• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.48 no.6
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• pp.832-846
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• 2020

The purpose of this research was to evaluate the vapor permeability of nine different species of domestic softwood and the vapor permeability evaluation through the production of small wall structures for the developing applications, utilizing the vapor permeability of wood. In addition, the permeability evaluation was attempted by means of the production of a small wall structure injected with a waste material, bottom ash, as a moisture absorbent for improving the permeability. Consequently, the results of the vapor permeability evaluation by means of S_d value are as follows: (1) It was observed that Abies holiphylla, Picea jezoensis, Ginkgo biloba, Pinus koraiensis and Pinus rigida are permeable to moisture among 9 species of domestic softwood in Korea. (2) By means of this, semi-permeability efficiency was evaluated when producing a small wall structure. (3) Besides, improved effects of permeability were evaluated when producing a small wall structure inserted with bottom ash. As a result, it was confirmed that the S_d value of Pinus koraiensis turned out to be 1.63, which is superior to other 8 tree species.

• Journal of Plant Biology
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• v.37 no.2
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• pp.203-221
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• 1994

Pollen grains of 19 taxa belonging to 12 genera in 5.families of the Korean gymnosperms were investigated by LM, SEM and TEM, and their morphological characters were described and palynological keys were made for each family. From the taxonomic viewpoint, palynological characters are very available to intergeneric and intrageneric classifications since their distinctive differences in pollen shape, size, condition of surface, sculpture pattern and presence of air bladders and projection except for the intrageneric classification of the genus Pinus since the overlapped characters such as pollen size and sculpture pattern. Pollen grains of Picea koraiensis in the family Pinaceae are distinguished from thc genera Pinus and Abies for the reasons that shape of air bladders are irregular, air bladders are bigger than pollen body, and pollen wall is thin. Compared with the genera Abies and Pinus that have air bladders, Picea koraiensis is closely related to Abies in that pollen body wall become gradually thin from pole of proximal face to air bladder, surface of pollen body is not rough, and pollen size is similar to that of the genus Abies. The presence of ektexine and enexine in proximal face, and the connections of the former to air bladder wall and the latter to distal face were elucidated by the investigation of pollen grains with air bladders through TEM. Endexine of the families of Taxaceae, Taxodiaceae and Cupressaceae was also obse-rved as a pile of laminae. From the observation by SEM, sculpture pattern of air bladder was foveolate with fine pits on surface. Sculpture pattern of air bladder is reticulate under LM, but observed by TEM, it resulted from the transmission of netted structure in air bladder.

• Journal of Forest and Environmental Science
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.11-16
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• 1983

Two species which belong to a needle-leaf tree, three species which belong to a broad-leaved tree and three resins were selected and made into samples. They were glued in the amount of spread-$200g/m^2$, clamping pressure-$10kg/cm^2$ and room temperature during 48 hrs. This experiment was carried out to investigate results on gluing faculty tests with examining block shear strength, wood failure, tensile strength and bending strength. The result obtained may be summarized as follows. 1. Strength values of each resin made not difference, but those of each species had difference. 2. The result which Picea Koraiensis Nakai had good wood failure reveals better resin strength than wood strength. 3. Pinus Koreaiensis sieb. et Zucc. had poor tensile strength regardless of resins. 4. A broad-leaf tree, Robinia pseudoacacia Linne had good bending strength.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.79 no.1
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• pp.33-41
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• 1990

The purpose of this study is to investigate the developmental process of plant community during the secondary succession through the analysis of floristic composition, life form etcectra in burned site, and the structure of forest stand before forest fire occurrence was estimated by the method of anatomical wood identification for dead trees in burned site, Cheisuk-bong in Mt. Chiri of Korea. Plant community before forest fire occurrence was estimated the high mountain conifer stand of the last successional stage to consist of Pinus koraiensis(75%), Abies koreana(15%) and Picea jezoensis(10%), and Betula costata was survived only one species after forest fire occurrence. The total number of plant species in the investigated area was 19 families and 23 species that was identified. The dominate species in burned site were Festuca ovina and Arrhenatherum elatius, Carex humilis, Ligularia fischeri etcectra in the investigated area flora. The life form of plant in burned site was the erect from 47.8%, the tufted from 30.4%, the branched and the prostrate from was both 8.7%, It was assumed that dominant species in the burned sites were Gramineae (Festuca ovina, Arrhenatherum elatius), Carex humilis ${\rightarrow}$Sorbus commixta, Rhododendron schrippenbachii, Sambucus williamsii var. coreana, Tripterygium regelii ${\rightarrow}$Acer pseudo-sieboldianum var. koreanum, Betula costata, Quercus mongolica${\rightarrow}$Pinaceae forest(Pinus koraiensis, Abies koreana, Picea jezoznsis).

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.22-29
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• 2009

To investigate the vegetation structure of mountain valley from Cheonwangbong to Seonneotang, 23 plots($400m^2$) set up with random sampling method were surveyed. Two groups of Abies koreana community, Fraxinus mandshurica-Acer pseudo-sieboldianum community were classified by cluster analysis. Abies koreana was a major woody plant species in the valley area from Cheonwangbong to Mapogpo, and Pinus koraiensis, Acer pseudo-sieboldianum and Sorbus amurensis was partly occupied. High positive correlations was proved between Picea jezoensis and Sorb us amurensis, Taxus cuspidata, Fraxinus sieboldiana, Kalopanax pictus; Betula costata and Betula platyphylla var. japonica, Corn us controversa; Abies koreana and Pinus koraiensis; Stephanandra incisa and Betula ermani, Acer tegmentosum, Prunus sargentii; Acer pseudo-sieboldianum and Betula ermani; Fraxinus mandshurica and Deutzia prunifolia, Acer tschonoskii var. rubripes; Sorbus amurensis and Kalopanax pictus; Betula platyphylla var.japonica and Cornus controversa; Lindera erythrocarpa and Lespedeza maximowiczii, Quercus serrata, Styrax obassia; Lindera obtusi/oba and Abies holophylla; Carpinus laxiflora and Lespedeza maximowiczii; Fraxinus sieboldiana and Acer tschonoskii var. rubripes, Pinus koraiensis, Taxus cuspidata; Acer tschonoskii var. rubripes and Taxus cuspidata; Quercus mongolia and Rhododendron schlippenbachii; Quercus serrata and Styrax obassia, and relatively high negative correlations was proved between Abies koreana and Deutzia prunifolia; Lindera obtusi/oba and Pinus koraiensis. Species diversity(H') of investigated groups was ranged $2.7478{\sim}2.9573$.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.40 no.5
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• pp.311-318
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• 2012

This study investigated the flame retardant performance of developed four types of flame retardant chemicals (FRC), FRC-A, B, C and D. Four kinds of soft wood species, Sugi (Cryptomeria), Spruce (Picea abies), Hinoki (Chamaecyparis obtusa) and Korean pine (Pinus koraiensis), were used. The wood specimens were treated by spreading the FRC on the surface with different quantities, 30, 50, 70, 90, 110 g/$m^2$, respectively. The charred area, charred length, after flame time and after glow time were tested. And their suitabilities as incombustible materials were evaluated. The specimen treated by FRC-D showed better incombustible properties than others, even though with lower quantity. Therefore it is supposed that the FRC-D could be able to be applied on the cultural heritage, such as Korean wooden house for preventing fire.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.16 no.5
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• pp.93-118
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• 2013

In this study, the forest vegetation of Jirisan National Park were classified into 20 communities, 3 subcommunities by the Z-M method. In the analysis of environmental factors, the organic matter and total nitrogen had the highest correlation on the subalpine forests. among them Picea jezoensis community showed the highest, Betula ermanii community, Taxus cuspidata community, Pinus koraiensis community, Abies nephrolepis community and Abies koreana community were represented in order. the K, Mg, Ca had correlation on th montane forests; Quercus mongolica community, Quercus serrata community, Stewartia pseudocamellia community, Pinus densiflora community, Quercus variabilis community were in order. the total nitrogen, electrical conductivity and organic matter had the highest correlation of the montane ravine forests; Fraxinus mandshurica community, Abies holophylla community, Betula costata community, Cornus controversa community and Carpinus laxiflora community were in order.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.50 no.6
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• pp.490-498
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• 2022

The current study aimed to verify the image segmentation ability of rays in tangential thin sections of conifers using artificial intelligence technology. The applied model was Mask region-based convolutional neural network (Mask R-CNN) and softwoods (viz. Picea jezoensis, Larix gmelinii, Abies nephrolepis, Abies koreana, Ginkgo biloba, Taxus cuspidata, Cryptomeria japonica, Cedrus deodara, Pinus koraiensis) were selected for the study. To take digital pictures, thin sections of thickness 10-15 ㎛ were cut using a microtome, and then stained using a 1:1 mixture of 0.5% astra blue and 1% safranin. In the digital images, rays were selected as detection objects, and Computer Vision Annotation Tool was used to annotate the rays in the training images taken from the tangential sections of the woods. The performance of the Mask R-CNN applied to select rays was as high as 0.837 mean average precision and saving the time more than half of that required for Ground Truth. During the image analysis process, however, division of the rays into two or more rays occurred. This caused some errors in the measurement of the ray height. To improve the image processing algorithms, further work on combining the fragments of a ray into one ray segment, and increasing the precision of the boundary between rays and the neighboring tissues is required.

• Journal of Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.55-65
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• 1991

The study was performed to select a adaptable tree species under stressed field conditions where there are a industrial plants operating with a number of smoke stacks emitting pollutants, such as hydrogen fluoride and sulfur dioxide. As a result of the study, a tree species selected are due to construct a forest belt in a zones near industrial plants to reduce the concentrations of air pollutants. The concentrations of atmospheric hydrogen fluoride and sulfur dioxide were very higher at experimental sites near industrial plants (air-pollution sites) than at control site. The leaves of 7 tree species grown at air pollution sites contained more sulfur and, specially, fluorine than at those control site. Among the tested tree species, Ligustrum japonicum Thunb. and Euonymus japonica Thunb. grown at air pollution sites did not at all break out a foliar injury but appeared to be healthy, as well as those grown at control site. Acer pseudo-sieboldianum Kom., Pinus virginiana Mill., Larix leptolepis Gordon., Pinus koraiensis Sieb. et Zucc., Pinus strobus L., Picea abies Karst and Ligustrum obtusifolium Sieb. et Zucc., however, showed a severe fluoride-type foliar injury such as necrosis on tip or margin of leaves, etc. Fluorine found in leaves was proved to be correlated to sulfur found in leaves whereas index of foliar injury hadn't a good correlation to pollutants found in leaves. It appears that Euonymus japonica Thunb., Ligustrum japonica Thunb., Platanus acerifolia Willd, Chamaecyparis pisifera Endl., Populus tomentiglandulosa T. Lee and Sophora japonica L. grown at both experimental sites had a high value of percent survival whereas Pinus virginiana Mill., Pinus koraiensis Sib. et Zucc., Koelreuteria paniculata Laxm. and Alnus hirsuta Rupr. had an extremely low value of that. In comparison with control site, the percent tree height increments in Chamaecyparis pisifera Endl., Ligustrum japonicum Thunb., Quercus acutissima Carruth., Populus tomentiglandulosa T. Lee, Pinus thunbergii Parl and Euonymus japonica Thunb. and the percent upmost root diameters in Populus tomentiglandulosa T. Lee, Chamaecyparis pisifera Endl., Euonymus japonica Thunb., Ligustrum japonicum Thunb., Betula platyphylla var. japonica Hara and Pinus thunbergii Parl. cultivated at air polluted sites showed very high value above 90%, respectively. A significant negative correlation (r=-0.662) was recognized between the index of foliage injury and the percent collective character, which was the mean of tree characters such as percent survival, percent tree height increment and percent upmost root diameter increment which compared to those at air polluted site with those at control site. Based on the percent collective character Ligustrum japonicum Thunb., Euonymus japonica Thunb., Chamaecyparis pisifera Endl., Populus tomentiglandlosa T. Lee, Betula platyphyla var. japonica Hara and Platanus occidentalis L. have large value about 90%, respectively. Therefore, the results indicate that this tree species are adaptable species in air polluted regions. For better understanding of the adaptable tree species, furthur studies concerning the effects of various air pollutants on the tree growth are required.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.96 no.2
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• pp.227-234
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• 2007

The forest canopy gap has been well known as a substantial process of forest cyclic regeneration and important role in stand structure, dynamics, and biodiversity of the forest ecosystem. Based on 3,600 $5m{\times}5m$ square grids in a 9ha permanent experimental plot, the study was conducted to evaluate the regeneration pattern of woody species by developmental stage {seedlings (<1 m of height), saplingI (>1 m of height, <2 cm of DBH), and saplingII (2 cm$<200m^2$), $201-400m^2$, $400-600m^2$, $601-800m^2$, and $>800m^2$) in the mixed broadleaved-Korean pine forest. The results indicated that the regenerating trees of Populus ussuriensis occurred only in the canopy gap area, considered to be a typical gap-dependent species. The regeneration of Ulmus japonica, Ulmus laciniata, and Maackia amurensis could be generally satisfied with the gap size of $201-600m^2$, Betula costata and Prunus padus with gap size of $401-800m^2$, Picea koraiensis with gap size of $201-800m^2$, Fraxinus mandshurica and Syringa reticulata var. mandshurica with smaller than $800m^2$, respectively. Acer ukurunduense and Acer tegmentosum were likely to have no problem with the gap size to make gap regeneration. Acer mono and Tilia amurensis looked more capable of regenerating in the closed canopy disregarding the upper crown condition. The regeneration of Pinus koraiensis and Abies nephrolepis had no trouble under the canopy condition in less than $800m^2$of gap size. The density of regenerating shrubs was rather high, especially under the closed canopy, considered to be associated with great amount of regeneration production in such shade tolerant species as Lonicera maackii, Corylus mandshurica, Euonymus pauciflorus, and Philadelphus schrenkii under the closed canopy. Pearson correlation coefficient was computed to compare the similarity among non-gap area and five gap size classes by developmental stages for trees and shrubs. The similarity coefficients among closed canopy and the gap size classes were mostly significantly correlated to each other with a few exceptions.