• Journal of muscle and joint health
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.48-70
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• 1994

The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of music therapy on acute, subacute and chronic pain and depression of musculoskeletal trauma patients. The study was designed using nonequivalent control group pretest-posttest design within the framework of an adaptation model. The subjects were composed of forty patients, and twenty of them were assigned to the experimental group and twenty to the control group within the unit of patients. Data were summarized as follows : 1. There were significant changes of pain scores in an experimental and a control group measured before and after the treatment. 2. There were significant changes of pulse rates, respiration rates and systolic blood pressure, but were no significant changes of diastolic blood pressure in an experimental and a control group measured before and after the treatment. 3. There were no significant changes of the amount of ${\beta}$-endorphin in an experimental and a control group measured before and after the treatment. 4. There were no significant changes of depression scores in an experimental and a control group measured before and after the treatment. As a result, music therapy was a useful nursing intervention for relief of acute, subacute and chronic pain. Two suggestions could be made on the ground of the results of this study. 1. On the basis of endogenous pain control theory, it's necessary to research the changes of the amount of ${\beta}$-endorphin as the effect of the music therapy on patients having severe pain. 2. It's necessary to research the changes of the amount of ${\beta}$-endorphin according to the lapse of time after the music therapy for pain relief.

• The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.1-6
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• 2006

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of dry-hydrotherapy to release pain in patient with low back pain. Methods: The subjects of the study were fifty patient with low back pain in orthopedic clinic. Fifty patients who had low back pain were randomly divided into 2 groups, 1) dry-hydrotherapy group 2) control group. Visual analog scale(VAS) and Oswestry low back pain disability questionnaire were measured before and after treatment. The treatment plan Was as follows; 15 min. exercise per day and 5 days per week for 2 weeks. Results: 1. Before dry-hydrotherapy, there was no significant difference in VAS score and Oswestry low back pain disability questionnaire score between two groups. 2. The VAS score was significantly decreased in both groups after 2-week dry-hydrotherapy and the decrease in the AS score in dry-hydrotherapy group was significantly lower than in control group. 3. The Oswestry low back pain disability questionnaire score was significantly decreased in both groups after 2-week dry-hydrotherapy and the decrease in Oswestry low back pain disability questionnaire score dry-hydrotherapy group was significantly lower than in control group. Conclusion: In conclusion, the dry-hydrotherapy was effective to alleviate pain in patients with low back pain.

• Journal of Korean Physical Therapy Science
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• v.9 no.3
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• pp.97-106
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• 2002

Purpose. This study was tried to compare the effect of the change in postural deviation caused by the pain side Subjects and Methods. Inpatients and outpatients (n=71) were selected from I hospital who have a musculoskeletal low back pain and shoulder pain without any history of the central nervous system (CNS) lesions, orthopaedic problems of the both lower extremities, or the vestibular and the visual default. For the control group, normal and healthy subjects (n=30) were selected without any history of weight bearing disorders. the weight bearing was rated by the computerized force plate. Results. 1) Postural deviation was not significant difference between patients and control group(p<0.01). But postural deviation in patients was more pronounced than control group. 2) There was significant difference of postural deviation between in patients according to the pain side(p<0.01). When the pain side was on the left side, postural deviation tended to the right. When the pain side was on the right side and vertebral body, postural deviation tended to the left. 3) There was no significant difference of postural deviation between regional pain in shoulder and regional pain in low back(p<0.01). Discussions and Conclusion. As a result, the pain, for sure, affected the good posture and its keeping process directly or/and indirectly. Therefore, as the postural deviation increases, the additional energy consumption increased by the works of the muscles to keep the good posture. Preponderated postural deviation, furthermore, could load too much to the musculoskeletal system, leading to increase the pain. The postural deviation, a result of the pain, can cause a secondary deformity of the distal area as a compensatory reaction, and this compensation actually become a cause of the musculoskeletal symptom back in a cycle. Therefore, the appropriate treatment of the musculoskeletal problem and the education of the posture correction should be given to decrease the pain, preventing the secondary deformities, and increasing muscle energy efficiency of the posture remaining muscles.

• Journal of Oral Medicine and Pain
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• v.34 no.3
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• pp.303-316
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• 2009

This study was designed to evaluate the Temporomandibular Disorders(TMD) with Tension-Type Headache(TTH) by gender. Patients with TMD and/or TTH visited the Department of Oral Medicine, Kyung Hee University Dental Hospital were recruited to this study. Experimental group(n=60) is composed of TMD with TTH and control group(n=111) is composed of TMD without TTH. Evaluation list was pain quality, pain intensity, pain laterality, pain increase by routine physical activity and then it was analyzed statistically. The results were as follows ; 1. In the control group, pain quality was significantly different by gender(p=0.04). But, in the experimental group, pain quality was not significantly different by gender. 2. In the control group, pain intensity was not significantly different by gender. And, in the experimental group, pain intensity was not significantly different by gender. 3. In the control group, pain laterality was not significantly different by gender. And, in the experimental group, pain laterality was not significantly different by gender. 4. In the control group, pain increase by routine physical activity was not significantly different by gender. And, in the experimental group, pain increase by routine physical activity was not significantly different by gender. Therefore, it is considered that not temporomandibular disorder patients with tension-type headache but temporomandibular disorder patients without tension-type headache was influenced by gender in the pain quality.

• Journal of Korean Physical Therapy Science
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.62-74
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• 2018

Background: The purpose of this study is intended to evaluate the effectiveness and analyse the change on flexibility, muscular volume and pain of university students with low back pain by stabilization exercise using XCO. Methods: The subjects(N=23) with low back pain are recruited from K university located Chungbuck. The subjects which are divided to 2 group as experimental group(N=12) conducted the stabilization exercise using XCO and control group(N=11) conducted the general stabilization exercise. The flexibility, muscular volume and pain were measured before and after intervention. Results: There were no significant differences(p>.05) in sex, age, height and weight among subjects. Also there were no significant differences(p>.05) in muscular volume and pain between of the experimental group and control group. A significant difference(p<.05) in the flexibility, contraction EO(External Oblique), contraction IO(Internal Oblique), contraction TA(Transverse Abdominal) and pain in the experimental group. There was significant difference(p<.05) in the flexibility, contraction EO(External Oblique), contraction IO(Internal Oblique) and pain in the control group. There was a significant difference(p<.05) in the flexibility of the experimental group between the control group. Conclusion: Based on this study, through a variety of age and various intervention period to apply more subjects conducting Stabilization exercise using XCO should continue.

• Child Health Nursing Research
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• v.8 no.4
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• pp.400-413
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• 2002

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of informational intervention on postoperative pain following tonsillectomy in children. This study was performed on 30 children, aged 5-15 years, undergoing tonsillectomy and their parents by providing informational intervention with colored figure; operation procedure and information. Pain assessment was done by Pain Questionnaire. The results from this study were as follows : 1. Children in experimental group with mean 16.07 had lower pain scores than control group with mean 14.87 at 4th hours after operation(p<0.05). It showed 'significant difference' and first hypothesis was adopted. 2. Children in experimental group with mean 20.60 had lower pain scores than control group with mean 17.27 at 8th hours after operation(p<0.05). It showed 'significant difference' and second hypothesis was adopted. 3. Children in experimental group with mean 28.80 had lower pain scores than control group with mean 25.70 at 24th hours after operation(p<0.05). It showed 'significant difference' and third hypothesis was adopted. 4. When we analyzed the time difference and difference between two groups simultaneously by repeated measure ANOVA, the significant difference was not found. And so 'the experiential group with operation-related information will show the lower pain sense than the control group just as the time flows after operation', fourth hypothesis was rejected. Generally, it was found that providing information about operation to children and their parents reduced effectively postoperative pain in children, but in clinical settings there are minimum preoperative information-providing because of insufficient time and inconvenience although nursing staffs and patients know its needs. Conclusionally providing preoperative information should help children and their parents cope with Pre, Peri and Post operative events effectively.

• Physical Therapy Rehabilitation Science
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.36-42
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• 2024

Objective: The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of hamstring eccentric exercise on pain and functional activity in patients with chronic low back pain. Design: Randomized controlled trial Methods: Participants comprised 27 subjects with back pain persisting for 3 months. They were randomly assigned to the experimental group (Eccentric exercise: n=13) and the control group (Stretching: n=14). The experimental group performed gastrocnemius, iliopsoas, and quadratus lumborum stretching along with hamstring eccentric exercise, while the control group engaged in the same stretches along with hamstring stretching. The eccentric exercise for the hamstrings was Nordic curl exercise. Each group practiced for 1 hour a day, 3 times a week, for 4 weeks. Pain, disability index, balance, and hamstring length were measured. Results: Significant differences were observed in the comparison of changes in back pain, back disability index, and hamstring length before and after exercise within each group (p<0.05). The balance ability of the experimental group showed a difference before and after exercise (p<0.05), whereas no significant difference in the control group. There were no significant differences in back pain and hamstring length between the groups. Changes in back disability index and balance ability significantly increased in the experimental group compared to the control group (p<0.05). Conclusion: Hamstring eccentric exercise using Nordic curls has a positive effect on back pain, back disability index, balance ability, and hamstring length changes.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.57 no.3
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• pp.291-299
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• 2024

Background: Postoperative pain management following minimally invasive repair of pectus excavatum (MIRPE) remains a critical concern due to severe post-procedural pain. Promising results have been reported for cryoanalgesia following MIRPE; however, its invasiveness, single-lung ventilation, and additional instrumentation requirements remain obstacles. Serratus anterior plane block (SAPB) is a regional block technique capable of covering the anterior chest wall at the T2-9 levels, which are affected by MIRPE. We hypothesized that SAPB would be a superior alternative pain control modality that reduces postoperative pain more effectively than conventional methods. Methods: We conducted a retrospective study of patients who underwent MIRPE between March 2022 and August 2023. The efficacy of pain control was compared between group N (conventional pain management, n=24) and group S (SAPB, n=26). Group N received intravenous patient-controlled analgesia (IV-PCA) and subcutaneous local anesthetic infusion. Group S received bilateral continuous SAPB with 0.3% ropivacaine after a bilateral bolus injection of 30 mL of 0.25% ropivacaine with baseline IV-PCA. Pain levels were evaluated using a Visual Analog Scale (VAS) at 1, 3, 6, 12, 24, 48, and 72 hours postoperatively and total intravenous rescue analgesic consumption by morphine milligram equivalents (MME). Results: Mean VAS scores were significantly lower in group S than in group N throughout the 72-hour postoperative period (p<0.01). Group S showed significantly lower MME at postoperative 72 hours (group N: 108.53, group S: 16.61; p<0.01). Conclusion: SAPB improved immediate postoperative pain control in both the resting and dynamic states and reduced opioid consumption compared to conventional management.

• Journal of Korean Clinical Nursing Research
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• v.14 no.3
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• pp.47-59
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• 2008

Purpose: The purpose of the study was to compare the active pain management (APM) with structured physiotherapy (SPT) with the conservative care on postoperative pulmonary complications, pain, and comfort in children under three year. Method: A non-equivalent control group, non-synchronized design study was used. A total of 64 children participated in the study. The children in the experimental group (n=32) received APM with SPT after surgical operation. After transferred to the general unit, the parents were instructed to hold the child for 30 minutes to relieve anxiety and have him/her sleep comfortably for 2 hours. Scheduled 20 minutes chest percussion was performed by the parents for 2 days: twice every 4 hours, one in 6 hours, then one every 8 hours for the rest of two days. Analgesic was administered as needed. Pain and comfort were observed and recorded by nurses using the FLACC and COMFORT Behavior Scale. Results: One child in the control group was diagnosed with postoperative pneumonia. The children in the experimental group who were received the APM with SPT reported higher scores in comfort and lower scores in pain than those in the control group. Conclusion: The findings suggest that APM with SPT can help prevent postoperative pulmonary complications and pain.

• Journal of the Korean Academy of Clinical Electrophysiology
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.1-6
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• 2012

Purpose : This study is to investigate the modulatory effects to the ultraviolet induced erythema of pain processing system. Methods : Thirty six healthy volunteers were divided into none treatment group (n=6), indomethacine group (n=6), subsensory level electrical stimulation group (n=6), sensory level electrical stimulation group (n=6), motor level electrical stimulation group (n=6), noxious level electrical stimulation group (n=6). Subjects were induced erythema for three times minimal erythema dose (MED) at upper arm of dermatome C6 level. Each experimental group had mechanical pain threshold (MPT), electrical pain threshold (EPT), thermal pain threshold (TPT). Results : This study revealed that we observed that pain thresholds were significantly correlated with each other in pain processing system. The effect of electrical stimulation levels evaluates were shown to be significant differences pain control effect in electrical stimulation group (sensory, motor level electrical stimulation groups) more than indomethacine group, subsensory level and control group. Conclusion : In this study, it was found that the effect of ultraviolet induced erythema of pain control by modulatory electrical stimulation.