• The Journal of Korean Philosophical History
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• no.42
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• pp.259-294
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• 2014

The key concept of political thoughts of Confucianism is 'Tian(天)=the Heaven' and 'Ren(人)=the Human being'. In particular, the meaning of 'the Heaven(天)' is profoundly exclusive in Confucianism in comparison to the other concepts. It is because that 'the Heaven' is connected with 'Ri(理)' which explains the human being and the heaven metaphysically, and the discussions about those concepts have also been widening to the political field. And if the concept of 'the Heaven's nature(天命)' is excluded, it is difficult for us to discuss the essence of political thought of Confucianism. This paper argued how the politicalization of 'the Heaven' which was private dimension of monarch in the strict sense, changed to the public dimension of people in Japan in the early 18th century through some theories of the two famous philosopher, Ito-Jinsai(伊藤仁齋) and Ogyu-Sorai(荻生?徠) who belonged to the 'Kogakuha(古學派)'. The doctrines of Chu-tzu(朱子學) has hold absolute authority over the history of the oriental political thoughts. But the authority have gone through the stage of disorganization in a unique space called Eto(江戶) era of Japan. Therefore, the interpretations and concept establishments in a new dimension are naturally formed in that periods about 'Min(民)=People'. Based on discussions like this, the purpose of this paper is to study how those movements are emerged in what kinds of thinking and debating process. In part of Ito-Jinsai, this paper have reconsidered the concept of 'People' which Jinsai had thought and examined closely with critical mind about 'In(仁)=Mercy'. In case of Ogyu-Sorai, this paper have argued his political theory of 'the welfare of the people in the nation(安民天下)', in clarifying with the concept of 'the Roads of the Saint(先王의 道)' and the meaning about his declaration that "the Six Scripture(六經) is things(物)". The meaning of political view of this two philosopher is in the point to suggest some kinds of cure for problems of those days with the former days values. In the Jinsai's doctrine, that cure is 'the realization of the rule of right(王道)' based on new interpretation of 'Mersy'. And in case of Sorai, that is a form of independence of politics from morality based on 'the Roads of the Saint'.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.36 no.3
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• pp.123-130
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• 2003

Background: In order to develop the acute heart failure model for the animal experiment of the pneumatic ventricular assist device, we decided to use young pig whose coronary artery distribution is almost the same as humans and also very cheap in price. The purpose of this study is to develop stable, reproducible acute ischemic heart failure model in swine using coronary artery ligation method. Material and Method: Five young pigs whose weights are the same as adult humans are under experiment. Each pig was under endotracheal intubation and connected to a mechanical ventilator. Through left lateral thoracotomy, we exposed the heart and induced ischemic heart failure by coronary artery ligation. The ligation began at the distal part of the left anterior descending coronary artery. After 5 minutes of initial ligation we reperfused the artery and then re-ligated. Before and after each ligation-reperfusion procedure we assessed the left ventricular end-diastolic pressure, arterial pressure, and cardiac index. We also measured left ventricular end-diastolic dimension, end-systolic dimension, fractional shortening, ejection fraction using intraoperative epicardial echocardiography. After appropriate heart failure was established with sequential (from distal part of LAD to proximal location) ligation-reperfusion-ligation procedure, we inserted the ventricular assist device and operated. Result: We established stable acute ischemic heart failure in 3 of 5 young pigs with this sequential ligation-reperfusion-ligation procedure, and could maintained 50% less ejection fraction before the procedure according to intraoperative epicardial echocardiography. We also observed no ventricular arrhythmia usually associated with simple coronary artery ligation in large animals and no cardiac arrest associated with ventricular arrhythmia or myocardial stunning. In pathologic specimen, we observed scattered ischemic myocardium in all around the ischemic field induced by coronary artery ligation. Conclusion: Under the concept of ischemic preconditioning, we developed safe and reproducible acute ischemic heart failure model in swine using sequential coronary artery ligation-reperfusion-ligation method.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.75-85
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• 2010

The purpose of this study is to attempt new analysis on Soswaewon Garden(瀟灑園) where is Korea's traditional garden, focusing on which the tendency of its change is a relational-formation tool similar to the Eastern Mode of Thought, with paying attention to conversion as the new view of world. Accordingly, the aim is to reanalyze by connecting with Soswaewon Garden based on the theory of complexity, which tries to look at the whole through relationship rather than characteristics in individual components. Given summarizing findings, those are as follows. First, it was found that complexity shown in space and open system of physical dimension was characterized by 'event(situation)', 'non-determination' and 'homogeneous relationships between part and whole', and a variety of techniques introduced the nature positively. In particular, it was found that there were many cases of topographic usage, since the Soswaewon Garden selected its construction site proactively and was a product from architectural works in compliance with a given flow of natural topography. This has a nature of open text in the situation of emergent behaviors. Second, it was found that complexity shown in experiences and open system on the invisible dimension was characterized primarily by 'event(situation)' and 'relationships of interactive response between actors and environment', and various techniques appeared as a space for interactive combination of nature and daily experiences. This is typical of bilateral harmony based on interactions between subject and object, and between mankind and nature, and becomes also a space to accommodate temporary emergent behaviors in our life. Third, the compositional elements are reconstituted as space of organic property with dismantling steady relations. Especially, 'Soswaewon Garden's 48 poems(瀟灑園四十八詠)' will be the origin of the emotionally spatial experience to the current performers. Ultimately, the performer in the space of Soswaewon Garden simultaneously becomes a creator of space, and will generate new space with intertextuality with environment. Therefore, Soswaewon Garden becomes a place of binding me and the other together while maintaining mutual relationship based on organic thinking between a human being and nature and between the whole and a part.

• The Korean Journal of Archival Studies
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• no.41
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• pp.175-212
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• 2014

In 2001 a large amount of labor record have been donated from Jeontaeil Labor Archive-Institute to SungKongHoe University(SKHU). Institute of Labor History in SKHU was established in the wake of the installation of the labor archive. Development of oral archive raised the awareness of the various relationships between the use and production of labor record. Interviewees of oral testimony expressed dissatisfaction and the role of the researchers was not sufficiently exhibited. Examining the main cases of Korea union movement history, we can find contradictions between the use and production of labor record clearly. Interval of interpretation and memory was too big between the parties of 'democratic' union movement in the 1970s. While among the parties who took part in Guro Alliance Strike of 1985, there is a group that remains in the "winner" in history on the one hand, but "loser" on the other without any reasonable criterion. Active intervention of the record users(researchers) is very limited. Among citizens or workers how will be resolved such "struggle of memory" in due process can not be seen. This is one of the reasons why labor archive is not rooted in the region. In this paper, I present a methodological alternatives for the production and use of records through the construction of participatory labor archive. Further, the reconstituted contents of the "documenting locality" strategy by complementing the theoretical part of the method of participation. The study of local and locality requires a "scale" dimension that will make up the identity recognition space, a memory and identity, a social relationship rather than the dimension of the physical space. Alternative "documenting locality" strategy will be able to contribute to solve the problems that occur between the production and use of the recording in labor archive.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.61-71
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• 2014

A river fishway is a hydraulic structure enabling fish to overcome stream obstructions such as dams and weirs. The main aim of this paper is to investigate the collectibility of upstream-migrating fishes and hydraulic problems in pool-and-weir type fishway which has been established for upstream-migration at Namgang weir in the downstream of Namgang dam, and to grope for improvement measures which pool-and-weir type fishway can be switched to pool-and-partial weir type fishway through hydraulic field experiment. Exsisting fishway had problems which upstream-migrating fishes can not take a rest due to the seiche and vortex phenomena in pools and migrate to upstream because of height difference in entrance pool. In order to prevent hydraulically the seiche and vortex phenomena and establish rest area for fishes in each pool, we carried out hydraulic field experiments. In the fishway, it was to improve pool-and-weir into pool-and-partil weir, to decrease the height difference in entrance pool, and to reduce oriffice velocity of each pool. Also, we investigated fishes collectibility of after improving fishway for 6 days in September 2013. To resolve chronic problems(seiche-vortex phenomena and rest area for fishes), as weirs were remodeled into partial weir only which central part of weirs was part of non-overflow weir, we confirmed results that pool-and-weir type fishway could be switched to efficient pool-and-partial weir type fishway with relatively simple construction and low cost. Type-B which has the closed oriffices and the parts of non-overflow has the ideal conditions, but this conditions are limited to fishway of Namgang weir used in this study. Representative Ice-habor type fishway is pool-and-partial weir type fishway which has together parts of overflow and oriffices, and has excellent ability of upstream-migration. To switch from pool-and-weir type fishway to pool-and-partial weir type fishway, the size of oriffice has to be regulated by the discharge of fishway and the dimension on parts of non-overflow and overflow in weirs. Entrance pool is important facility which upstream-migrating fishes have to not only be collect but also charge with energy. In this study, entrance-pool is temporary and roughly-built, but fishes gather together more than the case of no entrance-pool. In the case of fishway which was protruded to downstream, as entrance of fishway turns toward or parallels to weir, the collectibility of fishway was excellent by attraction water.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.11-17
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• 2002

This study was performed to determine the characteristics of particleboard made from three-months-old bamboo, (Phyllostachys nigra var henonis Stapf) grown in Damyang district, Korea. Total 60 particleboards were manufactured with 1% of liquid wax emulsion using urea-formaldehyde resin content 9%,11% and 13%, respectively. The particle boards consisted of three layers, in which face layer had the same proportion of a weight 25% of the particleboard each. And the core layer had a weight 50% of the board. The core layer and face layer had the particle dimension passing 6 mesh (3.35 mm), 12 mesh (1.70 mm), respectively. The study was carried out to determine the effect of the growing time of 3 months and 3 years on particleboard properties. The physical and mechanical properties of boards were measured and compared to the Korean standard (KS) requirements of particle boards. The results were as follows; 1. The longer the growing time, the higher the density of bamboo. Density of the upper part of bamboo showed higher than that of lower part. 2. Density and moisture content of the two particle boards did not show significant differences. Three-months-old bamboo particleboard gave higher thickness swelling than three-years-old bamboo particleboard. Bamboo particleboard passed the thickness swelling test of KS. 3. The static bending and internal bond strength of three-months-old bamboo particleboard were higher than those of three-years-old bamboo. Increase of resin contents in bamboo particleboard increased bending and internal bond strength, proportionally. Strength properties of bamboo particle board were above KS. 4. Formaldehyde emission of all the bamboo particleboards satisfied E₂ level (5.0 mg/L) of KS F 3104.

• Journal of the Korea Society of Computer and Information
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• v.27 no.10
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• pp.163-173
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• 2022

This study attempted to categorize the lower body torso type and investigated its characteristics for women in their 40s, 50s, and 60s, who increase the frequency of incontinence. This study analyzed the 8th human dimension survey data of Korean Agency for Technology and Standards. The data were analyzed by SPSS 26.0 program. It was analyzed that the height item of the lower body torso decreased, the width item widen as the age increases, and the waist and abdomen circumference of the circumference item increased and the hip circumference decreased. Body length decreased with age. The components of the lower torso were classified into the lower torso horizontal factor, height factor, lower factor, and vertical factor. The lower body torso type was classified into a long inverted triangular body type, a short and high body type, a body fat body type, and a low triangular body type. It was analyzed that type 3 was the largest in the horizontal factor and height factor, and type 1 was the largest in the vertical factor and the lower part factor. A new drafting method was required in setting the horizontal part of the incontinence panty, the front and the back length.

• Cartoon and Animation Studies
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• s.49
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• pp.465-491
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• 2017

This paper analyzes the short animation film which faithfully follows the external dimension of cartoons, and studies the hidden subject and the way of narrative in the back of the figure. In this process, we analyze the theme of using the analysis method of mosaic image. The narrative of cartoons is usually the majority in discussing the differences in the aspectual part. However, this animation uses cartoons to reach the linear narrative of ordinary narrative movies. As Janet Murray explains, if a 'mosaic image' approaches a theme through a mosaic approach, we can limit the 'mosaic film' that are introduced in the film format among them. First of all, conceptually uses the characteristics of 'mosaic image', at the same time, it utilizes a work utilizing the narrative features of 'mosaic film'. By analyzing this animation film by bifurcation, the first half reveals the characteristics of open-minded mosaic video platform, and the second half introduces the linear narrative method of film narrative. This paper divides the narrative method of 'multi plot Film' into three types: mosaic narrative film, network narrative film, and multi-draft film. Thus, we can analyze the ending of as a narrative method of 'network narrative film' which is composed of parallel or juxtaposed stories. In other words, if the early part of the animation follows the 'mosaic narrative' as an 'extension of ensemble film', the latter part faithfully follows 'network narrative'. Even in the way of talking about the subject, this animated film uses the way of speaking the mosaic image. Considering the aspectual tendency of cartoons, it can be said that this film derives the meaning of 'humor' or 'satire' in an open way. If the first half refers to 'the ambiguous routine of modern man', the latter half draws a profound theme called 'the reality of human selfishness in modern society'. is a film for a wide range of social criticism designed for adults who can interpret meaning.

• Journal of the Korean Association of Geographic Information Studies
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• v.14 no.4
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• pp.128-136
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• 2011

To monitor and predict the change of coastal environment according to the construction of Saemangeum sea dyke and the development of land reclamation, we have done real-time and periodic ocean observation and numerical simulation since 2002. Saemangeum coastal environmental data can be largely classified to marine meteorology, ocean physics and circulation, water quality, marine geology and marine ecosystem and each part of data has been generated continuously and accumulated over about 10 years. The collected coastal environmental data are huge amounts of heterogeneous dataset and have some characteristics of multi-dimension, multivariate and spatio-temporal distribution. Thus the implementation of information system possible to data collection, processing, management and service is necessary. In this study, through the implementation of Saemangeum coastal environmental information system using geographic information system, it enables the integral data collection and management and the data querying and analysis of enormous and high-complexity data through the design of intuitive and effective web user interface and scientific data visualization using statistical graphs and thematic cartography. Furthermore, through the quantitative analysis of trend changed over long-term by the geo-spatial analysis with geo- processing, it's being used as a tool for provide a scientific basis for sustainable development and decision support in Saemangeum coast. Moreover, for the effective web-based information service, multi-level map cache, multi-layer architecture and geospatial database were implemented together.

• The korean journal of orthodontics
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• v.34 no.1 s.102
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• pp.33-45
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• 2004

The purpose of this experimental study was to determine appropriate magnitude of the Gable bends to produce maximum retraction of the anterior teeth. The Calorific Machine was used to illustrate the tooth movement in three dimension. The experimental teeth except the first premolar were embedded in the artificial alveolar bone part. In a series of experiments, the extraction space was closed using arch wires with bull loops into which the gable bends of $10^{\circ},\;20^{\circ},\;30^{\circ}$ degrees were incorporated. The experiments were repeated three times for each degree of the gable bend. Before and after the space closure, radiographs were taken in the sagittal and occlusal directions using occlusal films. Analysis of variance and Scheffe post hoc test were used to determine significant differences among the three groups. The following results were obtained. 1. As magnitudes of the gable bends increased, more bodily anterior tooth movement was seen and the distance of retraction also increased. 2. As magnitudes of the gable bends increase, the amount of posterior tooth protraction decreased while intrusive and buccal movement increased. 3. The arch was coordinated by distal-in rotation of the canine and mesial-in rotation of the second premolar adjacent to the extraction space.