• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
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• v.42 no.1
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• pp.34-40
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• 2016

Objectives: This study aims to examine the concentration, diversity, and antibiotic characteristics of penicillin G resistant enterobacteria present in pharmaceutical effluent. Methods: Water sampling was performed from a pharmaceutical company in Gyeonggi-do Province, Korea in March 2015. Water samples were plated in triplicate on tryptic soy agar plates with 32 mg/L of penicillin G. Penicillin G resistant enterobacteria were selected from the effluent and were subjected to 16S rRNA analysis for penicillin G resistant species determination. Identified resistant strains were tested for resistance to various antibiotics. Results: Penicillin G resistant enterobacteria were present at 6.2% as to culturable heterotrophic bacteria. Identified penicillin G resistant enterobacteria exhibited resistance to more than 10 of the antibiotics studied. These resistant bacteria are gram negative and are closely related to pathogenic species. Conclusion: Multi-antibiotic resistant bacteria in the effluent suggest a need for disinfection and advanced oxidation processes for pharmaceutical effluents.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.116-119
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• 2007

The antimicrobial susceptibility and antibiotic resistance patterns of 67 eae positive Escherichia coli strains isolated from pigs were investigated by disc diffusion method. Sixty-seven E. coli isolated from pigs showed susceptibility to Ceftiofur (98.5%), Lincomycin+Spectinomycin (74.6%), Danofloxacin (73.1%), Enrofloxacin (64.2%), and Neomycin (41.8%). However, the multiple resistance patterns were also seen in eae+E. coli isolates. Neomycin+Tylosin+Penicillin+Tetracycline, Tylosin+Penicillin+Tetracycline, and Neomycin+Tylosin+Danofloxacin+Penicillin+Tetracycline+Enrofloxacinwere the most prevalent patterns of multiple antibiotic resistance.

• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
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• v.42 no.6
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• pp.409-418
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• 2016

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to characterize penicillin G resistant bacteria in surface water from pharmaceutical complex effluent. Methods: Surface water was sampled from pharmaceutical complex effluent in Gyeonggi-do Province, Korea in March 2015. Water samples were plated in triplicate on tryptic soy agar plates with 32 mg/L of penicillin G. Penicillin G resistant bacteria were selected from the effluent and subjected to 16S rRNA analysis for the penicillin G resistant species determination. Identified resistant strains were tested for resistance to various antibiotics. Results: Penicillin G resistant bacteria were present at 8.0% in terms of culturable heterotrophic bacteria. Identified penicillin G resistant bacteria exhibited resistance to more than nine of the antibiotics studied. These resistant bacteria are gram negative and are closely related to pathogenic species. Conclusion: Multi-antibiotic resistant bacteria in the surface water of pharmaceutical complex effluent suggest the need for disinfection and advanced oxidation processed for pharmaceutical effluent.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.47 no.2
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• pp.184-194
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• 1999

Backgrounds : The advent of penicillin has led to the marked reduction in the mortality from pneumococcal bacteremia, however, the mortality is still relatively high in this post-antibiotic era. Actually the prevalence of infection due to penicillin-resistant penumococci is increasing worldwide, and it is especially high in Korea due to irrelevant use of antibiotics. So, the high mortality of pneumococcal sepsis might be related to the emergence of penicillin-resistant strains, however, many other antibiotics, which eradicate pneumococci effectively, are available in these days. This has led us to suspect the role of penicillin-resistance in the high mortality rate. In this study, we evaluated the effect of penicillin resistance on the mortality of patients with penumococcal bacte remia. Methods: The study population consisted of 50 adult patients with penumococcal bacteremia who were admitted between Jan, 1990 and July, 1997. Medical records were analyzed retrospectively. Results: Most of the patients (96%) had underlying diseases. The most common local disease associated with pneumococcal bacteremia was pneumonia (42%), which was followed by spontaneous bacterial peritonitis (14%), cholangitis (10%), meningitis (8%), liver abscess (4%), pharyngotonsillitis (4%), sinusitis (2%) and cellulitis (2%). While the overall case-fatality rate in this study was 24%, it was higher when peumococcal bacteremia was associated with pneumonia (42%) or meningitis (50%). The rate of penicillin resistance was 40%, which was increased rapidly from 1991. The rate of penicillin resistance was significantly higher in patients with the history of recent antibiotics use and hospitalization within 3 months respectively. The clinical manifestations, that is, age, severity of underlying diseases, nosocomial infection, associated local diseases, and the presence of shock or acute renal failure were not statistically different between the patients with penicillin-resistant and -sensitive pneumococcal bacteremia. The mortality of patients infected with penicillin-resistant pneumococci was not statistically different from those with penicillin-sensitive pneumococcal bacteremia. Conclusion: Penicillin resistance is not associated with high mortality in adult patients with pneumococcal bacteremia. As the overall mortality is high, active penumococcal vaccination is recommended in patients with high risk of infection.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.32 no.1
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• pp.91-97
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• 2012

Antimicrobial resistance of foodborne pathogens is an important food safety issue worldwide as well as in Korea. In this study, exposure to antimicrobial resistant (AMR) Stapylococcus aureus was assessed from the consumption of pork based food dishes prepared in food service operations using the Monte Carlo simulation. Thirty five isolates of S. aureus were obtained from 124 semi-processed pork products and their antibiotic resistance patterns were determined. The highest resistance was observed for penicillin (76.7%) followed by ampicillin (70.0%). Two isolates were resistant to oxacillin (6.7%) and no vancomycin resistance was observed. Dietary exposure to penicillin resistant S. aureus as the most frequently observed AMR S. aureus from pork-based dishes was estimated based on contamination data as well as compliance to guidelines for time and temperature controls during food service operations. The mean level of penicillin resistant S. aureus in pork dishes during preparation was below 1 Log CFU/g. As a conservative approach, 95th percentile estimated level of penicillin resistant S. aureus was below the level for toxin production. The estimated probability of staphylococcal intoxication by AMR S. aureus was very low using currently available data.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Service
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.153-163
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• 2000

This study was carried out the antimicrobial resistance of staphylococcus aureus isolated from bovine mastitic milk, chickens, korean native cattle, korean native goats, pigs, dog and mice in northern area of kyongbuk. The result were summarised as follows ; A total of 149 S aureus were isolated from bovine mastitic milk, chickens, korean native cattle, korean native goats, pigs, dog and mice. In 80 isolates of S aureus from bovine mastitic milk, 60% of isolates revealed resistance to penicillin and ampicillin, 19% to gentamicin, 6% to tetracycline. In 36 isolates of S aureus from chickens, 72% of isolates revealed resistance to tetracycline, 58% to penicillin and ampicillin, 42% to streptomycin, 31% to lincomycin, 25% to norfloxacin, 22% to gentamicin. In 17 isolates of S aureus from korean native cattle, 100% of isolates revealed resistance to penicillin and ampicillin, 88% to lincomycin, 76% to tetracycline. 2 MRSA were isolated from the isolates of S aureus from bovine mastitic milk and revealed multi-drug resistance.

• KSBB Journal
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• v.6 no.3
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• pp.223-230
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• 1991

Using the shuttle vector pECCGl between Escherichia coli and Corynebacterium glutamicum and C. glutamicum strain JS231 grown in the medium supplemented with penicillin-G, which inhibits the formation of cross-links in the peptidoglycan of bacterial cell wall, various parameters involved in electroporation system including resistance, electric field strength, capacitance, DNA concentration, and cell density were investigated independently and optimized for the high efficiency transformation of coryneform bacteria. Using cells grown with 0.3U/ml of penicillin-G and harvested at A600 of 0.7-0.8, transformation efficiencies of 107-l08 transformants/$\mu\textrm{g}$ of DNA with Corynebcctertum glutamicum strain JS231 and wild type ATCC13032 were achieved under conditions of 12.5kV/cm of electric field strength, 400 ohms of resistance, $25\mu$F of capacitance, 3$\times$108 cells per transformation(1.2$\times$1010 cells/ml) and 100ng of plasmid DNA per transformation.

• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.71-76
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• 1993

Nasal carrige of Staphylococcus was studied in relation to its significance as a source of the Staphylococci that caused hospital-acquired infection. Due to the trend of the increasing r esistance of S. aureus to many antimicrobial agents, it is necessary to study the sensitivity to antibiotics of this infectious microorganisms. 50 persons from general hospital and 50 college students were the object of this study. The following results were obtained 3 0 Strains of S. aureus were isolated. The rate of S. aureus nasal carrying were 26% in college students and 34% in hospital personnel. S. aureus which showed resistance to penicillin were 90%, tetracyclin 43%, erythromycin 37% and oxacillin 17%. The number of penicillin resistance of S. aureus were 11 (84%) in college students and 16 (94%) in hospital personnel. The number of strains of penicillin resistant S. aureus which produced 13-1actamase were 9 (82%) in college student and 14 (88%) in hospital personnel. Methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) which showed resistance to erythromycin and penicillin G were 100%, tetracyline, cephalothin and clindamycin were over 40% respectively, gentamicin 20%, SAM 20% and chloramphenicol 0%.

• The Journal of the Korean dental association
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• v.52 no.7
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• pp.425-431
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• 2014

Objectives : The purpose of our study was to evaluate penicillin as a still drug of choice for severe endodontic infection, by analyzing the antimicrobial susceptibilities from endodontic infections with swelling to figure out appropriate antibiotics as empirical treatment. Materials and methods : This study involved 18 patients who attended for emergency treatment because of facial or periapical swelling associated with root canal infections. Identification and antimicrobial susceptibility test of each pathogen were performed by Vitek2 Systems (bioM$\acute{e}$rieux, Marcy l'Etoile, France). Results : The most frequent bacteria was Streptococcus spp.(77%), and the resistance against penicillin was 35% in overall patients, followed by clindamycin and erythromycin (17%), which was much higher than previous studies. Conclusions : In our study, the higher resistance made penicillin alone not to be chosen as the first antibiotic drug for severe endodontic infections. Combinations with other drug, penicillin with wider spectrum of activity, or changing to other antibiotics was considered while remembering the increased risk of resistant microorganism.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.38 no.2
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• pp.313-316
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• 2006

To obtain antibiotic resistant profiles of Bifidobacterium, minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) of 14 antibiotics for 93 Bifidobacterium isolates from Korean intestine origin were determined. All strains tested were sensitive to chloramphenicol, rifampicin, and amoxicillin, whereas resistant to aminoglycoside family, nalidixic acid, and vancomycin. Among vancomycin-resistant strains, 34% were resistant at more than $100\;{\mu}g/mL$, and showed variant resistances toward tetracycline, erythromycin, and penicillin. Their resistances against penicillin, cephalothin, and tetracycline were higher than ten years ago. MIC of ten isolates from commercial yoghurt products were very similar to those of strains from Korean intestine origin, and 20% strains showed resistance at higher than $100\;{\mu}g/mL$ vancomycin. These results indicated patterns of antibiotic resistance against Bifidobacterium from Korean intestine origin and commercial yoghurts were very similar,and prevalence of vancomycin resistance for Bifidobacterium was 20%. To develop new probiotic, antibiotic resistance of vancomycin and risks involved should be evaluated.