• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.188-190
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• 1998

Penicillide, having a 5H, 7H-dibenzo［b,g］［1,5］ dioxocin-5-one skeleton, was isolated from the culture broth of Penicillium sp. F60760 as a nonpeptide inhibitor of calpain, a calcium-activated papain-like protease. The $IC_50$ value for the effect of penicillide against m-calpaln was $7.1{\mu}M$. However, penicillide did not inhibit papain at a concentration of $200{\mu}M$. These results suggest that penicillide is a new class of nonpeptide calpain inhibitor having an eight membered lactone ring.

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.4 no.3
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• pp.105-110
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• 1976

In the studies of microbiological utilization of cellulosic wastes, cellulolytic fungi were isolated and screened out. At the first stage, 221 cellulolytic fungi were isolated from different sources such as soils, humus, composts and rotten wood debris by enrichment culture techniques. In the second stage, 36 strains of fungi out of those previously isolated were selected for their cellulase activities estimated by means of filter paper degradation, carboxy methyl cellulose liquefaction and cup method. Activities of C$_1$-cellulase, C$\sub$x/-cellulase and filter paper activity were adopted on the final screening stage and five different strains which are tentatively identified as Aspergillus sp.(strain No. AS-9), Penicillium sp. (strain No. KNI-1-2), Trichoderma, sp. (strain No. KI-7-2, KI-7-5, KI-4-1-1B) were selected for their high potency of C$_1$ and C$\sub$x/-cellulase activities. When rice straw milled and treated with NH$_4$OH was hydrolyzed with the crude enzyme Prepared from the culture broth of Trichoderma sp. (strain No. KI-4-1-1B), saccharification rate was obtained up to 26％.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Life Science Conference
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• 2006.09a
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• pp.36.1-36.1
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• 2006

• Journal of Mushroom
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.25-28
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• 2007

Green mold of Phellinus baumii mushroom caused by a species of Penicillium was observed in Daegu on August, 2000. The causal fungus was identified as Penicillium rubrum based on its cultural and morphological characteristics. Conidiophores of the fungus were one-stage branched and terminating in a whorl of 3~5 metulae. The metulae were mostly 5.2~7.8 ${\mu}m$ in size. Phialides were flask-shaped and $5.7{\sim}7.5{\times}2.2{\sim}2.7{\mu}m$. Conidia were subglobose and 1.8~2.3 ${\mu}m$. Colonies on Czapek's agar growing, attaining a diameter of 23 mm within 8 days at $25^{\circ}C$. The optimum temperature for growth of the fungus was about $20{\sim}30^{\circ}C$. This is the first report on the occurrence of green mold of P. baumii caused by P. rubrum in Korea.

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.9 no.4
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• pp.213-218
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• 1981

The molecular weight of the purified $\beta$-galactosidase of Penicillium sp. was estimated to be 130000 by both Sephadex G-200 gel filtration and SDS-polyacrylamide del electrophoresis. The SDS-electrophoresis gave two protein bands corresponding to the two molecular weights of 130000 and 70000. These results indicated that the enzyme consisted of two probably identical subunits which had a molecular weight of 70000. The optimum pH of the enzyme activity was 4.7 and maximum activity appeared at 5$0^{\circ}C$. The stable pH range for the enzyme was from 4.5 to 7.0. The purified $\beta$-galactosidase had no metal ion requirement for its activity or stability. The enzyme activity was inhibited by C $u^{++}$(1mM)and galactose (100mM). The hydrolysis of lactose in 5% lactose solution, pasteurized milk and 10% skim milk solution were 69.5%, 88.7% and 72.6% after 4 hr incubation at 5$0^{\circ}C$, when 10 units of $\beta$-glucosidase were used per $m\ell$ of the substrate solutions.s.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.25 no.7
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• pp.988-998
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• 2015

The filamentous fungus Aspergillus oryzae is a well-known expression host used to express homologous and heterologous proteins in a number of industrial applications. To facilitate higher yields of proteins of interest, we constructed the pAsOP vector to express heterologous proteins in A. oryzae. pAsOP carries a selectable marker, pyrG, derived from Aspergillus nidulans, and a strong promoter and a terminator of the amyB gene derived from A. oryzae. pAsOP transformed A. oryzae efficiently via the PEG-CaCl₂-mediated transformation method. As proof of concept, green fluorescent protein (GFP) was successfully expressed in A. oryzae transformed by pAsOP-GFP. Additionally, we identified a novel fungal α-amylase (PcAmy) gene from Penicillium sp. and cloned the gene into the vector. After transformation by pAsOPPcAmy, the α-amylase PcAmy from Penicillium sp. was successfully expressed in a heterologous host system for the first time. The α-amylase activity in the A. oryzae transformant was increased by 62.3% compared with the untransformed A. oryzae control. The PcAmy protein produced in the system had an optimum pH of 5.0 and optimum temperature of 30^oC. As a cold-adapted enzyme, PcAmy shows potential value in industrial applications because of its high catalytic activity at low temperature. Furthermore, the expression vector reported in this study provides promising utility for further scientific research and biotechnological applications.

• Natural Product Sciences
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.240-247
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• 2015

Viridicatol (1) has previously been isolated from the extract of the marine-derived fungus Penicillium sp. SF-5295. In the course of further biological evaluation of this quinolone alkaloid, anti-inflammatory effect of 1 in RAW264.7 and BV2 cells stimulated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) was observed. In this study, our data indicated that 1 suppressed the expression of well-known pro-inflammatory mediators such as inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase (COX)-2, and consequently inhibited the production of iNOS-derived nitric oxide (NO) and COX-2-derived prostaglandin E2 ($PGE_2$) in LPS stimulated RAW264.7 and BV2 cells. Compound 1 also reduced mRNA expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as $interleukin-1{\beta}$ ($IL-1{\beta}$), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and tumor necrosis $factor-{\alpha}$ ($TNF-{\alpha}$). In the further evaluation of the mechanisms of these anti-inflammatory effects, 1 was shown to inhibit nuclear factor-kappa B ($NF-{\kappa}B$) pathway in LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 and BV2 cells. Compound 1 blocked the phosphorylation and degradation of inhibitor kappa B $(I{\kappa}B)-{\alpha}$ in the cytoplasm, and suppressed the translocation of $NF-{\kappa}B$ p65 and p50 heterodimer in nucleus. In addition, viridicatol (1) attenuated the DNA-binding activity of $NF-{\kappa}B$ in LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 and BV2 cells.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.81-88
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• 1985

A potential lipid producing strain of Penicillium sp. was isolated from natural source. Penicillium sp. was cultivated in an appropriate medium containing 6% of glucose as a corbon source, ammonium nitrate as a nitrogen source, C:N ratio 200, pH 4.0 for a period of 17 days at $35^{\circ}C$. Under the condition, the lipid content was 64.2% of dry cell weight. The total lipid produced was 13.7g/100g of glucose consumed. The proportion of nonpolar and polar lipid fractions was 92.2% and 7.8%, respectively. The nonpolar lipid compositions of lipid produced under optimum condition were 5.3% of free fatty acids, 6.8% of free sterols, 9.3% of partial glycerides and 72.0% of triglycerides. The major fatty acids of total lipid were 20.1% of palmitic acid, 21.6% of linoleic acid and 53.3% of oleic acid.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.45 no.1
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• pp.98-107
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• 2021

Background: Ginseng extracts and ginseng-fermented products are widely used as functional cosmetic ingredients for their whitening and antiwrinkle effects. Recently, increasing attention has been given to bioactive metabolites isolated from endophytic fungi. However, little is known about the bioactive metabolites of the fungi associated with Panax ginseng Meyer. Methods: An endophytic fungus, Penicillium sp. SNF123 was isolated from the root of P. ginseng, from which acremonidin E was purified. Acremonidin E was tested on melanin synthesis in the murine melanoma cell line B16F10, in the human melanoma cell line MNT-1, and in a pigmented 3D-human skin model, Melanoderm. Results: Acremonidin E reduced melanogenesis in α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (α-MSH)-stimulated B16F10 cells with minimal cytotoxicity. qRT-PCR analysis demonstrated that acremonidin E downregulated melanogenic genes, including tyrosinase and tyrosinase-related protein 1 (TRP-1), while their enzymatic activities were unaffected. The antimelanogenic effects of acremonidin E were further confirmed in MNT-1 and a pigmented 3D human epidermal skin model, Melanoderm. Immunohistological examination of the Melanoderm further confirmed the regression of both melanin synthesis and melanocyte activation in the treated tissue. Conclusion: This study demonstrates that acremonidin E, a bioactive metabolite derived from a fungal endophyte of P. ginseng, can inhibit melanin synthesis by downregulating tyrosinase, illuminating the potential utility of microorganisms associated with P. ginseng for cosmetic ingredients.

• The Korean Journal of Mycology
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.109-119
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• 1991

The vertical distribution of the fungal population for the soil samples from two sites of producing and nonproducing of Tricholoma matsutake, song-yi mushroom, were examined at Yang­yang and Myung-joo, Gangweon province. By the dilution plate method, a total number of propagu­les of fungi per gram of soil was observed to be low at the song-yi producing sites but high at the song-yi nonproducing sites under the communities of Pinus densiflora. The tendency of the number of fungal propagules were decreased with the increasing vertical depth. In the incuhation method at $42^{\circ}C$, six genera and nineteen species of the fungi were isolated from two sites; Aspergillus fumigatus, Acremonium sp., Talaromyces stipitatus, Penicillium lilacinum, P. oxalicum and Westerdykella multispora. The most dominant species by this method was A. fumigatus. From heat treatment method at $70^{\circ}C$, seven genera and nineteen species were isolated; Aspergillus fumigatus, Alternaria alternata, Neurospora sitophila and Mucor sp.. In the ethanol treatment method, one genera and one species was isolated Mortierella sp.. From the three isolation methods, it was found that the total number of the soil fungi and the frequency of species appeared were the highest at the soil of upper layer whereas the lowest at the soils of lower layer in its vertical distribution.