• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.29 no.6
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• pp.1083-1089
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• 2000

본 연구는 에탄올의 급여수준과 금주 후 회복이 체내항산화비타민 상태에 미치는 영향을 조사하고자 평균 체중이 200g인 Dprague-dawley 종 숫쥐 50마리를 사용하여 혈장 및 간조직의 비타민 A 및 E 의 함량을 비교.분석하였다. 실험식이라는 에탄올 액체식이형태로 만들어 공급하였으며, 이때 식이는 mL당 1 kacal의 열량을 공급할 수 있도록 조제하였다. 각 실험군의 식이구성은 에탄올을 첨가하는 대신 dextrin-maltose를 급여한 C군, 전체 칼로리의 10%를 에탄올로 첨가하는 LE 군 , 20%를 첨가하는 ME 군, 30%를 첨가하는 HE군 , 30%의 에탄올을 5주간 공급한 후 다시 2주간 정상식이를 급여한 회복군(HR)으로 설정하여 실험식이를 공급하였다. 혈자에서의 retinol 함량은 에탄올 급여수준에 따른 유의적인 차이는 나타나지 않았다. 간조직 중의 retinol 함량은 20% 이상의 에탄올 군에서 대조군에 비해 유의적으로 감소되었고, 30% 에탄올군인 HE 군에서는 현저하게 저하되었다. 30% 에탄올 급여후 2주간 정상식이를 회복시킨 군에서도 간조직의 retinol의 함량은 그대로 저하된 상태를 유지하였다. 간조직의 retinyl palmitate 함량은 에탄올 급여수준이 높을수록 감소되는 경향이었으며, 30% 에탄올군에서는 대조군에 비해 유의적으로 감소되었다. 회복군의 경우에도 이러한 저하현상은 더욱 심화되었다. 혈장의 $\alpha$-tocopherol 함량은 에탄올 급여량에 따라 별다른 차이를 나타내지 않았다. 간조직에서 10% 에탄올군에서도 대조군에 비해 유의적으로 감소되었으며, 에탄올 급여수준이 증가될수록 현저하게 저하되었다. 그러나 회복군에서는 $\alpha$-tocopherol의 함량이 10% 에탄올군의 수준까지 회복되었다. 이상의 결과에서와 같이 만성적인 에탄올의 섭취는 대체로 열량의 20% 이상을 에탄올로 급여하였을대 섭취수준이 증가함에 따라 흰쥐의 간조직에서 비타민 A와 $\alpha$-tocopherol으 lgkafid이 저하되었다. 이는 에탄올의 섭취를 중단하고 정상식이를 일정기간 급여하여도 특히 비타민 A 함량은 회복되지 않는 경향을 보여 만성적인 에탄올 섭취자들에게 비타민 A영양상태의 문제를 예방할 수 있는 방안이 강구되어야 함을 나타낸다.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.377-381
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• 2002

The antioxidative effect of tea extracts from green tea, oolong tea and black tea was investigated. The extraction yields of crude catechin were green tea 5.4%, oolong tea 3.5%, and black tea 2.5%. Green tea, oolong tea and black tea of crude catechin showed antioxident activity at concentrations of 200ppm, and the oolong tea showed highest antioxidant effect. The browning intensities(at 420 nm) of green, oolong and black tea were 0.140, 0.582 and 0.915, respectively and green tea showed highest hydrogen donating ability(HDA) and than followed by oolong or black tea. Also, when the crude catechin(100 ppm) was used in combination with ${\alpha}$-tocopherol(50 ppm) and ascorbyl palmitate(50 ppm), the crude cathechin showed very strong synergistic effect, comparable to that of crude catechin(200 ppm).

• Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
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• v.31 no.12
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• pp.1075-1080
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• 2009

The partial lipid degradation with the saturation of double-bond at the acidogenesis stage is known to help subsequent methanogenesis during anaerobic digestion. Acidogenic reactions in an anaerobic sequencing batch reactor (ASBR) and a continuously stirred tank reactor (CSTR) were carried out to compare their performances. A mixture of two unsaturated (oleate and linoleate) and two saturated (palmitate and stearate) long-chain fatty acids (LCFAs) was used as a model substrate. Biomass retention in the ASBR contributed to the enhanced performance at hydraulic retention time (HRT) below 15 hr. Biomass retention in the ASBR contributed to the enhanced performance compared to CSTR even at shorter HRT. ASBR would be a proper reactor configuration for the acidogenesis of lipid-containing wastewater.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.27 no.4
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• pp.225-230
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• 1984

Chemical composition of dried roots of wild and cultivated Codonopsis lanceolata has been investigated. General composition was similar in both Codonopsis lanceolata. Free sugars from the root were fructose, glucose and sucrose. The contents of the sugars were higher in the cultivated than in the wild. Maltose was detected only in the cultivated and its level was 0.05%.. Free amino acids were consisted of 16 amino acids: lysine, histidine, arginine aspartic acid, threonine, serine, glutamic acid. proline, glycine, alanine, valine, methionine, isoleucine, leucine, tyrosine and phenylalanine. No significant difference in the contents was found between the wild root and the cultivated. Free fatty acids were palmitate, linoleate and linolenate, and the contents of those acids were higher in the cultivated root than in the wild. The contents of crude saponin were 1.5% in the wild root and 1.4% in the cultivated, respectively.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.169-175
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• 2016

Here, we investigated whether hyperglycemia and/or free fatty acids (palmitate, PAL) affect the expression level of bone morphogenic protein 4 (BMP4), a proatherogenic marker, in endothelial cells and the potential role of BMP4 in diabetic vascular complications. To measure BMP4 expression, human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) were exposed to high glucose concentrations and/or PAL for 24 or 72 h, and the effects of these treatments on the expression levels of adhesion molecules and reactive oxygen species (ROS) were examined. BMP4 loss-of-function status was achieved via transfection of a BMP4-specific siRNA. High glucose levels increased BMP4 expression in HUVECs in a dose-dependent manner. PAL potentiated such expression. The levels of adhesion molecules and ROS production increased upon treatment with high glucose and/or PAL, but this eff ect was negated when BMP4 was knocked down via siRNA. Signaling of BMP4, a pro-inflammatory and pro-atherogenic cytokine marker, was increased by hyperglycemia and PAL. BMP4 induced the expression of inflammatory adhesion molecules and ROS production. Our work suggests that BMP4 plays a role in atherogenesis induced by high glucose levels and/or PAL.

• Journal of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.283-290
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• 1981

The reaction rates for the transesterification reaction were measured on the excess sucrose with the five fatty acid methyl ester systems such as methyl laurate, methyl myristate, methyl palmitate, methyl stearate and methyl oleate at temperature range of $50^{\circ}C$ to $90^{\circ}C$ in N,N-dimethylformamide solvent and potassium carbonate as a catalyst. Their activation parameters as well as rate constants were calculated from these measurements. And these reactions were found to be pseudo-first order and depended mainly on the structural changes in fatty acid residue of methyl esters. Also their reactions were found to be of enthalpy-controlled, which were disfavored in the order of methyl laurate, methyl myristate, methyl palmitate, methyl oleate and methyl stearate. Correspondingly their activation energies were 9.3, 9.9, 10.3, 10.9 and 11.1 kcal/mole, respectively.

• Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.153-161
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• 2016

This paper covers algorithms for the management of regurgitation, constipation and infantile colic in infants. Anti-regurgitation formula may be considered in infants with troublesome regurgitation, while diagnostic investigations or drug therapy are not indicated in the absence of warning signs. Although probiotics have shown some positive evidence for the management of functional gastrointestinal disorders (FGIDs), the evidence is not strong enough to make a recommendation. A partially hydrolyzed infant formula with prebiotics and ${\beta}$-palmitate may be considered as a dietary intervention for functional constipation in formula fed infants. Lactulose has been shown to be effective and safe in infants younger than 6 months that are constipated. Macrogol (polyethylene glycol, PEG) is not approved for use in infants less than 6 months of age. However, PEG is preferred over lactulose in infants >6 months of age. Limited data suggests that infant formula with a partial hydrolysate, galacto-oligosaccharides/fructo-oligosaccharides, added ${\beta}$-palmitate may be of benefit in reducing infantile colic in formula fed infants in cases where cow's milk protein allergy (CMPA) is not suspected. Evidence suggests that the use of extensively hydrolyzed infant formula for a formula-fed baby and a cow's milk free diet for a breastfeeding mother may be beneficial to decrease infantile colic if CMPA is suspected. None of the FGIDs is a reason to stop breastfeeding.

• Korean Journal of Pharmacognosy
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• v.39 no.3
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• pp.186-193
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• 2008

Astragali Radix, known as Huangqi, is the most important tonic in the traditional oriental medicine. It reinforces 'qi' (vital energy), strengthens the superficial resistance and promotes the discharge of pus and the growth of new tissue. It has long been used as an anti-perspirant, anti-diuretic or a tonic. Eleven compounds were isolated from the hexane and EtOAc fractions from the roots of Astragalus membranaceus (Leguminosae) and their structures were identified as four triterpenoids [lupenone (1), friedelin (2), lupeol (3), soyasapogenol E (9)] and seven sterols [${\beta}-sitosterol$ (4), stigmastane-3,6-dione (5), $7{\alpha}-hydroxysitosterol$ (6), $5{\alpha},6{\beta}-dihydroxysitosterol$ (7), $7-oxo-{\beta}-sitosterol$ (8), ${\beta}-sitosterol$ glucoside 6'-O-palmitate (10), ${\beta}-sitosterol$ glucoside (11)]. The chemical structures of these compounds were identified on the basis of spectroscopic methods and comparison with literature values. Among these compounds, lupenone (1), friedelin (2), lupeol (3), stigmastane-3,6-dione (5), $7{\alpha}-hydroxysitosterol$ (6), $5{\alpha},6{\beta}-dihydroxysitosterol$ (7), $7-oxo-{\beta}-sitosterol$ (8), soyasapogenol E (9), and ${\beta}-sitosterol$ glucoside 6'-O-palmitate (10) were isolated from this plant for the first time.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• v.21 no.6
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• pp.470-475
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• 2013

Ultraviolet (UV) radiation is a major environmental factor that leads to acute and chronic reactions in the human skin. UV exposure induces wrinkle formation, DNA damage, and generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Most mechanistic studies of skin physiology and pharmacology related with UV-irradiated skin have focused on proteins and their related gene expression or single-targeted small molecules. The present study identified and analyzed the alteration of skin metabolites following UVB irradiation and topical retinyl palmitate (RP, 5%) treatment in hairless mice using direct analysis in real time (DART) time-of-flight mass spectrometry (TOF-MS) with multivariate analysis. Under the negative ion mode, the DART ion source successfully ionized various fatty acids including palmitoleic and linolenic acid. From DART-TOF-MS fingerprints measured in positive mode, the prominent dehydrated ion peak (m/z: 369, M+H-$H_2O$) of cholesterol was characterized in all three groups. In positive mode, the discrimination among three groups was much clearer than that in negative mode by using multivariate analysis of orthogonal partial-least squares-discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA). DART-TOF-MS can ionize various small organic molecules in living tissues and is an efficient alternative analytical tool for acquiring full chemical fingerprints from living tissues without requiring sample preparation. DART-MS measurement of skin tissue with multivariate analysis proved to be a powerful method to discriminate between experimental groups and to find biomarkers for various experiment models in skin dermatological research.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.140-145
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• 1987

The partition coefficient of the proteins of known effective hydrophobicity was determined in a poly (ethylene glycol)-dextran aqueous two-phase system. The changes in the partition coefficient was also determined when a fraction of PEG-palmitate (PEG-P) was added to the system. The partition coefficient of the proteins increased as the concentrations of PEG and dextran increased at a constant phase volume ration irrespective of the effective hydrophobicity of the proteins. When small amounts of PEG-P were added to the PEG phase, the partition coefficients of BSA and ${\beta}-lactoglobulin$, which had relative hydrophobicity (RI) of 700 and 120, respectively, increased more than ten-fold, whereas ovalbumin whose RI was 5 showed little change. The drastic increases m the partition coefficient were observed by the addition of PEG-P in 2% level to the PEG system. Addition of PEG-P over 5% level resulted in a slight further increase in the partition coefficient of all proteins tested.