• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.33 no.1
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• pp.111-119
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• 2020

Objective: This study was conducted to examine the effects of a mixture of pinecone oil, garlic, and brown seaweed extracts (PGBE) on milk production traits as well as physiological and ethological parameters in Holstein cows during the summer season (24 May to 03 July 2015, Korea). Methods: Among the extract combinations tested, we found that the level of 2,2'-azino-bis (3-ethylberzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) cation radical scavenging activity of the 0.16% PBGE complex at ratio of 1:1:1 (vol/vol) was comparable to that of the control (ascorbic acid; 1 mg/mL). Additionally, the PBGE complex reduced lipopolysaccharide-induced COX-2 expression in bovine mammary epithelial cells. Based on these findings, 40 lactating Holstein cows were used to measure the effects of PBGE complex at ratio of 1:1:1 (vol/vol) on milk production, immune response, metabolites, and behavior patterns by dividing the cows into two groups fed diets containing PGBE complex (n = 20; 0.016%/kg feed dry matter basis) or not containing PGBE complex (control, n = 20) for 40 d. Results: Results showed that PGBE complex did not influence milk composition, eating and ear surface temperature patterns, immune response, or metabolic parameters but promoted average milk yield throughout the experimental period. Additionally, a tendency of higher total antioxidant capacity and glutathione in the PGBE group was observed compared to the those in the control. When the temperature-humidity index (THI) exceeded 72 (average THI = 73.8), PGBE complex-fed cows experiencing heat stress showed increased milk yield and a tendency of increased rumination compared to the control. Conclusion: We suggest that incorporation of a combined mixture of 0.016% PGBE (1:1:1 ratio, vol/vol) to diet has the potential to improve milk yield and health status of cows under mild to moderate heat stress, denoting that it might be useful as an alternative anti-stressor in the diet of dairy cows under hot conditions.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.88 no.4
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• pp.523-532
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• 1999

The studies were carried out to develop an urban forest aromatic bath in the idle space within city area for handicapped persons, patients and city workers, who having less chance to visit the natural forest aromatic bath. The environmental conditions were checked in the experimental double vinyl house where native and exotic aromatic woody and herbaceous plants were growing with minimum energy input in the periods of mid-winter and mid-summer. The growth and photoperiodic responses of the plants to the low and high temperatures were observed during winter and summer respectively. The most of herbaceous plants in the double vinyl house with the controlled minimum night temperature of $-2^{\circ}C$ had no winter injury but did not grow and started the growth in April. The exotic herbs such as Catnip faassen's(Nepeta x faassenia) and Lemon bergamot(Monarda citriodora) grew better in the longer photoperiodic conditions. The growth rates of Abies koreana, Thuja koraiensis and Pinus sylvestriformis in the early spring were affected mainly by the night minimum temperature and less affected by the photoperiodic conditions during winter. The native aromatic herbs such as Robdosia japonica, Molsa punctulata, Agastache rugosa and Codonopsis lanceolata showed stimulatory growth at the 16 hours day-length in case of the high temperature vinyl hose. The height and root collar diameter growth of pine seedlings were inhibited in maxim temperatures over $40^{\circ}C$ during summer.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.83 no.4
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• pp.450-459
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• 1994

The damage by the black-tipped sawfly, Acantholyda posticalis posticalis Matsumura, has been increasing at several locations in central part of the Korean peninsula. This study was undertaken at selected plots in Kapyung-gun, Kyunggi Province and Hongchon-gun, Kangwon Province from 1984 to 1987. The purpose of this study was to provide basic information for integrated control of this pest and to determine the economic threshold by investigating the pest host interactions with special reference to damage analysis. The results obtained were as follows ; 1. The damage was more severe at upper part than at lower part of the crown. The vertical distribution of dry weight of damaged trees above ground showed L-type distribution, whereas that of healthy trees showed C-type distribution. 2. The needle loss by sawfly reduced both of height and the diameter growth of the main stem. The growth reduction occurs when the needle loss is 50% or higher. About 10% of tree growth was reduced at 50% of needle loss. 3. The reduction of diameter growth was more severe at upper part than at lower part of the main stem. 4. Volume growth was reduced when more than 50% of the needles were damaged after three years of the sawfly infestation. Reductions of total volume increment at the levels 70% and 90% of needle damage were 9% and 20%, respectively.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.83 no.4
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• pp.498-504
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• 1994

The damage by the black-tipped sawfly, Acantholyda posticalis posticalis Matsumura, has been incheasing at several locations in central part of the Korean peninsula. This study was undertaken at selected plots in locality of Kapyung-gun. Kyunggi Province from 1984 through 1987. The purpose of this study was to provide basic information for integrated control of this pest and to determine the economic threshold by investigating the pest-host interactions with special reference to damage analysis. The results obtained were as follows ; 1. One year old cone formation began to be reduced when 30-40% of the needles were destroyed. With 70% of defoliation, few cones were produced. 2. Number of two year old cone formation and amount of cones began to be reduced when 61-70% of the needles were destroyed ; economic threshold of the defoliation rate retarding the seed production was 51%. 3. Growth of the trees was significantly reduced when more than 50% of the needles were destroyed, and cone production began to be retarded at 30-40% of defoliation. Therefore, it was determined that the economic thresholds requiring the control practices to keep normal tree growth and cone production from being reduced were 50% and 30%, respectively.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.13 no.4
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• pp.406-412
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• 1984

Total lipids (TL) from Korean pinenut (Pinuskoraiensis S & Z) were extracted, purified and fractionated into three lipid classes (neutral lipid: NL, glycolipid; GL, phospholipid; PL). Lipid contents(constituent components) and fatty acid composition of three lipid classes were determined by thin layer chromatography and gas chromatography. TL ranged from 69.0% to 69.8% in fresh pinenut and consisted of 95.9% to 96.7% NL, 3.2% to2.5% GL and 0.9% to 0.8% PL. In the NL, triglycerides were predominant (80.8%) with the smaller amounts of sterol, diglycerides, free fatty acids, sterol esters and hydrocarbons. Monogalactosyl diglycerides and esterified steryl glycosides (23.5%) were the major components of GL, but cerebrosides, steryl glycosides and digalactosyl diglycerides were also found as minor components. Of the PL, phosphatidyl choline (40.2%) and phosphatidyl ethanolamine (19.4%) were the major components, comprising over 60% of this class. Phosphatidyl inositol, lysophosphatidyl choline were also present in the PL. The major fatty acids in the NL were linoleic acid (48.6%), oleic acid (28.8%) and arachidic acid(14.4%), The fatty acid composition in the GL was similar to the pattern in the NL, but PL contained a higher percentage of palmitic acid (17.7%) and stearic acid (6.0%) than other lipid classes.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.42 no.6
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• pp.666-674
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• 2014

In this study, we investigated mechanical properties of Korean softwoods after applying thermal compression. Density of compressed woods was notably increased with thermal compression. In case of 50% compression set, density of Korean pine (Pinus koraiensis), Japanese red pine (P. densiflora), and Larch (Larix kaempferi) wood was increased by 71%, 74%, and 76%, respectively, when compared to the control group. The strength of woods was increased and quality of the woods became homogeneous with an increases in the compression set. On the 50% compression set, the compressive strength, bending strength, and hardness of Korean pine wood was increased by 76%, 83%, and 55%, respectively compared to the control group. Longitudinal compressive strengths of Japanese red pine wood increased by 69%, 130%, and 76%, respectively and those of Larch wood increased by 77%, 120%, and 44%, respectively. In thermal compression wood, mechanical properties of Larch wood was the highest, while those of Korean pine wood were the lowest. However, Japanese red pine wood showed the highest in the increase rate of mechanical properties after the thermal compression.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural and Forest Meteorology
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• v.3 no.2
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• pp.88-95
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• 2001

This study was conducted to investigate vertical movement properties of water quality or chemical composition in three different forest stands (Pinus koraiensis, Larix leptolepis and Quercus spp. stands) in Gwangju-gun and Gyunggi-do. The results were as follows ; The pH range of precipitation was 4.62 ~ 6.72, and the average pH showed 5.74. The relationship of pH among throughfall, stemflow and precipitation showed difference of buffering capacity in tree species. According tree species, acided stemflow and alkalized stemflow had the characteristic value. In three stands, changes of the pH in early rain were larger than those of succeeding rain, except October 1998 and April 1999. Early rain influenced the cation in the acidity and concentration, but succeeding rain influenced the anion such as S $O_{4}$$^{2-}$, N $O_{3}$$^{[-10]}$ , C $l^{[-10]}$ etc. And anion components exist with gas type and minute particles, as a result, succeeding rain influenced to chemical properties by the sustaining washout.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.90 no.5
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• pp.650-662
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• 2001

The growth and yield models for five different kinds of natural forest types were systemically developed in the natural Broadleaved-Korean pine Forests in Northeast China. The data were collected from 359 temporary plots and 58 permanent plots with area ranged from 0.06 ha to 1.0 ha, ranging in stand age from 43 to 364 years. The Site Class Index (SCI) was introduced to evaluate site quality and the Crown Competition Factor (CCF) was selected as a measure of stand density for the mixed natural forest. The Chapman-Richards function was adopted to develop SCI equation and height-diameter curve. The Schumacher growth function was selected as base model to develop the DBH, basal area, and stand volume growth models by using re-parameterized method. In modeling mean DBH and basal area growth, it was found that the asymptotic parameter A of Schumacher function was exponentially related to site quality (SCI) and stand density (CCF). The rate parameter k was related to stand density and it was independent of SCI. Several validation measures for predicted stand variables were evaluated in the growth and yield models using independent data sets. The results indicated that relative mean errors (RME) in predicted stand attributes were less than ${\pm}5%$ and the estimated precision values of the stand variables were all greater than 95%.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.24-38
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• 1996

This study was conducted to investigate the Ecobridge district which connects green corridor from Central park to Pulkoksan and to establish of ecological space through analysis of avifauna community, plant community structure. In the results of analysis of avifauna, 3 species 23 individuals(Pica pica, Parus major, [asser montanus) in Ecobridge district, 5 species 37 individuals(Peca pica, Parus major, Passer montanus, Oriolus chinensis, Hirundo rustica) in Central park forest. There were 15 species 72 individuals in Pulkoksan. The plant community structure were classified of three types. As divided types were artificial forest(Pinus rigida, P. koraiensis, etc.) natural forest(Quercus mongolica, Q. serrata, Q. acutissima, Q. spp.) and semi-natural forest, which have shown the successional trends from the artificial forest to Quercus spp. community. The Ecobridge district was used as the space for the passers-by owing to its the simple vegetation. Species diversity was appeared that there was the order of Ecobridge district$\longrightarrow$Central park forest$\longrightarrow$Pulkoksan forest. Similarity index was calculated 20~23% between Ecobridge district$\longrightarrow$Central park, Pulkoksan forest. Therefore the highest species diversity and multistratum vegetation structure of Pulkoksan were the most suitable for the establishment to ecological space in the district.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural and Forest Meteorology
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.242-252
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• 2016

A process-based ecosystem model, BIOME-BGC, was applied to simulate seasonal and inter-annual dynamics of carbon and water processes for potential evergreen needleleaf forest (ENF) biome in Korea. Two simulation sites, Milyang and Unljin, were selected to reflect warm-and-dry and cool-and-wet climate regimes, where massive diebacks of pines including Pinus densiflora, P. koraiensis and P thunbergii, were observed in 2009 and 2014, respectively. Standard Precipitation Index (SPI) showed periodic drought occurrence at every 5 years or so for both sites. Since mid-2000s, droughts occurred with hotter climate condition. Among many model variables, Cpool (i.e., a temporary carbon pool reserving photosynthetic compounds before allocations for new tissue production) was identified as a useful proxy variable of tree carbon starvation caused by reduction of gross primary production (GPP) and/or increase of maintenance respiration (Rm). Temporal Cpool variation agreed well with timings of pine tree diebacks for both sites. Though water stress was important, winter- and spring-time warmer temperature also played critical roles in reduction of Cpool, especially for the cool-and-wet Uljin. Shallow soil depth intensified the drought effect, which was, however, marginal for soil depth shallower than 0.5 m. Our modeling analysis implicates seasonal drought and warmer climate can intensify vulnerability of ENF dieback in Korea, especially for shallower soils, in which multi-year continued stress is of concern more than short-term episodic stress.