• Journal of The Korean Association For Science Education
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.282-290
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• 2008

The Research and Education (R&E) program was a year-long, apprenticeship and research-based program that was guided by mentors who are scientists or science teachers. The objective of the R&E program was to help scientifically gifted students in Korea Science Academy (KSA) and Science High Schools (SHS) to enhance abilities in creative thinking, scientific inquiry, problem solving, positive attitude towards scientists, and promoting cooperative research and interests in science and technology. In this study, the impact of the R&E program on the goals of 182 gifted college students in KAIST was evaluated using Likert-type items and multiple-choice method approach that provided a more comprehensive evaluation of the program's impact on science attitudes, creative thinking, scientific inquiry, and interests in science and technology. The results indicated a positive impact on cooperative research, gaining knowledge on the research topic, attitude towards scientists, interest in science and technology, scientific inquiry, and creative thinking in that order. There were rather remarkable and meaningful differences in science inquiry (p<.05), and scientific knowledge (p<.01), between the two groups of KAIST freshmen who came from SHS and KSA in 2006. Implications for science apprenticeship or a research-based mentorship program and their respective evaluations are also discussed.

• Science of Emotion and Sensibility
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.103-114
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• 2023

Augmented reality (AR) and virtual reality (VR) differ fundamentally, with AR overlaying computer-generated information onto the real world in a nonimmersive way. Despite extensive research on cybersickness in VR, its occurrence in AR has received less attention (Vovk et al., 2018). This study examines cybersickness and discomfort associated with AR usage, focusing on the impact of content intensity and exposure time. Participants viewed 30-minute racing simulation game clips through AR equipment, varying in racing speed to alter content intensity. Cybersickness was assessed subjectively using the Simulator sickness questionnaire (SSQ; Kennedy et al., 1993). Findings revealed a progressive increase in cybersickness with longer exposure, persisting even after removing the AR equipment. Contrarily, content intensity did not significantly influence cybersickness levels. Analysis of the SSQ subscales revealed higher oculomotor (O) scores compared to nausea (N) and disorientation (D), suggesting that discomfort primarily stemmed from oculomotor strain. The study highlights distinct differences in user experience between AR and VR, specifically in subjective responses.

• Journal of the Korea Society of Computer and Information
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• v.29 no.7
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• pp.231-243
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• 2024

As generative artificial intelligence (AI) services become more diversified and widely used, attempts and discussions on their application in education have become active. The purpose of this study is to investigate and analyze general and work-related perceptions, utilization, and needs regarding generative AI in elementary and secondary education. A survey was conducted among teachers and staff in Chungcheongbuk-do, and 934 responses were analyzed. The main research results are as follows: First, their work-related use of generative AI was lower than their general use, and considering the periodic frequency of more than once a month, the rate was much lower. Second, the main expectation when using generative AI in work appears to be improved work efficiency. Third, regarding the use of generative AI for each task, differences in perception of its usefulness were noticeable depending on position and occupation. They generally responded positively to the usefulness of generative AI in processing documents. To facilitate the use of generative AI for work by elementary and secondary teachers and staff, it is necessary to create an environment that promotes its use while ensuring safety against potential side effects. Additionally, requirements and needs should be considered depending on the position and occupation.

• Journal of The Korean Association For Science Education
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• v.44 no.1
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• pp.77-86
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• 2024

This study analyzed students' discourse and learning to investigate the impact of using Google Docs in science classes. The researcher, who is also a science teacher, conducted classes for 49 second-year middle school students. The classes included one using Google Docs and another using traditional paper worksheets covering identical content. Students' discourse collected from each class was compared and analyzed using Epistemic Network Analysis (ENA). The findings indicated that in the class using Google Docs, the proportion of discourse related to task was higher compared to the traditional class. More specifically, discourse regarding taking and uploading photos was prominent. However, such discourse did not lead to peer learning as intended by the teacher. An analysis based on achievement levels revealed that the class utilizing Google Docs had a relatively higher proportion of discourse from lower-achieving students. Additionally, differences were observed in the types of utterances and connection structures between the higher and lower-achieving students. The higher-achieving students took a leading role in providing suggestions and explanations, while the lower-achieving students played a role in transcribing them, with this tendency being more pronounced in the class using Google Docs. Lastly, students' changes in perception regarding the cause of static electricity were visualized using ENA. Based on the research findings, this study proposes strategies to enhance collaborative learning using Google Docs, including the use of open-ended problems to allow diverse opinions and outputs, and exploring the potential use of ENA to assess the learning effects of conceptual learning.

• Journal of Christian Education in Korea
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• v.76
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• pp.259-280
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• 2023

Purpose of study: This study aims to analyze the educational use of metaverses among pre-service nursing teachers at a university and explore the implications of designing and operating effective metaverse lessons. Research content and method: This study collected and analyzed data on the experiences and perceptions of 32 pre-nursing teachers enrolled in J University, a very small Christian-based university in Jeonju, Jeollabuk-do, Korea, who participated in a class using metaverses. And based on this, we analyzed the advantages, difficulties, and improvements of the class, differences from classes using Zoom, impressions of the class, and suggestions for effective classes. Conclusions and Suggestions: As a result of analyzing various aspects of perceptions and experiences of classes utilizing the metaverse, it was found that in order to conduct effective classes utilizing the metaverse, it is necessary to check the infrastructure for communication and devices before class, select a metaverse platform according to the goals and contents of the course, and build a space for educational activities. In addition, it was found that it is necessary to provide guidance on how to use the metaverse and conduct sufficient training before running classes with learner-centered teaching methods. In the future, it is expected that systematic research on the principles and teaching-learning models of classroom design using the metaverse will continue to be conducted.

• Journal of Family Resource Management and Policy Review
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.27-38
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• 2024

The purpose of this study was to identify issues in the family support center evaluation project by analyzing the differences in perception between evaluators and the family Support center using a meta-evaluation analysis model and seeking improvement alternatives. The results revealed a significant difference in group average: the evaluator group scored 4.21 out of 5 points, and the family center group scored 3.20 points. The improvement alternatives for each meta-evaluation item are as follows. In the evaluation environment, it is necessary to specify the purpose and utilization of evaluation within the guidelines of the Ministry of Gender Equality and Family. Evaluation input required the establishment of an evaluation support organization within the Korean Institute for Healthy Family. During the evaluation process, it was necessary to improve the use of the integrated family support information system and diversify communication channels. The evaluation results required the strengthening of follow-up education for family centers. In terms of evaluation utilization, it was necessary to strengthen support for various incentives and subcenters. This study provides implications for improving the evaluation system for various policy service delivery systems.

• Journal of Global Scholars of Marketing Science
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.247-269
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• 2007

In recent years, one of the major reasons for the fierce competition amongst firms is that they strive to increase their own market shares and customer acquisition rate in the same market with similar and apparently undifferentiated products in terms of quality and perceived benefit. Because of this change in recent marketing environment, the differentiated after-sales service and diversified promotion strategies have become more important to gain competitive advantage. Price promotion is the favorite strategy that most retailers use to achieve short-term sales increase, induce consumer's brand switch, in troduce new product into market, and so forth. However, if marketers apply or copy an identical price promotion strategy without considering the characteristic differences in product and consumer preference, it will cause serious problems because discounted price itself could make people skeptical about product quality, and the changes of perceived value might appear differently depending on other factors such as consumer involvement or brand attitude. Previous studies showed that price promotion would certainly increase sales, and the discounted price compared to regular price would enhance the consumer's perceived values. On the other hand, discounted price itself could make people depreciate or skeptical about product quality, and reduce the consumers' positivity bias because consumers might be unsure whether the current price promotion is the retailer's best price offer. Moreover, we cannot say that discounted price absolutely enhances the consumer's perceived values regardless of product category and purchase situations. That is, the factors that affect consumers' value perceptions and buying behavior are so diverse in reality that the results of studies on the same dependent variable come out differently depending on what variable was used or how experiment conditions were designed. Majority of previous researches on the effect of price-comparison advertising have used consumers' buying behavior as dependent variable. In order to figure out consumers' buying behavior theoretically, analysis of value perceptions which influence buying intentions is needed. In addition, they did not combined the independent variables such as brand loyalty and price discount rate together. For this reason, this paper tried to examine the moderating effect of brand loyalty on relationship between the different levels of discounting rate and buyers' value perception. And we provided with theoretical and managerial implications that marketers need to consider such variables as product attributes, brand loyalty, and consumer involvement at the same time, and then establish a differentiated pricing strategy case by case in order to enhance consumer's perceived values properl. Three research concepts were used in our study and each concept based on past researches was defined. The perceived acquisition value in this study was defined as the perceived net gains associated with the products or services acquired. That is, the perceived acquisition value of the product will be positively influenced by the benefits buyers believe they are getting by acquiring and using the product, and negatively influenced by the money given up to acquire the product. And the perceived transaction value was defined as the perception of psychological satisfaction or pleasure obtained from taking advantage of the financial terms of the price deal. Lastly, the brand loyalty was defined as favorable attitude towards a purchased product. Thus, a consumer loyal to a brand has an emotional attachment to the brand or firm. Repeat purchasers continue to buy the same brand even though they do not have an emotional attachment to it. We assumed that if the degree of brand loyalty is high, the perceived acquisition value and the perceived transaction value will increase when higher discount rate is provided. But we found that there are no significant differences in values between two different discount rates as a result of empirical analysis. It means that price reduction did not affect consumer's brand choice significantly because the perceived sacrifice decreased only a little, and customers are satisfied with product's benefits when brand loyalty is high. From the result, we confirmed that consumers with high degree of brand loyalty to a specific product are less sensitive to price change. Thus, using price promotion strategy to merely expect sale increase is not recommendable. Instead of discounting price, marketers need to strengthen consumers' brand loyalty and maintain the skimming strategy. On the contrary, when the degree of brand loyalty is low, the perceived acquisition value and the perceived transaction value decreased significantly when higher discount rate is provided. Generally brands that are considered inferior might be able to draw attention away from the quality of the product by making consumers focus more on the sacrifice component of price. But considering the fact that consumers with low degree of brand loyalty are known to be unsatisfied with product's benefits and have relatively negative brand attitude, bigger price reduction offered in experiment condition of this paper made consumers depreciate product's quality and benefit more and more, and consumer's psychological perceived sacrifice increased while perceived values decreased accordingly. We infer that, in the case of inferior brand, a drastic price-cut or frequent price promotion may increase consumers' uncertainty about overall components of product. Therefore, it appears that reinforcing the augmented product such as after-sale service, delivery and giving credit which is one of the levels consisting of product would be more effective in reality. This will be better rather than competing with product that holds high brand loyalty by reducing sale price. Although this study tried to examine the moderating effect of brand loyalty on relationship between the different levels of discounting rate and buyers' value perception, there are several limitations. This study was conducted in controlled conditions where the high involvement product and two different levels of discount rate were applied. Given the presence of low involvement product, when both pieces of information are available, it is likely that the results we have reported here may have been different. Thus, this research results explain only the specific situation. Second, the sample selected in this study was university students in their twenties, so we cannot say that the results are firmly effective to all generations. Future research that manipulates the level of discount along with the consumer involvement might lead to a more robust understanding of the effects various discount rate. And, we used a cellular phone as a product stimulus, so it would be very interesting to analyze the result when the product stimulus is an intangible product such as service. It could be also valuable to analyze whether the change of perceived value affects consumers' final buying behavior positively or negatively.

• Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.252-261
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• 2000

Objectivity：This study was conducted to examine the depression, self-concept, perception of stress & coping strategy in children with chronic physical illness. Methods：Two groups of participants were recruited for this study, 13 children with chronic illness in outpatient or inpatient treatment at Seoul National University Children's Hospital, and 13 nonpatient children. They were assessed using Korean form of the Piers-Harris Self-Concept Scale (PHSCS), Kovacs' Children's Depression Inventory(CDI) and three subscaleds('color how you feel' 'color how others make you feel' 'A children in the rain' of Children's Self-Report and Projective Inventory(CSRPI). Result：There were significant differences between the chronic ill children and the healthy children in scores of depression and self-concept. The chronicity ill children were more depressive and had very negative self-concept, and obtained significantly lower scores than the healthy children in the subscales of PHSCS, 'intellectual/school status' and 'popularity' Among three scales of CSRPI, there was no difference in 'color how you feel' and 'color how others make you feel' But there were significant differences in all items of 'A child in the rain'(quantity of raining, duration of raining, tool, and effectiveness). 'Duration of raining' correlated most negatively with PHSCS scores, and correlated positively with CDI scores. Conclusion：The children with chronic illness are more depressive and have very negative selfconcept. And they feel that the stresses are more permanent, but have no appropriate coping strategy. The results suggest that the chronic illness strongly affects the psychological and emotional adjustment of children(i.e. depression, peer relation, stress coping strategy).

• Sleep Medicine and Psychophysiology
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.111-124
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• 2019

Objectives: Healthy sleep is important and can have a positive effect on resilience. The aim of the present study was to compare the differences in resilience between two group nurses in rotating shift and daytime fixed work schedules and to investigate stress perception, coping factors, social and psychological health, and sleep factors that may affect resilience. Methods: A total of 400 female nurses having rotating shift and daytime fixed work schedules at two hospitals was surveyed from June 12, 2017 to June 12, 2018. All participants completed perceived stress scale (PSS), stress coping short form (Brief COPE), psycho-social wellbeing Index short form (PWI-SF) or general health questionnaire-18 (GHQ-18), center for epidemiologic studies depression scale (CES-D), STAI-X-1 in state-trait anxiety inventory (STAI), Pittsburgh sleep quality index (PSQI), Epworth sleepiness scale (ESS), insomnia severity index (ISI), Conner Davidson resilience scale (CD-RISC). Independent t-test, paired t-test, Pearson correlation analysis, and multiple regression analysis were applied to the results of the final 373 questionnaires of 400 nurses in two general hospitals. Results: Comparing the variable statistics between the two groups of rotating shift and daytime fixed work nurses, showed statistically significant differences in all variables except perceived stress, sleep quality, and daytime sleepiness. Factors that had a significant correlation with resilience were stress coping strategies, depression, and insomnia severity (p < 0.001). In multiple regression analysis, larger positive reframing1 (β = 0.206, p < 0.001), severe less depression (β = -3.45, p < 0.001), and higher psychosocial health (β = 0.193, p < 0.001). As acceptance coping2 increased (β = 0.129, p < 0.05), as daytime sleepiness decreased (β = -1.17, p < 0.05), and as active coping2 increased (β = 0.118, p < 0.05), as the positive reframing2 increases (β = 0.110, p < 0.05), the resilience increased. Conclusion: This study, it was found that resilience was higher in daytime fixed workers than in shift workers. In addition, specific stress coping strategies, psycho-social health, sleep, and depression factors were associated with resilience.

• Research in Community and Public Health Nursing
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.143-162
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• 1998

This is a study for the construction of nursing care based upon the Korean attitude toward medicine. Factors which were investigated include the source of nursing care, the reason for choosing care, the type of heath care chosen, the accessability of caregivers, and the desired location of death. The population examined in this study consisted of 517 adults distributed in six large cities and 191 adults from five rural communities. Data was analyzed using frequency, percent, Cronbach alpha, $X^2$ - test, t - test, F - test and scheffe post hoc contrast with an SAS program. The results of this study are summarized as follows: 1. Among sources of nursing care used, first rank rated-pharmacy(54.4), private hospital(18.2), general hospital(8.4), folk remedies in house (5.0), chinese hospital(2.8), prayer(2.8) and others(8.4), and the reasons for choosing nursing care rated 'the easiest method' (63.6), 'the best method'(15.7), 'reliable'(10.8) and 'lower cost burden'(4.6) in order of preference. 2. The type of nursing care chosen rated western medicine(6.80), chinese medicine(6.15), folk remedies(5.46), faith remedies(3.51) and divination remedies (1.41). There were significant differences in the effect recognition degree to various kinds of medicine. 3. The difference of the type of nursing care chosen according to general characteristics showed that urban residents were higher than rural community residents(t=2.15, p=0.0320) in western medicine, and urban residents, women, and singles were higher than rural community residents(t=2.04, p=0.0414), men (t= -2.89, p=0.0039), and married(t=2.50, p= 0.0126) on folk remedies. With repect to age and education those 21-30, under 20 and 31-40, graduated from college and graduate school were higher than above 51, above 61 (F = 7.76, p = 0.0001), graduated from elementary school(F=4.39, p=0.0006) on folk remedies. In other categories, rural community residents, women, younger people. Christians were higher than urban residents ( t = -2.73, p=0.0305), men(t= -4.15, p=0.0001), older people (F=2.48, p=0.0307), Catholic, Buddhist, or atheist (F= 70.18, p=0.0001) on faith remedies. Those graduated from high school and Buddhist were higher than unschooled, graduated from middle school(F=3.18, p= 0.0075), atheist, Catholic or Christian(F=18.32, p=0.0001) on divination redemies. There were significant differences concerning age and education level. 4. The accessibility of caregivers rated 'caregivers should be nearby if the patients need them' (50.0), 'caregivers must be there all day (24 hours)' (39.6), 'caregivers must be there at night only'(5.0), 'caregivers must be there during the day only'(2.6), 'caregivers always should visit during visiting hours' 0.4), 'caregivers don't need to be there at all' (1.2). The frist rank of suitable caregivers were rated as spouse(66.6), mother(24.2), daughter (3.6), daughter-in-law(1.9), and the reasons of thinking thus were rated as 'the most comfortable' (81.5), 'people should correctly with regards to family they'(7.1), 'the easiest' (5.4), 'take good care of the patient' (5.1) and 'lower cost burden' (0.4). 5. The desired location of death rated as the following: his/her house (91. 6) to the hospital(8. 4). A person going to encounter death in the hospital wanted his house(78.5) over the hospital(21.5), and a person dieing in the hospital prefered his house(52.9) over the hospital(47.1) as a funeral ceremony place. The following suggestions are made based on the above results. 1. A sampling method that enhances the re presentativeness should be used in regional and/or national related research and replicated to confirm the result of this study. 2. This study should be used to understand the Korean view of medical centers and to meet the expectations of patients in Korean nursing. 3. Research on the Korean traditional view of humans and expectations of the sick, health and illness, and health behavior, the perception of dying, the decision to heal, and the view of general medicine should continue to be conducted continuosly so that Korean nursing theory can be advanced on these concepts.