• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.85-93
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• 2016

We already reported that genetically engineered resveratrol-enriched rice (RR) showed to down-regulate skin melanogenesis. To be developed to increase the bioactivity of RR using calli from plants, RR was adopted for mass production using plant tissue culture technologies. In addition, high-pressure homogenization (HPH) was used to increase the biocompatibility and penetration of the calli from RR into the skin. We aimed to develop anti-melanogenic agents incorporating calli of RR (cRR) and nanoparticles by high-pressure homogenization, examining the synergistic effects on the inhibition of UVB-induced hyperpigmentation. Depigmentation was observed following topical application of micro-cRR, nano-calli of normal rice (cNR), and nano-cRR to ultraviolet B (UVB)-stimulated hyperpigmented guinea pig dorsal skin. Colorimetric analysis, tyrosinase immunostaining, and Fontana-Masson staining for UVB-promoted melanin were performed. Nano-cRR inhibited changes in the melanin color index caused by UVB-promoted hyperpigmentation, and demonstrated stronger anti-melanogenic potential than micro-cRR. In epidermal skin, nano-cRR repressed UVB-promoted melanin granules, thereby suppressing hyperpigmentation. The UVB-enhanced, highly expressed tyrosinase in the basal layer of the epidermis was inhibited by nano-cRR more prominently than by micro-cRR and nano-cNR. The anti-melanogenic potency of nano-cRR also depended on pH and particle size. Nano-cRR shows promising potential to regulate skin pigmentation following UVB exposure.

• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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• v.31 no.4
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• pp.217-224
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• 2001

To develop a novel transdermal delivery system of loxoprofen (LP), a potent antiinflammatory and analgesic agent, the effects of various vehicles and penetration enhancers on the skin permeation of LP from solution formulations were investigated. The permeation rate of LP through excised guinea pig skin was measured using a side-by-side permeation system at $32^{\circ}C$. The solubilities of LP in various vehicles were determined by the equilibrium solubility method, and partition coefficients $(P_c)$ were determined. The solubility of LP increased in the rank order of water & isopropyl myristate (IPM) & glyceryl dicaprylate/dicaprate & propylene glycol dicaprylate/caprate & propylene glycol laurate (PGL) & polyethylene glycol 400 & diethylene glycol monoethyl ether (DGME) & ethanol. n-Octanol-water $P_c$ value was 15.5. Among pure vehicles tested, IPM and PGL showed highest fluxes of $89.9{\pm}5.0$ and $45.4{\pm}0.3\;{\mu}g/cm^2/hr$ from saturated solutions, respectively. However, it was not possible to demonstrate any correlation between the solubility of LP and its permeation rate, indicating the change in the barrier property of the skin and/or carrier mechanisms by vehicles tested. The addition of DGME to IPM or PGL markedly increased the solubility of LP, but the permeation rate did not decrease when the concentration of DGME in the cosolvent was increased upto 40%. The addition of linoleic acid (3%) in the cosolvent slightly increased the permeation rate, but others such as lauroyl sarcosine, fatty alcohols and fatty acids tested did not show enhancing effect. In conclusion, the DGME-IPM or DGME-PGL cosolvent system proved to be a good vehicle to enhance the skin permeation of LP.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Manufacturing Process Engineers
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• v.18 no.7
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• pp.71-76
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• 2019

The diffusion of the drug component of the inflammatory patch into the living tissue was analyzed by laser induced plasma spectroscopy (LIBS). Calcium element, which is a diffusion catalyst of the drug in the inflammatory analgesic patch, is transferred into the body through the diffusion process of the substance. The test pieces used in the experiment are pig skin tissues which are similar to human skin. As a result, the diffusion coefficient D of the calcium element was found to be average $8.24{\times}10^{-2}({\mu}m^2/s)$. Experimental results showed that the most influential factors on the diffusion of materials were temperature variables.

• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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• v.33 no.3
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• pp.163-169
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• 2003

In order to develop a film-forming transdermal drug delivery system, polyurethane (PU) based on poly(ethylene glycol) and poly(tetramethylene oxide) was synthesized and characterized. The synthesized PU was blended with Gantrez ES 225 (GT) to improve the adhesion property of film-forming agent to the skin. When film-forming gel formulation containing 3% ketoprofen (KP) was applied, transparent thin film was obtained within 5 minutes and adhered to the skin for 8 hours. In vitro percutaneous absortion studies were performed to determine the rate of ketoprofen absorption through guinea pig skin. A prominent effect of limonene on the skin permeability of ketoprofen was observed among the various skin permeation enhancers investigated. Considering mechanica properties of film and skin permeability of ketoprofen, 2% of limonene was optimal content in the film forming transdermal formulation.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.40 no.2
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• pp.183-196
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• 2020

The protective effect of pig skin gelatin water extracts (PSW) and the low molecular weight hydrolysates of PSW generated via enzymatic hydrolysis with Flavourzyme® 1000L (LPSW) against scopolamine-induced impairment of cognitive function in mice was determined. Seventy male ICR mice weighing 20-25 g were randomly assigned to seven groups: Control (CON); scopolamine (SCO, 1 mg/kg B.W., intraperitoneally (i.p.); tetrahydroaminoacridine 10 [THA 10, tacrine; 10 mg/kg B.W. per oral (p.o.) with SCO (i.p.)]; PSW 10 (10 mg/kg B.W. (p.o.) with SCO (i.p.); PSW 40 (40 mg/kg B.W. (p.o.) with SCO (i.p.); LPSW 100 (100 mg/kg B.W. (p.o.) with SCO (i.p.); LPSW 400 (400 mg/kg B.W. (p.o.) with SCO (i.p.). All treatment groups, except CON, received scopolamine on the day of the experiment. The oxygen radical absorbance capacity of LPSW 400 at 1 mg/mL was 154.14 μM Trolox equivalent. Administration of PSW and LPSW for 15 weeks did not significantly affect on physical performance of mice. LPSW 400 significantly increased spontaneous alternation, reaching the level observed for THA and CON. The latency time of animals receiving LPSW 400 was higher than that of mice treated with SCO alone in the passive avoidance test, whereas it was shorter in the water maze test. LPSW 400 increased acetylcholine (ACh) content and decreased ACh esterase activity (p<0.05). LPSW 100 and LPSW 400 reduced monoamine oxidase-B activity. These results indicated that LPSW at 400 mg/kg B.W. is a potentially strong antioxidant and contains novel components for the functional food industry.

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.15 no.6
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• pp.434-436
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• 2007

In the previous study, we reported the inhibitory effects of Rodgersia podophylla root extract on tyrosinase activity and melanin production in melan-a cells. However, mechanism of the inhibitory activity and in vivo assay were not yet examined. This study performed the examination of the effects of Rodgersia podophylla root extract on protein expression and in vivo depigmenting activity using melan-a cells and brown guinea pigs. As the results of western immunoblotting analysis, treatment of Rodgersia podophylla root extract reduced tyrosinase expression rates in 10 and 100 ppm concentrations, dose dependently. Moreover, Rodgersia podophylla root extract exhibited depigmenting activity on UV-B induced hyperpigmentation in brown guinea pig skin. These results suggested that Rodgersia podophylla root extract could act as whitening agent for the skin via not only direct tyrosinase activity inhibition but also reducing of tyrosinase expression.

• YAKHAK HOEJI
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• v.42 no.1
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• pp.39-45
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• 1998

Kojic acid, antimelanogenic agent, has been widely used in cosmetics to lighten the skin color. However, it has skin irritancy and instability against pH, temperature and light. To overcome these problems and optimize the molecular structure of kojic acid (KA), a prodrug, kojic acid monostearate(KMS), has been synthesized to modify the topical drug delivery in the point of sustained release of the parent drug via enzymatic hydrolysis during skin absorption. The prodrug was tested for enzymatic hydrolysis with cytosolic fraction of hairless mouse, skin. From the in vitro skin permeation study through hairless mouse skin, we found that KMS was retained in the skin and generated KA continuously by the skin esterase cleavage. In addition, topical formulations of o/w type creams and polyolprepolymer-containing cream were further tested for whitening effects using in vivo yellow skin guinea pig model.

• Journal of Radiation Industry
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.25-33
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• 2011

Skin contact allergy (SCA) is not life-threatening, but a large number of people have been suffered from the reactions caused by various kinds of chemicals and products. Thus, in this study, radiation technology was employed to improve the traditional herb addition method on the SCA reduction of Rhus verniciflua sap (RVS). Rhus verniciflua has traditionally been used as an herbal medicine plant, but its urushiol derivatives are known as a major allergen for the SCA. The present study was commenced to assess the allergenicity of both gamma-irradiated and non-irradiated RVS by using guinea-pig maximization test (GPMT) in order to probe the mechanism of an SCA. In the acute dermal irritation assays, non-irradiated RVS caused erythema, but the irradiated RVS did not provoke any erythema on the abdominal skin of the guinea pigs. From the result of the GPMT, urushiols, the main chemical components of RVS, were identified as an extreme skin sensitizer, and the removal of urushiols by irradiation extremely reduced the erythema. These results suggest that radiation technology is a novel method to reduce SCA through the removal of urushiols of RVS.

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.192-194
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• 2008

In our previous study, ethylacetate fraction of white ginseng (root of Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer) extract inhibited mushroom tyrosinase activity and melanin production in melanocytes. This study examined its effects on the expression of melanin biosynthesis-related enzymes to explore the depigmenting pathway. Moreover, depigmenting effect on animal skin was examined using UV-B induced hyperpigmented skin of brown guinea pigs. The ethylacetate fraction of the white ginseng extract exhibited depigmenting activity in the skin of brown guinea pig without visible edema. In addition, this fraction reduced tyrosinase expression in melanocytes. The results suggested that ethylacetate fraction of white ginseng extract might be used as skin depigmenting material by inhibition of tyrosinase activity and expression.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.212-216
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• 2011

In traditional medicines, Dansam-samul-tang and Samwhang-sasim-tang extracts were known to effects of antioxidant and antimicrobial activity. To investigate the safety evaluation of skin, these extracts were measured to skin safety testing such as primary skin irritation test, eye irritation test and skin sensitization test. The results of the primary skin irritation test and eye irritation test in vitro showed that these extracts included in the nonirritating area. Skin sensitization test results by Guinea Pig Maximization (GPMA) indicated that there was no allergy reaction. Therefore, Dansam-samul-tang and Samwhang-sasim-tang extracts were very safe in every safety test of skin. These results suggests that Dansam-samul-tang and Samwhang- sasim-tang extracts in 1 % concentration can be useful cosmetic ingredients.