• The Journal of Korean Medicine Ophthalmology and Otolaryngology and Dermatology
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.80-88
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• 2012

Background and Objective : Atrophic scars are the most common complication of acne. Many modalities are proposed but each does not yield satisfactory clinical outcomes. Among therapeutic modalities of acne scars, subcision is a simple, safe procedure with a different and basic mechanism for correcting atrophic and depressed scars. However, there are few reports about such procedure. This study performed to evaluate the effect of subcision treatment on atrophic acne scar. Methods : Five patients with atrophic acne scars of various types(rolling, superficial and deep boxcar, pitted and icepick) were treated by superficial dermal undermining with 25~27 gauge needles. We used GASC(Global Acne Scarring Classification). Satisfaction degree was asked from the patients. Results and Conclusions : After observing patients satisfaction, comparing case photos and GASC, it can be considered that subcision treatment brings great results when performed on atrophic post acne scars.

• Herbal Formula Science
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.307-318
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• 2018

Objectives : Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress designates cellular responses to the accumulation of misfolded and unfolded proteins in ER, which is related to a variety of liver diseases. Present study investigated the inhibitory effects of Litsea japonica flesh water extract (LJE) aganist ER stress. Methods : After HepG2 cells were pretreated with LJE and subsequently exposed to tunicamycin (Tm) or thapsigargin (Tg), expression of C/EBP homologous protein (CHOP), glucose regulated protein 78 kDa (GRP78), asparagine synthetase (ASNS), and endoplasmic reticulum DnaJ homologue 4 (ERDJ4) were determined by immunoblot and real-time PCR analysis. Three canonical signaling pathways in response to ER stress were examined to explore molecular mechanisms involved. Results : Pretreatment of 1 mg/mL LJE inhibited Tm- or Tg-induced CHOP expression, while L. japonica fruit water extract did not. In addition, LJE decreased the levels of GRP78, ASNS, and ERDJ4 mRNA by Tm. Moreover, phosphorylations of eukaryotic translation initiation factor $2{\alpha}$ and inositol-requiring enzyme 1, expression of nuclear form of activating transcription factor $6{\alpha}$, and transactivation of ER stress response element- and unfolded protein response element-harboring luciferase activities were inhibited by LJE pretreatment. Conclusions : Present results suggest that LJE would be a candidate to prevent or treat ER stress-mediated liver injuries.

• The Korea Journal of Herbology
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.49-55
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• 2013

Objectives : Mori Folium was popularly used as one of the traditional medicinal herbs. Although M. Folium has been cultivated for rearing silkworm historically, it's use has been expanded as natural therapeutic agent for the treatment of filariasis, diabetes and dropsy in East Asia. However, little has been known about the effect of M. Folium on liver fibrosis. Therefore, we would like to explore an anti-fibrogenic potential of M. Folium extract (MFE) using immortalized human hepatic stellate cell line, LX-2 cells. Methods : We examined the effects of MFE on the transforming growth factor ${\beta}1$ ($TGF{\beta}1$)-induced liver fibrosis in LX-2 cells. Cell viability, Smad binding element-driven luciferase activity, phosphorylations level of Smad 2/3, and expression level of $TGF{\beta}1$-dependent target genes were monitored in the MFE-treated LX-2 cells. Results : Up to 30 ${\mu}g/ml$ MFE treatment did not show any possible toxic effect in LX-2 cells. MFE inhibited $TGF{\beta}1$-inducible Smad binding element-driven luciferase activity and decreased the $TGF{\beta}1$-inducible phosphorylations of Smad 2 and Smad 3 in hepatic stellate cell in a dose dependent manner. Furthermore, increases of plasminogen activator inhibitor type 1, $TGF{\beta}1$ and matrix metalloproteinases 2 genes by $TGF{\beta}1$ were also attenuated by MFE treatment. Conclusions : These findings suggested that MFE would be used as a potential therapeutic agent for the treatment liver fibrosis, which might be mediated by the inhibition of $TGF{\beta}1$-inducible Smad 2/3 transactivation and target genes expression.

• The Korean Journal of Malacology
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.97-103
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• 2009

It is a research that free floating larva of Ruditapes philippinarum in compliance with infiltration flow of tidal accumulation and bottom-clinging system in high density also, It is a precondition this for the continuous augmentation of Ruditapes philippinarum resources. So in flow field of tidal the free floating larva produced the infiltration water tank that can possibly bottom-clinging and experiment the water tank which uses free floating larva, It evaluates that the acceleration effect of free floating larva by infiltration in objective. As a result, 1) The experiment on free floating larva's bottom sediment grain diameter came to be high recording as bottom-clinging rate at the static water field and even biologically it selects bottom-clinging substrate it will be able to confirm. 2) About occurrence of infiltration flow field is in case of that: the drift of a current 10cm/s, bottom sediment grain 1.21mm infiltration flow 0.3cm/s increase of 3~5 times was confirmed. 3) From free floating larva of Ruditapes philippinarum the choice of bottom sediment grain diameter depends in the biological factor and form the flow field the bottom-clinging acceleration effect was controled over physical stable condition. 4) In case of density of Ruditapes philippinarum free floating larva of sea area, bottom sediment grain diameter, flow condition which are very cleanly in the research that possibly could conjecture the free floating larva's bottom-clinging rate.

• Journal of Korean Society on Water Environment
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.329-334
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• 2009

Bacterial numbers, such as endospore-formers, and treatment efficiencies were investigated for Rotating Activated Bacillus Contactors (RABC) and other advanced wastewater treatment processes including anaerobic-anoxic-oxic (A2O), sequencing batch reactor (SBR) and biological aerated filter (BAF). Endospore-forming bacterial numbers in the RABC showed 129-fold higher levels than those of the existing advanced systems. RABC process demonstrated the highest bacterial numbers in its bioreactors (paired t-test, p<0.01). RBC biofilms and aeration tanks of the RABC system showed 131- and 476-fold higher than other existing advanced processes, respectively. Mean treatment efficiencies of the existing systems were 83.5% for chemical oxygen demand (COD), 59.1% for total nitrogen (TN) and 76.8% for total phosphorus (TP). However, RABC process removed 96.9% for COD, 96.9% for TN and 91.9% for TP for highly concentrated food wastewater (COD>1,500 mg/L, TN>150 mg/L, TP>50 mg/L). Treatment efficiency was significantly reduced when the numbers of Bacillus genus in the bioreactors decreased below $10^6CFU/mL$. The automated RABC (A-RABC), in which dissolved oxygen concentrations are automatically controlled, showed higher treatment efficiencies compared to the RABC process. The RABC system maintained sufficient bacterial numbers for the effective treatment of highly concentrated food wastewater. Moreover, final effluent was in agreement to water quality standards.

• Journal of Dairy Science and Biotechnology
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• v.38 no.3
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• pp.161-167
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• 2020

Cheese pizzas fortified with casein phosphopeptide (CPP) and calcium were subjected to an in vitro digestion to assess whether CPP could prevent the precipitation of calcium. The total calcium content of the cheese pizzas was adjusted to 1,000 mg per pizza (~370 g) with the addition of calcium originating from eggshells. Two levels of trypsin-digested caseins (367 and 459 mg), with a CPP content of ~20%, were added to each pizza. The in vitro digested pizzas were then centrifuged and the supernatant was mixed with Na₂HPO₃ at 37℃ to estimate the possible soluble effect of CPP on calcium. After 24 h of reaction, the solution was centrifuged and the calcium content in the resultant supernatant was analyzed by inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectroscopy. One-way statistical analyses showed that CPP had a positive effect on the solubilization of calcium against phosphate (p<0.05). Cheese pizza supplemented with 459 mg of CPP powder was able to prevent precipitation of calcium by 98.8%, whereas no CPP-added cheese pizza solubilized 86.4% of the calcium. A sensory test was also carried out, revealing that panelists could not discern the bitter taste of the CPP added to the pizzas.

• International Journal of Highway Engineering
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.125-133
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• 2008

Achieving consistent geometric design is an important goal in highway design to ensure obtaining safe, economical and smooth traffic operation. Most evaluation of consistency is based on 'speed change' in speed profile. According to literature, the speed depends on geometric elements, speed on tangent section prior to a curve, and background around roads. Especially, the radius is the most main element mentioned in various literature. Therefore, this paper shows two ways of calculating horizontal radius on real road, that is, three-dimensional road. First of all, the radius of horizontal curve is calculated based on physical method. The calculated radius contains not only superelevation but also longitudinal grade while the current minimum radius is calculated by considering superelevation and side friction according to the point-mass equation. Secondly, the problem of composed curves with distorted appearance by overlaying sag or crest vertical alignment has been known. To quantify the extent of distortion effects, the method of calculation of real seen so called 'Perspective Radius' is developed. The paper presents the perspective radius and recommended perspective radius.

• Journal of Biosystems Engineering
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• v.41 no.1
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• pp.12-20
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• 2016

Purpose: Pepper prices have risen continuously because of a decrease in cultivation area; therefore, mechanical harvesting systems for peppers should be developed to reduce cost, time, and labor during harvest. In this study, a screw type picking head for a self-propelled pepper harvester was developed, and the optimal working conditions were evaluated considering helix types, winding directions of helix, and rotational speeds of the helix. Methods: The screw type was selected for the picking head after analyzing previous studies, and the device consisted of helices and a feed chain mechanism for conveying pepper branches. A double helix and a triple helix were manufactured, and rotational speeds of 200, 300, and 400 rpm were tested. The device was controlled by a variable speed (VS) motor and an inverter. Both the forward and reverse directions were tested for the winding and rotating directions of the helix. An experiment crop (cultivar: Longgreenmat) was cultivated in a plastic greenhouse. The test results were analyzed using the SAS program with ANOVA to examine the relationship between each factor and the performance of the picking head. Results: The results of the double and triple helix tests in the reverse direction showed gross harvest efficiency levels of 60-95%, mechanical damage rates of 8-20%, and net marketable portion rates of 50-80%. The dividing ratio was highest at a rotational speed of 400 rpm. Gross harvest efficiency was influenced by the types of helix and rotational speed. Net marketable portion was influenced by rotational speed but not influenced by the type of helix. Mechanical damage was not influenced by the type of helix or rotational speed. Conclusions: Best gross harvest efficiency was obtained at a rotational speed of 400 rpm; however, operating the device at that speed resulted in vibration, which should be reduced.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.19 no.10
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• pp.1201-1205
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• 2009

Corn starches with different amylose contents were enzymatically modified using Thermus aquaticus 4-$\alpha$-glucanotransferase ($TA{\alpha}GTase$). Upon the enzyme treatment, the chain-length distributions of isoamylolytically debranched products became broader [degree of polymerization (DP): 3-40] than those of untreated corn starches. In addition, a variety of cycloamyloses (CAs) with different sizes were formed by the glucanotransfer activity of $TA{\alpha}GTase$. CAs with DP 5-40 were detectable in all of the $TA{\alpha}GTase$-treated corn starches. From the results of high-performance anion-exchange chromatography and high-performance size-exclusion chromatography analyses, it was suggested that the amount of CAs produced by the enzyme treatment increased as the amylose content of the starches increased. Thus, we concluded that the extent of modification of starch molecules was enhanced in proportion to amylose content by the transfer activity of $TA{\alpha}GTase$. This finding could be useful for developing an efficient process of CA production using this enzyme.

• International Journal of Industrial Entomology and Biomaterials
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.35-43
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• 2005

We describe here the complete nucleotide sequence and the exon-intron structure of the Cu,Zn superoxide dismutase (SOD1) gene of Paecilomyces tenuipes and Paecilomyces sp. The SOD1 gene of P. tenuipes spans 966 bp, and consisted of three introns and four exons coding for 154 amino acid residues. Three unambiguous introns in P. tenuipes separate exons of 13, 332, 97, and 20 bp, all exhibiting exon sizes identical to Cordyceps militaris SOD1 gene. The SOD1 gene of Paecilomyces sp. contains 946 bp and consisted of four introns and five exons coding for 154 amino acid residues. Five exons of Paecilomyces sp. SOD1 are composed of 13, 180, 152, 97, and 20 bp. Interestingly, this result showed that the total length of exons 2 (180 bp) and 3 (152 bp) of Paecilomyces sp. SOD1 is same to exon 2 length (332 bp) of C. militaris SOD1 and P. tenuipes SOD1. The deduced amino acid sequence of the P. tenuipes SOD1 showed $95\%$ identity to C. militaris SOD1 and $78\%$ to Paecilomyces sp. SOD1. Phylogenetic analysis confirmed that the C. militaris SOD1, P. tenuipes SOD1 and Paecilomyces sp. SOD1 are placed together within the ascomycetes group of fungal clade.