• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.41 no.3
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• pp.326-333
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• 2009

Heterocyclic aromatic amines (HCAs) are mutagenic and carcinogenic substances that are formed during the heating of protein-rich foods. HCAs are generally found at low amounts in a complex matrix, which requires sophisticated analysis. In this study, HCAs were extracted from lyophilized fish and shellfish samples using solid-phase extraction (SPE) and determined by liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization/mass spectrometry (LC-ESI-MS). The HCA recoveries in the fish and shellfish ranged from 15.7 to 74.7% with standard deviations from 0.2 to 7.63%. And HCA concentrations ranged from 0.8 to 1,117.7 $ng/g^{-1}$ in cooked food samples. 1-methyl-9H-pyrido[3,4-b]indole (Harman), 9H-pyrido[3,4-b]indole (Norharman), and 2-amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo[4,5-b]pyridine (PhIP) were the most abundant HCAs formed in the muscle of fried mackerel, at levels of 1,117.7, 926.6, and 133.7 ng/g, respectively. 3-amino-1-methyl-5H-pyrido[4,3-b]indole (Trp-P-2), 2-aminodipiryrido[1,2-a:3,2-d]imidazole(Glu-P-2), 2-amino-9H-pyrido[2,3-b]indole(A${\alpha}$C), 2-amino-3methyl-9H-pyrido [1,2-a:3,2-d]imidazole(MeA${\alpha}$C), 2-amino-3,4,7,8-tetramethylimidazo[4,5-f]quinoxaline (TriMeIQx), 2-amino-3,7,8-trimethylimidazo [4,5-f]quinoxaline(7,8-DiMeIQx), and 2-amino-3,8-dimethylimidazo[4,5-f]quinoxaline (MeIQx) were only detected by small quantities ranged from 1.5 to 98.6 ng/g. Overall, this study provides useful information on HCA levels in fish and shellfish products consumed in Korea.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.58-69
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• 1994

In order to see the development of Nursing related research activities in Korea over the last three decades, abstracts of almost all of the Master and Ph.D theses that appeared from 1961 up to August 1991 were collected. The number of theses was 2354, from which an index of key words has been constructed. Key words were defined as those terms in each thesis title that convey major objectives of the given thesis study and the important nursing concepts dealt with in the thesis. Although all the key words were picked from the thesis title only, full use was made of the abstracts in deciding the principal objectives and essential contents of the thesis studies and their important concepts as well. In total, 539 kinds of key words were identified from the 2354 titles, and the identified words were all found to be in the International Nursing Index. On an average each title has two key words. Which key words were most frequently used, how they have changed with time, what kind of concept is preferably dealt with by each graduate school, and the concepts to which a given key word is likely to be connected were examined. The results are summerized below : 1) For each decade the theses numbers were as follows : 54(2.3%) from the 60’s, 413(17.5%) from the 70’s, 1523(64.7%) from the 80’s, and 364(15.5%) from the 90’s. Master’s thesis contributed 96% (2252) of the papers and Ph. D’s theses filled the remaining 4%(102). 2) A total of 539 key words were used, averaging about 2 for each thesis. The most frequently used key words were ‘Nurse’, ‘Anxiety’, ‘Knowledge / Attitude /Practice’, ‘Stress /Stressor’, ‘Attitude’, ‘Job-Satisfaction’, ‘Mental Disorder’, ‘Operation’, ‘Elderly’, ‘Nursing Role’. 3) Each decades key words can be classified as : the 60’s : ‘Nursing Education’, ‘Pulmonary Tuberculosis’, ‘Mother-Child Health’, ‘Growth & Development’, ‘Public Facilities’, ‘Mental Disorder’ : the 70’s : ‘Nurse’, ‘Family Planning’, ‘Attitude’ / ‘Knowledge, Attitude / Practice’, ‘Curriculum in Nursing Education’, ‘Clinical Practice in Nursing’, ‘Analysis of the Work of the Nurse’, ‘Health Education of School’, : the 80’s : ‘Nurse’, ‘Anxiety’, ‘Stress /Stressor’, ‘Operation’, ‘Nursing Role’, ‘Job Satisfaction’ : the 90’s : ‘Nurse’, ‘Elderly’, ‘Family-Support’, ‘Stress /Stressor’, ‘Home Care’. Key word ‘Nurse’ appears continuously and most frequently through the years, which indicates that there has been active study of the characteristics of nurses and related fields. The concept ‘Anxiety’ has been studied steadly from the 80’s and it shows that interest in health and disease are increasing Which comes as a result of society changing to an industrial and informational community. 4) Looking into each graduate school’s study area key words ‘Anxiety’, ‘Nurse’, ‘Mental Disorder’, ‘Stress /Stressor’, ‘Operation’, ‘Attitude’, ‘Hemo-dialysis’, were studied in the regular graduate school : ‘Family Planning /Contraception’, ‘Knowledge / Attitude /Practice’, ‘Physical Health-State /Physical Health Examination’, ‘Nurse’, ‘Using Clinical Facilities’, ‘Health Education of School’, were studied in the Graduate School of Public Health’ ; ‘Nurse’, ‘Anxiety’, ‘Stress / Stressor’, ‘Job-Satisfaction’, ‘Clinical Practice Education’, ‘Nursing Education’, were studied in the Graduate School of Education : ‘Nurse’, ‘Job Satisfaction’, ‘Nursing Role’, ‘Administration - Employment /Employment Management’, ‘Leadership’, ‘Personnel Profile’, ‘Nursing Manpower / Changing Working Place’, were studied in the Graduate School of Public Administration. 5) The Connection between key words were : ‘Nurse Job Satisfaction’, ‘Stress / Stressor ⇔ Coping / Ajustment’, ‘Nurse ⇔ Nursing Role’, ‘Anxiety ⇔ Giving Information’, ‘Nurse ⇔ Stress / Stressor’, ‘Anxiety ⇔ Operation’, ‘Nurse ⇔ Burnout’, ‘Knowledge, Attitude, Practice ⇔ Family Planning’, ‘Nurse Administration ⇔ Employment’, ‘Anxiety Muscle ⇔ Relaxation Technic’, ‘Anxiety ⇔ Mental Disorder’. From the above it can be noted that many nursing concepts were handled in the thesis titles. But there were more than enough papers on the characteristics of the nurse. It is suggested that in depth research be made on ‘Nursing Accidents’, t-‘Ethics’, ‘Nurse - Patient Interactions’, ‘Spritual Care’, ‘Dying’, ‘Hospice’, ‘Resident Helper’ and that there should be in depth research relating to the physical and mental development of youth and in particular physical concepts like ‘Drug - Abuse’, ‘Child -Abuse and Teaching’.

• Journal of the Korean Geographical Society
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.321-355
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• 1993

This paper focuses on the geographical pattern of financial activities in the Korean urban system during 1975-1990, based on the assumption that financial activities can reveal control points in Korea's urban economy. In terms of spatial evolution of financial insitutions, different locational characteristics are revealed among different types of financial institutions, implying the role of urban hierarchy. Financial resources are highly concentrated in the capital region, Seoul and Kyonggi Province. Both centralization trends into the large metropolitan cities and relative declines of medium and small cities within the Korean urban system, have been experienced over the study period. Financial activities sustain relatively stable hierarchical structure in the urban hierarchy. Regarding the financial flows, dominant flow zones centered on major metropolitan cities are identified, clearly showing a prominant role of Seoul in financial flows in the entire urban system.

• The Korean Society of Law and Medicine
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.367-397
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• 2014

Dans le contentieux m$\acute{e}$dical, il est difficile de prouver l'existence d'un lien de causalit$\acute{e}$ entre la faute m$\acute{e}$dicale et les pr$\acute{e}$judices subis par la victime. R$\acute{e}$partir bien de façon raisonnable la charge de la preuve du lien causal est alors une des questions pr$\acute{e}$occup$\acute{e}$es par la doctrine cor$\acute{e}$enne. La Cour supr$\hat{e}$me cor$\acute{e}$enne semble toutefois facilliter l'indemnisation des victimes dans les cas o$\grave{u}$ la responsabilit$\acute{e}$ du m$\acute{e}$decin a ${\acute{e}}t{\acute{e}}$ mise en cause, et cela en admettant des fois une solution op$\acute{e}$rant un renversement de la charge de la preuve du lien causal. Une telle attitude a ${\acute{e}}t{\acute{e}}$ m$\hat{e}$me affirm$\acute{e}$e dans un arr$\hat{e}$t rendu r$\acute{e}$cemment en cas de dommage caus$\acute{e}$ par le fait du produit de sant$\acute{e}$, notamment pour le cas de contamination virale par voie de transfusion. La Cour a $\acute{e}$galement reconnu que l'action se pr$\acute{e}$scrit $\grave{a}$ partir du moment de la consolidation du pr$\acute{e}$judice. Aux termes de cette $\acute{e}$tude, on pourra constater que le juge français reconna$\hat{i}$t aussi l'assouplissement de la charge de la preuve du lien de causalit$\acute{e}$ en mati$\acute{e}$re d'action m$\acute{e}$dicale. Il faudra toutefois souligner que le ph$\acute{e}$nom$\acute{e}$ne ne soit pas g$\acute{e}$n$\acute{e}$ralis$\acute{e}$ en droit français, d'autant plus que la pr$\acute{e}$somption de l'existence de la causalit$\acute{e}$ en la mati$\grave{e}$re a $\acute{e}$t$\acute{e}$ admise de mani$\grave{e}$re restrictive par la l$\acute{e}$gislation sp$\acute{e}$cifique. Tel $\acute{e}$tait notamment le cas pour les accidents de la contamination par le virus du sida ou de l'h$\acute{e}$patite C survenus apr$\grave{e}$s la transfusion. En d$\acute{e}$finitive, on peut dire qu'en droit français, le principe est maintenu en cas de manquement $\grave{a}$ une obligation de r$\acute{e}$sultat n$\acute{e}$e du contrat m$\acute{e}$dical, tandis que la Cour de cassation admet parfois en mati$\grave{e}$re de droit commun de la responsabilit$\acute{e}$ contractuelle la pr$\acute{e}$somption de causalit$\acute{e}$ en cas d'inex$\acute{e}$cution des obligations de r$\acute{e}$sultat. En fait, la pr$\acute{e}$somption de causalit$\acute{e}$ dans le contentieux m$\acute{e}$dical pourra mener les m$\acute{e}$decins $\grave{a}$ se diriger vers les traitements d$\acute{e}$fensifs. Cette situation peut m$\hat{e}$me conduire $\grave{a}$ emp$\hat{e}$cher le d$\acute{e}$veloppement de la science m$\acute{e}$dicale, enfin $\grave{a}$ une situation d$\acute{e}$savantageuse aux patients. Il y a alors lieu de se m$\acute{e}$fier des int$\acute{e}$r$\hat{e}$ts d$\acute{e}$s$\acute{e}$quilibr$\acute{e}$s entre le m$\acute{e}$decin et le patient. De ce point de vue, on peut estimer que le droit français donne des suggestions aux juristes cor$\acute{e}$ens dans la recherche des solutions plus ad$\acute{e}$quates en ce qui concerne la charge de la preuve du lien causal en mati$\acute{e}$re de responsabilit$\acute{e}$ m$\acute{e}$dicale.

• Analytical Science and Technology
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• v.8 no.3
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• pp.321-334
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• 1995

Basic studies for the effective extraction of ammonium pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate(APDC) complexes of Co(II), Ni(II) and Cu(II) into a solvent have been performed. The maximum distribution ratio was appeared (log D=1.3543) at pH 2.0 and the partition coefficient was 2.489 in the extraction of $4{\times}10^{-5}M$ APDC itself into chloroform. From the UV/visible spectra of metal-chelates in aqueous and organic solutions, the pH to form stable 1:2 metal-ligand complexes were Co(II):5.0, Ni(II):8.0 and Cu(II):8.0, respectively and only 1 minute was enough to be partitioned into the chloroform. Besides, the partition and extraction equilibria of the complexes were investigated by back-extracting $10.0{\mu}g/ml$ metal-chelates from the solvent into an aqueous solution beacuse of their slight solubilities in the aqueous solution. The distribution coefficients and extractabilities were as follows : at pH 6.5~8.5 of the aqueous solution, log D=2.834 : E(%)=99.9% for $Co(PDC)_2$, at pH 11, log D=5.699 E%=100 for $Ni( PDC)_2$, and at pH 6.0, log D=2.025 : E(%)=99.1% for $Cu(PDC)_2$. And the extraction and formation constants were log $K_{ex}=9.671$ : log ${\beta}_2=6.938$ for $Co(PDC)_2$, log $K_{ex}=9.646$ : log ${\beta}_2=7.071$ for $Ni( PDC)_2$, and log $K_{ex}=9.074$ : log ${\beta}_2=7.049$ for $Cu(PDC)_2$, respectively. From these results, an optimum extraction procedure can be constructed for the separative concentration of trace metallic ions, and the quantitative determination of them in advanced materials and environmental samples will be expected without any influence of sample matrixes.

• The Journal of Art Theory & Practice
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• no.6
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• pp.51-76
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• 2008

Nous obserbons dans le champs de l'art aujourd' hui, le changement radical provoquant $\'{e}$tant donn$\'{e}$ que le pouvoir du march$\'{e}$ de l'art s'augmente de plus en plus. C'est pour cela que le champ du discours de l'art n'est actuellement plus form$\'{e}$ par des notions esth$\`{e}$tiques artistiques, mais par celles qui sont r$\'{e}$serv$\'{e}$es au domaine de l'$\'{e}$conomie et du march$\'{e}$. Il n'est plus significatif de croire la valeur esth$\`{e}$tique de l'oeuvre d'art, puisque l'esth$\`{e}$tique elle-m$\^{e}$me ne fonctionne plus. Par contre, le syst$\`{e}$me de donner le prix $\`{a}$ l'oeuvre d'art fonctionne rigoureusement. En plus, cette situation s'aggrave $\'{e}$tant donn$\'{e}$ que la mondialisation du march$\'{e}$ de l'art s'installe avec rapidit$\'{e}$. Malgr$\'{e}$ la mondialisation de l'art, des gens qui habitent par exemple $\`{a}$ S$\'{e}$oul ne peuvent pas s' approcher facilement de ce qui se passe $\`{a}$ New York, le vrai centre de l'art contemporain. Dans cette situation, le champ de discours de l'art n'a pas d'autre solution de se r$\'{e}$tr$\'{e}$cir remaquablement et le sujet de discussion sur le grand art est remplac$\'{e}$ par celui du success de l'art. Cette recherche est arriv$\'{e}$e $\`{a}$ remarquer que le syst$\`{e}$me du foire internationale de l'art fonctionne comme une locomotive dans le march$\'{e}$ de l'art qui est le vrai dominateur de l'art contemporain. Aujourd'hui les grands clients du monde de l'art et les jeunes sp$\'{e}$ctateurs, les clients de l'avenir s'assemblent autour de quelques foires internationales r$\'{e}$put$\'{e}$s qui ont de l'autorit$\'{e}$. C'est ainsi que l'achat et la vante de l'oeuvres d'art est suffisamment mondialis$\'{e}$ et que le syst$\`{e}$me local du march$\'{e}$ est d$\'{e}$rang$\'{e}$ et s'$\'{e}$ffondr$\'{e}$gravement. Malgr$\'{e}$ la diff$\'{e}$rence significative, la majorit$\'{e}$ des galeries d'art lacaux s'oblige de suivre $\`{a}$ la suite du style du foire internationale de l'art. C'est la raison pour laquelle que cette recherche se fait une id$\'{e}$e nette que la prosp$\'{e}$rit$\'{e}$ actuelle du march$\'{e}$ de l'art n'est que la situation $\'{e}$conomique ou financi$\`{e}$re. A ce stade de la r$\'{e}$flexion, cette recherche arrivera $\`{a}$ poser une question primordiale ci-dessous: "Si l'art qu'on $\`{a}$ l'intention de proclamer ne serai plus possible de faire r$\'{e}$fl$\'{e}$chir sur la libert$\'{e}$ et la solidarit$\'{e}$ humain, la dignit$\'{e}$ de l'homme, cet art n'est plus autre chose que l'insignifiance. Au lieu de parcourir divers ph$\'{e}$nom$\`{e}$ne du march$\'{e}$ de l'art aujourd'hui, cette recherche fixera son attention sur la r$\'{e}$alit$\'{e}$ du foire internationales de l'art. Dans ce context, cette recherche sera compos$\'{e}$e par trois chapitres donc le premi$\`{e}$re essayera de r$\'{e}$pondre $\'{a}$ la question de son influence extraodinairement puissante. Le deuxi$\`{e}$me chapitre essayera d'analiser la r$\'{e}$alit$\'{e}$ et la source du pouvoir du foire internationale de l'art. Nous essayeront au troisi$\`{e}$me chapitre de configurer le point de vue critique qui permettra de bien comprendre notre sujet.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.31 no.5
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• pp.765-769
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• 2002

Improvement of hygienic quality of powdered raw grains and vegetables by fermentation was investigated. Luc-tobacillus sp. isolated from kimchi was used as a starter. The cell counts of coliform group and SS enteric bacteria on the SS agar plate in raw grains and vegetables were 2.3$\times$103 cfu/mL and 8.6$\times$10$^3$ cfu/mL, respectively. The starlet, Lactobacillu sp., reached 10$^{7}$ cfu/mL after 48 hr in fermentation. At that time, the coliform group and enteric bacteria on the SS agar plate were gradually inactivated and eliminated after 60 hr of fermentation. During the fermentation process, pH of the suspension was lowered and acidity increased. Antimicrobial activity of the acidic supernatant of fermented raw grains and vegetal]les against the E. coli sp. and Salmonella sp. was higher than that of lactic acid solution or neutralized supernatant. Therefore, it was considered that antimicrobial effect of the fermented raw grains and vegetal]les might be accelerated by tile synergic effect of acid and bacteriocin, and liquid fermentation of powdered raw grains and vegetables will be effective for inactivation of hygienic microorganisms.

• Journal of the Society of Cosmetic Scientists of Korea
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• v.41 no.4
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• pp.401-411
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• 2015

This study was performed to investigate the wound healing effect of skin regeneration cosmetics utilizing low molecular weight Polydeoxynucleotide (PDRN). High purity PDRN was prepared from salmon testes poly-deoxy-ribonucleotide through protein and toxin removal process and molecular weight reduction. In order to evaluate the wound healing effect of PDRN in SD rats, 4 sites of dorsal skin of each animal were excised by using biopsy punch and $500{\mu}L$ of test solution was topically applied once daily for 4 weeks. The tissue changes were observed for every week during the application periods. After applying the PDRN to the wound, the skin was cut flower and contraction of the wounds more quickly, and the coating of PDRN in the wound area was reduced significantly as compared to the positive control group $Fucidin^{(R)}$ applied. The microscopic observation of stained tissue showed that a positive control was most rapid in re-epithelialization ability followed by the PH group, PDRN group, HA group. In addition, transforming growth factor ($TGF-{\beta}$) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), such as in the growth factor was similar to the results of staining of tissue lesions. In conclusion, it is determined that the low molecular weight PDRN has the therapeutic effect to the wound, and could be used as a functional material of cosmetics and medical industries.

• Journal of the Society of Cosmetic Scientists of Korea
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• v.30 no.3 s.47
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• pp.353-359
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• 2004

The extent of silica flocculation can be modified by varying the silica concentration, aqueous phase pH, salt and polvmer concentration. High volume fraction W/O emulsion stabilized by hydrophobic silica was established with various aqueous phase conditions for cosmetic application. By increasing the silica concentration up to $1.0\;wt\%,$ the size of droplet decreased. A high silica concentration increased the viscosity of continuous oil phase by network formation, which resulted in target size of droplet. The stability of W/O emulsion is improved as increasing the aqueous phase pH. At low and intermediate pH, the emulsions became more stable by adding salt $(0.083\;mol\;dm^{-3}\;MgSO_4).$ At high PH, the presence of salt caused significant destabilization. The gelation behavior of the emulsion indicates that the effect of salt on silica-stabilized emulsion is derived from an electrostatic attraction. The addition of xanthan gum in aqueous phase increased the mono-dispersity of the W/O emulsion by making water more hydrophobic and hindering the recombination of droplets. In conclusion, these results indicate that very stable emulsifier-free, finely dispersed W/O emulsion can be achieved for cosmetic application by changing the aqueous phase composition.

• Korean journal of food and cookery science
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• v.21 no.4 s.88
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• pp.447-458
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• 2005

The effect of medicinal herb Powder addition on the Physicochemical characteristics of tofujang preserved in kochujang and deonjang was investigated. The moisture contents of tofujang decreased rapidly till 4 weeks of storage, after which they showed a slight tendency to increase. The PH values of cochujang tofujang and deonjang tofujangs showed a tendency to decrease, but then showed a tendency to increase a little. The saltiness of tofujang increased rapidly till 2 weeks of storage, and then increased gently. The chromaticity of L and a values decreased, and that of b value significantly increased, during a storage. The total microbial counts of kochujang tofujang decreased till 4 weeks of storage, and then increased a little (103 CFU/ml). The total microbial counts of deonjang tofujang were decreased during storage. The total free amino acids content of silk-tofu was extremely small $(0.16\~0.92 mg/ml)$, but after 4 weekn of preservation, that of tofujang preserved in kochujang and deonjang increased to 10mg/ml and 40mg/ml, respectively In the kochujang tofujang, the textural characteristics of hardness, gumminess and chewiness increased rapidly at initial preservation and then showed a tendency to decrease significantly. The springiness and cohesiveness values showed no specific tendency. In the deonjang toking, the textural characteristics of hardness and gumminess increased till 2 weeks of preservation, and then tended to decrease. The springiness, chewiness and cohesiveness value had a tendency to decrease significantly with preservation. In the sensory evaluation, color, aftertaste and overall acceptability of mok-k tofujang showed significantly high score, but there was no significance in nutty taste, sweet, salty and hot. Color, savory, sweet and overall acceptability of mok-d and con-d tofujang were high, and the saltiness and aftertaste of sin-d tofujang got high score.