• The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy
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• 제22권3호
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• pp.99-105
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• 2010

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the development of pain behavior and the expression of CCL2/CCR2 and CX3CL1/CX3CR1 at above and below the level of hemisection of the spinal cord in a rat model. Methods: Spinal cords of adult female Sprague-Dawley rats (n= 16, 200~250 g, 6~8 weeks old) were hemisected at T13 on the right side to develop the spinal hemisection injury model. We compared behavioral responses of the hemisection and of a sham surgery group. Behavioral tests for motor function (by the BBB locomotor scale), and for pain response for mechanical and cold allodynia were assessed postoperatively (PO) for 21 days. Expression of mRNA for chemokines and their receptors (CCL2/CCR2 and CX3CL1/CX3CR1) below and above the level of the spinal cord dissection were examined by RT-PCR. Results: We observed gradual motor improvement and the development of mechanical and cold allodynia on the ipsilateral hindpaw after spinal hemisection injury. We also found upregulation of mRNA expression of CCL2/CCR2 both above and below the level of spinal cord dissection but CX3CL1/CX3CR1 mRNA expression. Conclusion: Upregulation of CCL2/CCR2 is associated with neuropathic pain after spinal hemisection injury. CCL2/CCR2 may play an important role in the development of neuropathic pain after SCI as well as of peripheral neuropathic pain. These findings may improve understanding of the pathophysiological mechanism of neuropathic pain after SCI.

• 대한한의학회지
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• 제28권2호통권70호
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• pp.93-113
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• 2007

Objective : To research Trends of studies about anti-inflammation and pain relief, obesity, and safety of herbal acupuncture therapy by analyzing domestic theses, published since 2001, about herbal acupuncture therapy. Methods : Domestic theses, published since 2001, mentioning anti-inflammation or pain relief, obesity, or safety of herbal acupuncture therapy were reviewed and analyzed. These theses were then classified by university, year, and subject. Results : The following results were obtained in this study. 1. Among published theses related to anti-inflammation effects of herbal-acupuncture, studies about arthritis comprised the most part, 52. In theses relating to causes of arthritis, 16 were about adjuvant, which was the most, followed by Type II collagen, LPS and carrageenan. Blood test, reactions of inflammation and revelation of cytokine and immune cellswere methods for evaluating anti-inflammation effect. The tendency of experimental methods was to focus on molecular biologic method. 2. In theses related to pain relief, many clinical attempts with herbal injection were carried out, and Carthami Flos and Scolopendrawere used most. Observing reduction of pain inducing factor and checking behavioral change were methods for evaluating pain relief. 3. In theses related to obesity, research focused on effects in association with spots on the body suitable for acupuncture. There were also attempts comparing effectiveness between single injections and complex injections. Astraball Radix, Angelica Gigantis Radix, Coicis Semen and Taeumjowetang were used. Evaluation of anti-obesity effects were by weight loss, food efficiency, blood lipid profile and evaluation of liver function. 4. In theses related to safety of herbal-acupuncture, Herba Chelidonii Chaenonelis Fructus, Clematis Florida Thunb, Corydalidis Tuber, Paeoniae Radix, and Carthami Flos which marked 2 theses each were most studied. Methods of evaluating safety were mostly by observing liver and kidney functions based on blood test, and by applying herbal injections to clinical treatment. Conclusion : Herbal acupuncture is being used in various ways associating with its anti-inflammation, pain relief and anti-obesity effect. Studies on efficacy and mechanism of herbal acupuncture are being conducted even at the molecular biology level.

• 대한물리치료과학회지
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• 제13권2호
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• pp.99-119
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• 2006

Endothelin (ET) is a 21 amino acid peptide with multifunctional effects on the vasculature as well as a variety of other cell types such as respiratory, gastrointestinal, urogenital, endocrine, central nervous systems, and others. Endothelin has emerged as a modulator by autocrine and paracrine actions for many cellular activities, including vasoconstriction, cell proliferation, hormone production, neurotransmitter and/or neuromodulator. The endothelin family consists of three closely related peptides, ET-1, ET-2, and ET-3 derived from separate genes, such as chromosome 6, 1, and 20, respectively. ET-1 is the predominant isoform produced in the cardiovascular system and about which most is known. Endothelin receptors are seven-transmembrane GTP-binding protein-coupled receptors, which are classified into endothelin-A (ETA) and endothelin-B (ETB) receptors. Interestingly, recent evidence is accumulating to suggest that ET -1 may contribute to a variety of pain states such as allodynia and hyperalgesia in animals and humans. Therefore, in this review the biological characteristics and contraction-related mechanism of endothelin-1 in mammalian cells will be summarized. Especially, we focus on multifunctional roles for ET-1 in noxious stimulation-induced pain for the study of pain specialized physical therapy.

• Journal of Dental Anesthesia and Pain Medicine
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• 제18권1호
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• pp.9-17
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• 2018

Background: The structure and function of bone tissue is maintained through a constant remodeling process, which is maintained by the balance between osteoblasts and osteoclasts. The failure of bone remodeling can lead to pathological conditions of bone structure and function. Remifentanil is currently used as a narcotic analgesic agent in general anesthesia and sedation. However, the effect of remifentanil on osteoclasts has not been studied. Therefore, we investigated the effect of remifentanil on pre-osteoclast (pre-OCs) differentiation and the mechanism of osteoclast differentiation in the absence of specific stimulus. Methods: Pre-OCs were obtained by culturing bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMMs) in osteoclastogenic medium for 2 days and then treated with various concentration of remifentanil. The mRNA expression of NFATc1 and c-fos was examined by using real-time PCR. We also examined the effect of remifentanil on the osteoclast-specific genes TRAP, cathepsin K, calcitonin receptor, and DC-STAMP. Finally, we examined the influence of remifentanil on the migration of pre-OCs by using the Boyden chamber assay. Results: Remifentanil increased pre-OC differentiation and osteoclast size, but did not affect the mRNA expression of NFATc1 and c-fos or significantly affect the expression of TRAP, cathepsin K, calcitonin receptor, and DC-STAMP. However, remifentanil increased the migration of pre-OCs. Conclusions: This study suggested that remifentanil promotes the differentiation of pre-OCs and induces maturation, such as increasing osteoclast size. In addition, the increase in osteoclast size was mediated by the enhancement of pre-OC migration and cell fusion.

• 대한정형외과학회지
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• 제55권1호
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• pp.1-8
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• 2020

고령화의 진행 및 근골격계 질환의 증가로 인해 여러 가지 수술적 치료 방법을 포함한 침습적인 치료 방법이 증가되고 있으나 수술적 치료 시행 전 보존적 치료는 충분히 시행되어야 한다. 보존적 치료 중에서 통증 조절을 위한 약물 치료는 오래 전부터 보존적 치료의 가장 대표적인 치료 방법으로 사용되어 왔고 여전히 가장 흔히 사용되는 방법이다. 통증 조절을 위한 약물로는 아세트아미노펜(acetaminophen), 비스테로이드성 항염증제(non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs), 스테로이드(steroid), 마약성 진통제(opioid), 항우울제(antidepressants) 등이 있으며 저자는 마약성 진통제 및 항우울제에 대해서 살펴보고자 한다. 통증으로 인해 말초 부위에 있는 통각 수용체에 자극이 전달되면 통증은 중추 신경계로 전달되는 상향성 경로(ascending pathway)를 거쳐 대뇌에 전달되고 대뇌는 통증을 조절하기 위해 하향성 조절 경로(descending pathway)를 통해 엔도르핀(endorphin)과 같은 내인성 마약성 진통제를 분비하게 된다. 마약성 진통제라는 것은 마약성 진통제 수용체(receptor)에 작용하는 물질을 통틀어서 일컫는 말로 마약성 진통제는 세 가지의 수용체가 존재하며 조직이나 환자의 전신 상태에 따라서 각각의 수용체에 대한 친화성이 달라진다. 이와는 달리 항우울제는 중추신경계의 시냅스에 작용하여 통증을 조절하는 상향성 경로를 조절하는 것이 주된 기전으로 만성통증과 신경병성 통증에 효과적이며 이는 마약성 진통제 계열과 효과가 유사한 것으로 알려져 있다. 본 종설에서는 이러한 마약성 진통제와 항우울제의 효과적인 사용 방법, 사용 시 유의점 및 부작용 등에 대해 다루고자 한다.

• Journal of Hospice and Palliative Care
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• 제1권1호
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• pp.65-68
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• 1998

The neuropathic pains are not well controlled by common analgesics and opioid drugs in terminal cancer patients. The types of these pains are divided within the two cages, one is due to continuous central sensitization and the other is due to paroxymal peripheral sensitization. The mechanism of continuous central sensitization is the activity of dorsal horn neurones that are activated by C-fiber input. The tricyclic antidepressants, non-tricyclic antidepressants, and oral local anaesthesia probably produce analgesic effects in neuropathic pains through suppression of this activity. The mechanism of paroxymal peripheral sensitization is the hyper-excitability of peripheral neurones. The neuropathic pains due to peripheral sensitization respond relatively the anticonvulsants and baclofen that stabilize membranes and suppress paroxymal electrical discharge. The patients was a 38-year-old female who complained of hyperthemia on upper right extremity. The symptom of this patient was improved with anticonvulsant(dilantin 600mg).

• Journal of Yeungnam Medical Science
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• 제34권1호
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• pp.146-148
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• 2017

Concurrent injury of medial malleolus and deltoid ligament is difficult to occur considering the injury mechanism. When the concurrent injury comes about, the deltoid ligament injury could be missed and it may lead to medial ankle instability. There are few reported cases of the concurrent injury and domestic case of concurrent failure of both structures over the medial side has been reported just once; however, the injury mechanism is different from this case. The authors report a case of medial malleolus fracture with deltoid ligament rupture following pronation injury with a review of necessity of repairing deltoid ligament for ankle stability.

• 대한기계학회:학술대회논문집
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• 대한기계학회 2000년도 추계학술대회논문집A
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• pp.376-380
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• 2000

All chairs are uncomfortable in the long run, but some chairs become uncomfortable more rapidly than others, and in any particular chair, some people will be more uncomfortable than others. Comfort will depend upon the interaction of chair characteristics, user characteristics, and task characteristics. In this study, we intend to design the comfortable office chair by investigating the anthropometric and biomechanical aspects for Korean. Therefore, we determine the design dimensions using the analysis of anthropometric data. With these dimensions, we design the chair mechanism of which backrest reclines with increasing chair pan declination. This mechanism allows the back to get adequate support at the correct level for any backrest declination. Also, the lumbar support in the backrest descends with increasing backrest reclining. By using this chair, a considerably better sitting posture can be obtained, and uncomfortable feeling and back pain may be prevented.

• 대한약학회:학술대회논문집
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• 대한약학회 2003년도 Proceedings of the Convention of the Pharmaceutical Society of Korea Vol.2-2
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• pp.98.1-98.1
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• 2003

Bee venom (BY) has been utilized to relieve pain and to treat inflammatory diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis (RA). However, the molecular mechanism by which BV-induced anti-arthritis effect has been not reported yet. Therefore, in the present study we investigated anti-inflammatory effect of BV in a murine marcrophage cell line Raw 264.7 cell and synoviocyte obtained from RA patients. The present data showed that BV has a preventive effect on lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and sodium nitroprusside (SNP) induced induction of COX-2, cPLA2 and iNOS. (omitted)

• 대한족부족관절학회지
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• 제28권3호
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• pp.111-113
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• 2024

Tillaux fractures, a rare type corresponding to Salter-Harris type 3, are observed in approximately 3% of pediatric ankle fractures. They are known to occur primarily via a supination-external rotation mechanism. Maisonneuve fractures, on the other hand, are proximal fibula fractures involving injury on syndesmosis, deltoid ligament, or medial malleolus fracture, occurring via a pronation-external rotation mechanism. These two types of fractures occur through different mechanisms of injury. In this study, a nine-year-old female pediatric patient presented to the outpatient department with ankle pain following a fall from a trampoline and was diagnosed with concurrent Tillaux-like fracture and Maisonneuve fractures. Surgical treatment was performed, resulting in successful recovery.