantle on epidermal cells and thick Hartig net hyphae around cortex cells.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.82 no.4
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• pp.319-327
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• 1993

The objectives of this study were to isolate ectomycorrhizal fungi associated with roots of Pinus rigida ${\times}$ P. taeda trees planted in Chonbuk and Daejon locations and to identify them, and to observe the morphology of mycorrhizae formed by the isolated fungi. Pinus rigida ${\times}$ P. taeda seedlings formed ectomycorrhizae with Rhizopogon rubescens, Rhizopogon sp. and Suillus pictus isolated from the roots of mature Pinus rigida ${\times}$ P. taeda trees, Pinus rigida ${\times}$ P. taeda seedlings formed ectomycorrhizae with Pisolithus tinetorius too. The root surface of inoculated seedlings was covered with mycelia, and Hartig net were well developed in those roots. The size of vacuole was small, and the protoplasm was planty in ectomycorrhizal cell, compared to nonmycorrhizal cell. But the size of nuclei are not changed even in ectomycorrhizal cell.

• Conservation Science in Museum
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• v.7
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• pp.63-68
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• 2006

Gwangju National Museum performed conservation treatment of clogs excavated from the remains related to Yun Sundo in Bogildo, Wando Island; the remains had been excavated and surveyed by Jeonnam Cultural property Research Center. The tree type used for the clogs was identified as Pinus sp. (hard pine); it was treated with PEG-vacuum freeze-drying after the t-butanol replacement.