• Journal of Korean Society of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene
• /
• v.27 no.1
• /
• pp.46-58
• /
• 2017

Objectives: Particulate matter (PM) at construction sites mostly originates from either construction activities or the atmospheric environment. This study was conducted to evaluate the exposure level to PM and the contribution ratio of atmosphere sources at construction sites. Methods: We reviewed literature and governmental systems related to PM exposure in occupational settings and summarized them. In the field evaluation, five construction sites and one golf course were selected: two from Gyeonggi-do Province and four from North Gyeongsang-do Province. For each site, personal samples from outdoor construction workers and area samples from the outdoor area around the construction site office were collected according to construction work types. PM concentrations reported from nearby National Ambient Air Monitoring Stations were recorded. Respirable dust concentrations, respirable silica concentrations, and several metal concentrations including Cd, Cr, Pb, and As were monitored over four months. In the end we suggested how to manage particulate matter exposure at construction sites. Results: There was little literature reporting on exposure levels of construction workers to PM. Respirable dust concentrations measured in Gyeonggi-do Province were higher than those measured in North Gyeongsang-do Province. The geometric means of respirable dust concentrations in personal samples and area samples were $37.89{\mu}g/m^3$ and $92.86{\mu}g/m^3$, respectively. The respirable dust concentrations were higher than the PM concentrations reported from nearby National Ambient Air Monitoring Station. The geometric means of respirable silica concentrations of personal samples and area samples were $1.3{\mu}g/m^3$ and $1.1{\mu}g/m^3$, respectively. All metal concentrations were lower than 10% of individual Korean occupational exposure limits. Conclusions: Assuming that personal samples consisted of ambient PM and dust originating from work activities and area samples only collected ambient PM, we concluded that the dust exposure of outdoor construction workers originated 40.8% from the atmosphere and 59.2% from construction activities. PM exposure at construction sites should be controlled by employers, as in the case of outdoor heat stress. The Korean government needs to consider setting an occupational exposure limit for respirable dust.

• Korean Journal of Child Studies
• /
• v.37 no.6
• /
• pp.119-132
• /
• 2016

Objective: The purpose of this study was to analyze the operation and personal information management of public and private kindergarten homepages. Methods: A total of 2,846 kindergartens were selected from the I-Sarang portal service for analyzing operation, and 217 self-operating homepages were selected for evaluating management. Seven evaluation items from three domains (information gathering procedures and scope, information security, and management of file exposure protection) were used. Wireshark and Google were used for analyzing some evaluation items. Results: The operating ratio of kindergarten homepages was low and most of the kindergartens self-operated their homepages. The evaluation of the information gathering procedures and scope showed that the rule of consent process was not rigidly followed but that the rule of legality for information gathering was followed. Items related to information security were followed at very low levels. As for the management of file exposure protection, the evaluation of items related to the prevention of attachment disclosure showed that the rule of protecting personal information included in an attached file was followed but that the notice regarding information protection was not. Across all evaluation items, the level of personal information management was higher in public (vs. private) kindergartens. Conclusion: These results indicate methods to more securely and effectively manage personal information on kindergarten homepages.

• The Korean Journal of Community Living Science
• /
• v.28 no.3
• /
• pp.391-401
• /
• 2017

This study was conducted to evaluate the relationships between exposure level to pyrethroid pesticide and wearing of protective equipment in 194 Chung-nam orchard male farmers. The urinary metabolites of pyrethroid pesticides, including Cis, Trans, DBCA, and 3-PBA, were analyzed by GC/MSD. As a result of this study, the detection rate and exposure level of 3-PBA was the highest among pyrethroid metabolites discovered by orchard farmers. As a result of analyzing the actual conditions of wearing protective equipment by the subjects of this study, the rate of agricultural farmers who wore four pieces of protective equipment compared to agricultural farmers wearing a single piece of protective clothing was as high as 35.1%. Pyrethroid exposure levels were low when farmers wore more personal protective equipment (PPE). In conclusion, training with regards to pesticide hazards and protective equipment for farmers who spray pesticides will help reduce pesticide exposure levels.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Safety
• /
• v.22 no.3 s.81
• /
• pp.13-21
• /
• 2007

Personal and static sampling for formaldehyde, wood dust and noise monitoring, in accordance to the equipment running on the day, were carried out throughout wood panel manufacturing process. Even though the exposure level of formaldehyde and wood dust were below than exposure criteria, but the personal protective equipment(PPE) for those should be worn to everyone in the process because of its potential characteristics like carcinogenicity. Also a few local air extraction system above the cutting, grinding sections and organic blending room should be required. Most of the exposures of noise exposure were exceeded permitted exposure criteria, in case of Hopper operators, exposed to maximally 94dB(A) as LAeq 8hr, therefore active controls like PPE, monitoring, isolation etc. are necessary. The main sources of noise were caused on compressed air of the machinery, radio sound and operation noise like running machines, conveying, cutting, sawing, moving vehicles, storing and so on. For the comparison of control criteria in each country, the permitted exposure standards for above hazardous materials and noise in Korea, ACGIH and Australia were discussed. We have recognized that the Korean criteria should be discussed urgently to give the right information to employee and modified, if it is necessary.

• Journal of Korean Society of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene
• /
• v.15 no.3
• /
• pp.261-269
• /
• 2005

To investigate the field applicability of a diffusive sampler (3M OVM #3500, passive sampling method) authors conducted a simultaneous measurement of personal organic solvents exposure in the air of the workplaces by charcoal tube with low volume sampler (active sampling method) and diffusive sampler. Samples were collected and analyzed by NIOSH method ($NMAM^{(R)}$) from thirty-eight workers in 12 factories who work in 6 different processes. Geometric mean (GM) and geometric standard deviation (GSD) were used to describe the result. To compare the results of the two methods, paired t-test was used. According to the manual of the exposure assessment of the mixed organic solvents (Ministry of Labor, Korea), Em was calculated. Simple linear regression was used to evaluate the relationship between the two methods. Results were as follows; 1. Eight different solvents (ethyl acetate, n-hexane, toluene, xylene, acetone, isopropyl alcohol, methyl ethyl ketone (MEK), and methyl isobutyl ketone) were detected simultaneously in the two methods and the concentrations of the personal exposure were lower than 0.5 TLV level. The concentration of the charcoal tube method was higher than that of a diffusive sampler in n-hexane and MEK (p<0.05). 2. Em of the charcoal tube method was higher than that of diffusive sampler method but not significantly different and was lower than the OEL (Occupational Exposure Limit) in all 6 processes. 3. There was a significant correlation between the two methods in low concentrations of the 8 organic solvents (p<0.05). In conclusion, there was no difference in charcoal tube method and diffusive sampler method in low concentrations of some organic solvents, diffusive sampler can be applied to assess the personal monitoring in low level exposure.

• Journal of Environmental Impact Assessment
• /
• v.9 no.3
• /
• pp.203-214
• /
• 2000

Health risk assessment is applied to streamlining LCA(Life Cycle Assessment) using Monte carlo simulation for probabilistic/stochastic exposure and risk distribution analysis caused by data variability and uncertainty. A case study was carried out to find benefits of this application. BTC(Benzene, Trichloroethylene, Carbon tetrachloride mixture alias) personal exposure cases were assumed as production worker(in workplace), manager(in office) and business man(outdoor). These cases were different from occupational retention time and exposure concentration for BTC consumption pattern. The result of cancer risk in these 3 scenario cases were estimated as $1.72E-4{\pm}1.2E+0$(production worker; case A), $9.62E-5{\pm}1.44E-5$(manger; case B), $6.90E-5{\pm}1.16E+0$(business man; case C), respectively. Portions of over acceptable risk 1.00E-4(assumed standard) were 99.85%, 38.89% and 0.61%, respectively. Estimated BTC risk was log-normal pattern, but some of distributions did not have any formal patterns. Except first impact factor(BTC emission quantity), sensitivity analysis showed that main effective factor was retention time in their occupational exposure sites. This case study is a good example to cover that LCA with probabilistic risk analysis tool can supply various significant information such as statistical distribution including personal/environmental exposure level, daily time activity pattern and individual susceptibility. Further research is needed for investigating real data of these input variables and personal exposure concentration and application of this study methodology.

• Journal of radiological science and technology
• /
• v.42 no.5
• /
• pp.379-385
• /
• 2019

Radiation is used for various purposes such as cancer therapy, research of industrial and drugs. However, in case of radiation accidents such as terrorism, collapsing nuclear plant by natural disasters like Fukushima in 2011, very high radiation does expose to human and could lead to death. For this reason, many people are concerning about radiation exposures. Therefore, assessment and research of retrospective radiation dose to human by various path is an necessary task to be continuously developed. Radiation exposure for workers in radiation fields can be generally measured using a personal exposure dosimeter such as TLD, OSLD. However, general people can't be measured radiation doses when they are exposed to radiation. And even if radiation fields workers, when they do not in possession personal dosimeter, they also can't be measured exposure dose immediately. In this study, we conduct retrospective research on reconstruction of dose after exposure by using smart chip card of personal items through Optically Stimulated Luminescence (OSL). The OSL signal of smart chip card shows linear response from 0.06 Gy to 15 Gy and results of fading rate 45 %, 48% for 24 and 48 hours due to the natural emission of radiation in sample, respectively. The minimum detectable limit (MDD) was 0.38 mGy. This values are expected to use as correction values for reconstruction of exposure dose.

• Journal of Korean Society of Archives and Records Management
• /
• v.19 no.2
• /
• pp.147-172
• /
• 2019

With the provision of the original text information disclosure service, the time spent on determining the disclosure of the original text information decreased, and the number of original text information disclosure significantly increased. In public institutions, the risk of the exposure of personal information also increased. In this study, the status of personal information protection in the original text information disclosure service was investigated. Moreover, the causes of the exposure of personal information were analyzed, and improvements were proposed. The survey presented the following results. First, 13% of the original text information collected contains personal information, which is the nondisclosure information. Second, among the original text information that includes personal information, the original text information, including the personal information of the public official, was the most important. In particular, many records about vacation and medical leaves were found. Third, there were many cases in which information about the individual of the representative was exposed in the agency that deals mainly with the contract work. Fourth, a large volume of personal information was not detected by filtering personal information. Upon analyzing the cause of the exposure of personal information, the following improvements are suggested. First, privacy guidelines should be redesigned. Second, the person in charge of the task of deciding whether or not to disclose original text information should be trained further. Third, the excessive disclosure of information based on the government's quantitative performance should be eased. Fourth, the filtering function of the personal information of the original text information disclosure system should be improved.

• Journal of Korean Society of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene
• /
• v.4 no.1
• /
• pp.33-42
• /
• 1994

This study was carried out to assess worker exposure to vinyl chloride monomer (VCM) and to present control measures in the factories processing and producing polyvinyl chloride (PVC) resin. The conclusion remarks are as follows. Only two personal samples in the factory ("E") processing polyvinyl chloride resin were analysed to be 27.6 ppm and 12.6 ppm, respectively. But, these concentration exceed 1 ppm, Permissible Exposure Limits (PEL) of OSHA. So, worker's exposure to VCM at "E" factory should be reevaluated. In "A", "B" and "C" factory producing polyvinyl chloride resin, the average worker's exposures to VCM were 0.12 ppm, 0.86 ppm and 1.23 ppm, respectivery. Worker exposure to VCM at distillation and dry process was higer than other processes at "A" factory. The average exposure concentration of worker at polymerization process of "B" and "C" factory was 1.23 ppm, and 1.46 ppm respcetively. These concentration exceed 1 ppm, Permissible Exposure Limits of OSHA. Control room of "B" and "C" factory had 0.91 ppm and 0.65 ppm of worker's exposure concentration respectively. "A" factory was evaluated to be "acceptable", but "B" and "C" factories were evaluated to be "not acceptable", by the workplace exposure assessment program of AIHA. Process other than bagging and control room of "A" factory was evaluated to "not acceptable". Immediate correction measures for preventing workers from exposure to VCM should be performed in the factories or process that were evaluated to be "not acceptable". After these control measures are taken, worker exposure to VCM must be reevaluated through personal air monitoring. Control measures presented by this study are complete sealing of connecting pipe lines, flanging, packing, bolting and nutting. Periodic leak test for leak parts is also required. And positive pressure facility should be constructed at control room of "B" and "C" factory. Fresh air through cleaner such as HEPA filter should be supplied to control room. In addition to these control measures, periodic personal monitoring for evaluating worker exposure to VCM should be performed.

• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
• /
• v.35 no.1
• /
• pp.11-20
• /
• 2009

This study was conducted in industrial area. The level of nitrogen dioxide was measured indoor, outdoor, work and personal in an study area within 5 km from source of pollution and control area 15 km farther from August, 2006 to September. The followings are the summary of this research. The concentration of the indoor and the outdoor $NO_2$ levels in the industrial area are 18.41$\pm$6.35 ppb, 18.51$\pm$3.26 ppb each, and the indoor/outdoor concentration rate is 0.99. The concentration of $NO_2$ in the workplace is 18.59$\pm$10.16 ppb, and the individual exposure rate is 18.80$\pm$5.71 ppb. The concentration of the indoor and the outdoor $NO_2$ levels control area are 12.57$\pm$3.82 ppb, 9.68$\pm$2.16 ppb each, and the indoor/outdoor concentration rate is 1.33. The personal exposure rate is 14.49$\pm$10.06 ppb. The residents of the each area and those of the comparative area spend 80.9% and 76.9% each their time in the indoor. It shows they spend most of their time in indoor. The predictions of the individual exposure rates in the industrial area and the comparative area are 15.10$\pm$6.14 ppb and 10.52$\pm$3.82 ppb each, The concentration levels measured by passive sampler are 18.80$\pm$5.71 ppb and 14.49$\pm$10.34 ppb each. The result of the research is the analysis of the personal exposure rate in indoor, outdoor and workplace of industrial area. This research may bo used as a basic data to manage and to establish the plan for $NO_2$ gas of the industrial area.