• Journal of Korean Society on Water Environment
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.84-91
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• 2005

$TiO_2-catalyst$ suspensions work efficiently in Photocatalytic oxidation (PCO) for wastewater treatment. Nevertheless, once photocatalysis is completed, separation of the catalyst from solution becomes the main problem. The PCO of Cu(II)-EDTA was studied to determine the reusability of the titanium dioxide catalyst. Aqueous solutions of $10^{-4}M$ Cu(II)-EDTA were treated using illuminated $TiO_2$ particles at pH 6 in a circulating reactor. $TiO_2$ was reused in PCO system for treatment of Cu(II)-EDTA comparing two procedures: reuse of water and $TiO_2$ and reuse of the entire suspension after PCO of Cu(II)-EDTA. The results are as follows; (i) Photocatalytic efficiency worsens with successive runs when catalyst and water are reused without separation and filtration, whereas, when $TiO_2$ is separated from water, the reused $TiO_2$ is not deactivated. (ii) The $TiO_2$ mean recovery (%) with reused $TiO_2$ was 86.4%(1.73g/L). Although the mean initial degradation rate of Cu(II)-EDTA and Cu(II) was lower than that using fresh $TiO_2$, there was no significant change in the rate during the course of the three-trial experiment. It is suggested that Cu(II)-EDTA could be effectively treated using an recycling procedure of PCO and catalyst recovery. (iii) However, without $TiO_2$ separation, the loss of efficiency of the PCO in the use of water and $TiO_2$ due to Cu(II), DOC remained from previous degradation and Cu(II)-EDTA added to the same suspension was observed after 2 trials, and resulted in the inhibition of the Cu(II)-EDTA, Cu(II) and DOC destruction.

• Applied Microscopy
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• v.39 no.1
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• pp.1-7
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• 2009

Experimental induction of polycystic ovary (PCO) resembling some aspects of human PCO syndrome was produced using the long-acting compound estradiol valerate (EV). Our previous study on the role of Korean red ginseng total saponins (GTS) in a steroid-induced PCO rat model demonstrated that electro-acupuncture modulates nerve growth factor (NGF) concentration in the ovaries. In fact, the involvement of a neurogenic component in the pathology of PCO-related ovarian dysfunction is preceded by an increase in sympathetic outflow to the ovaries. In the present study, we tested the hypothesis that therapeutic GTS administration modulates sympathetic nerve activity in rats with PCO. This was done by analyzing NGF protein and NGF mRNA expression involved in the pathophysiological process underlying steroid-induced PCO. EV injection resulted in significantly higher ovarian NGF mRNA expression in PCO rats compared to control rats, and PCO ovaries were counteracted by GTS administration with significantly lower expression of NGF mRNA compared to EV treated ovaries. However, NGF protein was unaffected in both EV and GTS treated ovaries compared to control rats. These results indicate that EV modulates the neurotrophic state of the ovaries, which may be a component of the pathological process by which EV induces cyst formation and anovulation in rodents.

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• v.66 no.4
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• pp.418-425
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• 2023

Objective : Deciphering the anatomy of posterior communicating artery (PCoA) aneurysms in relation to surrounding structures is essential to determine adjuvant surgical procedures. However, it is difficult to predict surgical structures through preoperative imaging studies. We aimed to present anatomical structures using preoperative high-resolution three-dimensional proton density-weighted turbo spin-echo magnetic resonance (PDMR) imaging with simple classification. Methods : From January 2020 to April 2022, 30 patients underwent PDMR before microsurgical clipping for unruptured PCoA aneurysms in a single tertiary institute. We retrospectively reviewed the radiographic images and operative data of these patients. The structural relationship described by PDMR and intraoperative findings were compared. Subsequently, we classified aneurysms into two groups and analyzed the rate of adjuvant surgical procedures and contact with the surrounding structures. Results : Correlations between preoperative PDMR predictions and actual intraoperative findings for PCoA aneurysm contact to the oculomotor nerve, temporal uncus, and anterior petroclinoid fold (APCF) reported a diagnostic accuracy of 0.90, 0.87, and 0.90, respectively. In 12 patients (40.0%), an aneurysm dome was located on the plane of the oculomotor triangle and was classified as the infratentorial type. Compared to the supratentorial type PCoA aneurysm, adjuvant procedures were required more frequently (66.7% vs. 22.2%, p=0.024) for infratentorial type PCoA aneurysm clipping. Conclusion : Preoperative PCoA aneurysm categorization using PDMR can be helpful for predicting surgical complexity and planning of microsurgical clipping.

• Clinical and Experimental Reproductive Medicine
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.83-88
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• 1994

This study was designed to investigate the relationship between insulin resistance and obesity in the pathogenesis of polycystic ovarian syndrome(PCO). Twenty-two women with PCO, of whom thirteen were non-obese with body mass index(BMI, kg/$m^2$) of <25 and nine were obese with BMI${\geq}$25 were studied. Eight non-obese control women and seven obese control women were studied. Serum concentrations of testosterone, lutenizing hormone(LH)/follicle-stimulating hormone(FSH) ratio, and insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) were found to be significantly higher(P<0.05) in PCO women compared with control women, which clearly is not related to obesity. Serum glucose, insulin, and C-peptide levels were measured during a 2-hour oral glucose tolerance test(OGTT). Non-obese and obese women with PCO both(P<0.05) compared with control women demonstrated significant hyperinsulinemia after OGTT. The degree of hyperinsulinemia was found to be significantly higher in the obese women with PCO compared with the non-obese women with PCO. We concluded that obesity may contribute to hyperinsulinemia, however may not playa central role in the pathogenesis of PCO.

• The Journal of Korean Obstetrics and Gynecology
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.1-16
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• 2008

Purpose: In this rearch, we made a plan to investigate the effects of Changbuyeukgun-Tang(CET) on the polycystic ovary(PCOS) induced by estradiol valerate(EV) in rats. PCO was induced by single intramuscular injection with EV(4㎎) in female rats. Rats(n=8) in normal group were injected with sesame oil and orally administrated distilled water for 8weeks Rats in PCO control group(n=8) were injected with EV and orally administrated distilled water for 8weeks. Rats in CET treated group(n=8) were injected with EV and orally administrated CET for 8weeks. Methods: We measured the weights of the body, the ovary, the uterus and the adrenal gland. And also, we analyzed ovarian histopathology, NGF and CRF immunohistochemistry. Results: The results were as follows1. the weights(㎎) of the ovaries in CET treated group were significantly increased(p<0.001) compared with PCO control group. 2. the number of the mature follicles in CET treated group were significantly increased(p<0.01) compared with PCO control. 3. the number of the atresia follicles in CET treated group were significantly decreased(p<0.01) compared with PCO control. 4. the number of the corpora in CET treated group were significantly increased(p<0.05) compared with PCO control. 5. the expressions of NGF-immunoreactive cells in the ovarian granulosa cells of rats in CET treated group were less observed than PCO control group. Conclusion: According to these results, we finally concluded that Changbuyeukgun-Tang(CET) has the inhibitory effect on the development of EV-induced polycystic ovary. And we deduced that the effect of it may be related to the decreased NGF activities in the ovary.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Emergency Medicine
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• v.29 no.6
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• pp.578-584
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• 2018

Objective: This study examined the initial partial pressure of carbon dioxide ($PCO_2$) as a possible indicator of prehospital ventilation and its association with prehospital i-gel in out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) patients. Methods: The demographics and arrest parameters, including i-gel insertion and initial arterial blood gas analysis, of OHCA patients who visited the emergency department were analyzed retrospectively. Linear regression analysis was performed to examine the association between i-gel insertion and the initial $PCO_2$. Results: A total of 106 patients were investigated. Fifty-six patients had prehospital i-gel insertion and 50 patients did not have a prehospital advanced airway. The initial $PCO_2$ was higher in the i-gel group than the no advanced airway group (105.2 mmHg [77.5-134.9] vs. 87.5 mmHg [56.8-115.3], P=0.03). Prehospital i-gel insertion was associated with a higher initial $PCO_2$ level (${\beta}$ coefficient, 20.3; 95% confidence interval, 2.6-37.9; P=0.03). Conclusion: Prehospital insertion of i-gel was associated with higher initial $PCO_2$ values in OHCA patients compared to no advanced airway.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Embryo Transfer Conference
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• 2002.11a
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• pp.112-112
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• 2002

Under normal conditions, women produce a single dominant follicle that participates in a single ovuation each menstrual cycle. But Polycystic ovary syndrome(PCOS) conditions, folliculogenesis does not proceed normally. This condition leads to the accumlation of large numbers of small graffian follicles in which the theca interstitial cells (TIC) produce abnormally large amounts of androgen. PCOS is probably the most common endocrine disorder, affecting women of reprodutive age with 5-10% prevalence estimate. Chronic anovulation, hyperandrogenism, hirsutism, obesity, infertility and polycystic ovaries are clinical hallmarks of women with PCOS. Its etiology remains unknown. To investigate the gene expression pattern of ovary in PCO-induced rat, we used cDNA expression analysis. Total RNA was extracted from the ovary of PCO-induced rat and reverse-transcribed in the presence of［$\alpha$$^{32}$P］-dATP Which were hybridized to Atlas$^{TM}$ Rat Toxicology 1.2 array (Clontech) representing approximately 1176 rat genes. We compared gene expression between ovary of pco-induced immature female rats and control. Differential gene expression profiles were revealed (LIFR-alpha, ADRA1A, Heat shock 90-kDa protein A, PDGFRA). Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction(RT-PCR) was used to validate the relative expression pattern obtained by the cDNA array. The precise relationship between the altered expression of genes and PCO is a matter of further investigation. This study was supported by Korea Science and Engineering Foundation(KOSEF)

• The Journal of Internal Korean Medicine
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.43-52
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• 1990

The following results were obtained from the observation on the change of plasma cortisol concentration and arterial blood $PO_2,\;PCO_2$ in the experiment of intravenous and oral administration of Chung Sang Bo Ha Tang Water Extract in the rabbit. 1. In intravenous administration, the plasma cortisol conce-ntration increased significantly about 2 hours after with a dose of $0.2m{\ell}/kg$, while the case of $0.4m{\ell}/kg$ reveals this significant increase of concentration about 3 hours after. 2. In oral administration, a significant increase of the plasma cortisol concentration was shown about 2 and 4 hours after with a dose of $1.2m{\ell}/kg$, on the other hand, an increase of concentration was shown at each hour in the case of $0.2m{\ell}/kg$, but it was not significant. 3. In oral administration, $PO_2$ in arterial blood increased significantly in the case of $0.2m{\ell}/kg$, and both the case of $0.1m{\ell}/kg$ and that of $0.2m{\ell}/kg$ gave a significant decrease of $PCO_2$ in arterial blood. With these results, it is verified that Chung Sang Bo Ha Tang has therapeutic effects on JISU(止嗽), JEONG CHEON(定喘), GEO DAM(祛痰) because intravenous and oral administration of it increases the plasma cortisol concentration, However, in the examination of $PO_2$ and $PCO_2$ in arterial blood, any remarkable result was not obtained.

• The Journal of Korean Obstetrics and Gynecology
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.52-67
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• 2011

Objectives: This study was designed to investigate the effects of Jokyeongjongok -Tang(JJT) on the progression of the estradiol valerate(EV)-induced polycystic ovaries(PCO) in rats. Methods: PCO was induced by single intramuscular injection with estradiol valerate(EV)(4 mg) in female rats. Normal group(n=8) were injected with sesame oil and orally administrated distilled water for sixty days. PCO control group (n=8) were injected with EV and orally administrated distilled water for sixty days. JJT treated group(n=8) were injected with EV and orally administrated JJT for same duration. At the end day of experiment, we measured weights of body, ovaries, adrenal glands and uterus. The histopathological changes of ovaries were also evaluated. And we observed the NGF and CRF expression by immunohistochemistry. Results: The results were as follows - The weights(mg) of ovaries of JJT treated group($58.4{\pm}9.4$) were significantly increased(p<0.01) compared with PCO control group($42.3{\pm}8.5$). - The numbers of mature follicles of JJT treated group($10.1{\pm}2.5$) were significantly increased(p<0.01) compared with PCO control group($6.1{\pm}2.1$). - The numbers of cystic follicles of JJT treated group($1.8{\pm}1.4$) were significantly decreased(p<0.05) compared with PCO control group($3.8{\pm}1.5$). - The expressions of NGF-immunoreactive cells in the ovaries of JJT treated group were weaker than PCO control group. Conclusions: From the above results, we concluded that Jokyeongjongok-Tang (JJT) contributes to a normal maturation of follicles and has the effects of promoting a normal ovulation. And these effects may be related with the decreased NGF activities in the ovaries.

• The Journal of Internal Korean Medicine
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.41-52
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• 1990

After intravenous administration of Se Pye San water extract in the rabbit, the change of plasma cortisol concentration, arterial blood $PCO_2$ and $PO_2$ was obtained such results as follows. 1. The plasma cortisol concentration in the control group was constant, but after intravenous administration of Se Pye San water extract at the dose of 0.2 ml/kg, the above concentration was increased significantly from 2 to 3 hours. Also, the above concentration was increased remarkably at the dose of 0.4 ml/kg from 1 to 4 hours. 2. After intravenous administration of Se Pye San water extract at each dose of 0.2 ml/kg and 0.4 ml/kg, arterial blood $PCO_2$ was decreased remarkably from 1 to 4 hours. 3. No change after intravenous administration of Se Pye San water extract at the dose of 0.2 ml/kg, while arterial blood $PO_2$ was decreased significantly at the dose of 0.4 ml/kg on 3 hours. As a results of the above, the therapeutic action of Se Pye San water extract effected with Jisu (止嗽), Jeong Cheon (定喘), Geo Dam, Cheong Yeol (淸熱) would be related with the increased both plasma cortisol concentration and arterial blood $PO_2$, and the decrease of arterial blood $PCO_2$.