• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• v.4 no.4
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• pp.373-377
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• 1996

The effect of potassium channel openers, KR-30450, KR-30818 and lemakalim have been compared against several spasmogens in guinea pig bronchi. In guinea pig bronchi, KR-30450 had a greater relaxant effect than lemakalim and KR-30818 against tone induced by histamine $10^{-5}M$ ($EC_{50}$ $\mu$M: KR-30450, 0.108$\pm$0.077; KR-30818, 0.403$\pm$0.023; lemakalim, 0.968$\pm$0.036) and prostaglandin $F_{2\alpha} 3\times10^{-6} M$ ($EC_{50}$ $\mu$M: KR-30450, 0.018$\pm$0.001; KR-30818, 0.028$\pm$0.003; lemakalim, 0.138$\pm$0.019). Relaxant effect of KR-30450 and KR-30818 were significantly reduced by 20 min pretreatment of tissues with $10^[-6}$ M glibenclamide, a selective blocker of ATP-sensitive potassium channel. Against acetylcholine-induced tone in guinea pig bronchi, however, these compounds had little effect. In summary, KR-30450 and KR-30818 showed greater relaxant effect than lemakalim in guinea pig bronchi (KR-30450>KR-30818>lemakalim). These relaxant actions are suggested to be mediated at least in part by a mechanism which involves the opening of ATP-sensitive potassium channel.

• Journal of Embryo Transfer
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.101-108
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• 2008

This study investigated the developmental ability and gene expression of somatic cell nuclear transfer embryos using ear skin fibroblast cells derived from miniature pig. When miniature pig (m) and landrace pig (p) were used as donor cells, there were no differences in cleavage (79.2 vs. 78.2%) and blastocyst rates (27.4 vs. 29.7%). However, mNT blastocysts showed significantly higher apoptosis rate than that of pNT blastocysts (6.1 vs. 1.7%) (p<0.05). The number of nuclei in pNT blastosysts was significantly higher than that of mNT (35.8 vs. 29.3) (p<0.05). Blastocysts were analyzed using Realtime RT-PCR to determine the expression of Bax-${\alpha}$, Bcl-xl, H19, IGF2, IGF2r and Xist. Bax-${\alpha}$ was higher in mNT blastocyst than pNT blastocyst (p<0.05). There was no difference in Bcl-xl between two NT groups. Bax-${\alpha}$/Bcl-xl was, however, significantly higher in mNT blastocyst compared to pNT. The expression of imprinting genes were aberrant in blastocysts derived from NT compared to in vivo blastocysts. H19 and IGF2r were significantly lower in mNT blastocysts (p<0.05). The expression of IGF2 and Xist was similar in two NT groups. However, imprinting genes were expressed aberrantly in mNT compared to pNT blastocysts. The present results suggest that the NT between donor cells derived from miniature pig and recipient oocytes derived from crossbred pig might affect reprogramming of donor cell, resulting in high apoptosis and aberrant expression patterns of imprinting genes.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.45 no.2
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• pp.149-155
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• 2012

This study was conducted to investigate the effect of liquid pig manure application on soil chemical properties in rice - Chinese milkvetch rotation. Field experiment was designed with APLM 0 (Chinese milkvetch + Liquid pig manure $0L\;m^{-2}$), APLM 50 (Chinese milkvetch + Liquid pig manure $1.8L\;m^{-2}$), APLM 75 (Chinese milkvetch + Liquid pig manure $2.7L\;m^{-2}$) and APLM 100 (Chinese milkvetch + Liquid pig manure $3.6L\;m^{-2}$), respectively. The concentration of O.M, T-N, Avail. $P_2O_5$, K, Ca and Mg at different liquid pig manure levels in soil were generally high in the order of APLM 100 > APLM 75 > APLM 50 > APLM 0. Especially, T-N concentration of soil in APLM 100 was 1.4 times higher than APLM 0. The yield of rice in APLM 100 was $636kg\;10a^{-1}$ (increasing yield 5.3%) compared with APLM 0 in rice-Chinese milkvetch crop rotation. Therefore, application of liquid pig manure was useful in rice - Chinese milkvetch crop rotation.

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.182-188
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• 1999

This study was performed to determine the causes of the bursting casualties such as death of sows and piglets, abortion, still birth and infertility in a pig farm after consecutive detonation for three months to construct 345 KV in Kimje area. 1. Temperatures in Kimje district, management condition, microorganism in the feed, inbreeding, hematological conditions, and viral agent causing abortion were not proved as the factors of acute occurrence of abortion and infertility in the pig farm. 2. The amount of explosive was increased from 250 kg to 1,100 kg from 23 Dec. 1996 to 28 Jan. 1997 and at the same time the distance between the spot of detonation and the pig farm got closer, from 200 m at the begining to 100 m at the last detonation. 3. Theoretical concussion and sound values were 0.66 kine and 89.39 ㏈, respectively, in the case of 100 m distance between the detonation spot and the pig farm. In conclusion, death of 675 piglets and 11 sows and infertility of 69 sows in the pig farm were assumed to be caused by the concussion or sound stress after detonation.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.9 no.3
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• pp.163-168
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• 1994

In the present study we investigated the peripheral function of capsaicin and KR-25018, a newly synthesized capsaicin derivative, which was demonstrated to have a potent analgesic activity through different mechanism from morphine and nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs. Capsaicin (10-8~10-5 M) and KR-25018 (10-8~10-5 M) produced concentration-dependent contractions of the isolated guinea pig bronchi. There were no significant differences in the maximum response and the EC50 values (EC50: 0.137$\pm$0.025 $\mu$M and 0.097$\pm$0.031 $\mu$M for capsaicin and KR-25018, respectively, P>0.05). Phosphoramidon (10 $\mu$M) and indomethacin (10 $\mu$M) had no significant effect on contractile response to the submaximal concentration range of capsaicin and KR-25018 (3$\times$10-9~3$\times$10-7 M). The response to KR-25018, like that to capsaicin, was significantly inhibited by ruthenium red with reduction in the maximum response, which is indicative of non-competitive antagonism. A further common feature of the responses to capsaicin and KR-25018 in the guinea pig bronchi was their sensitivity to capsazepine. Capsazepine caused a rightward parallel shift in concentration-response curves obtained by capsaicin and KR-25018. the pA2 values of capsazepine were 5.90 and 5.99 against capsaicin and KR-25018 response, respectively. In conclusion, KR-25018 and capsaicin exert their contractile effects in the isolated guinea pig bronchial muscle by common mechanisms, probably via the activation of a specific receptor.

• Journal of Animal Environmental Science
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• v.11 no.3
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• pp.169-176
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• 2005

The farm house structure, ventilation system and manure treatment of two-storey buildings and sawdust pig houses were surveyed and analyzed. Based on the data for ten selected farms in five provinces during eight months, the goal is to eventually establish a standard two-storey pig house. Manure treatments were composting, slurry and activated sludge in two-storey pig houses, while fermentation method was done in sawdust pig house. The depth of sawdust as a litter material were 10 to 60cm, with a duration of 1/2, 1, 3 and 6 months, respectively. The ventilation systems were the mechanical type in two-storey pig houses and natural system in the sawdust pig house. Side wall in the two-storey pig house was enclosed with insulation materials such as block, colored metal sheet and sandwich panels. The minimum ceiling height in the first floor of the two-storey pig house was 2.0m and the maximum was 3.0m. On the second floor, ceiling height ranged from 2.0 to 2.7m. The construction cost in the two-storey systems were $700\~140$, and sidewall curtain systems were $30\~40$ thousand Won/pyung.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• v.2 no.2
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• pp.225-232
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• 1998

To investigate the possible involvement of outward potassium ($K^+$) currents in nitric oxide-induced relaxation in intestinal smooth muscle, we used whole-cell patch clamp technique in freshly dispersed guinea-pig ileum longitudinal smooth muscle cells. When cells were held at -60 mV and depolarized from -40 mV to -50 mV in 10 mV increments, sustained outward $K^+$ currents were evoked. The outward $K^+$ currents were markedly increased by the addition of 10 ${\mu}M$ sodium nitroprusside (SNP). 10 ${\mu}M$ S-nitroso-N-acetylpenicillamine (SNAP) and 1 mM 8-Bromo-cyclic GMP (8-Br-cGMP) also showed a similar effect to that of SNP. 1 mM tetraethylammonium (TEA) significantly reduced depolarization-activated outward $K^+$ currents. SNP-enhanced outward $K^+$ currents were blocked by the application of TEA. High EGTA containing pipette solution (10 mM) reduced the control currents and also inhibited the SNP-enhanced outward $K^+$ currents. 5 mM 4-aminopyridine (4-AP) significantly reduced the control currents but showed no effect on SNP-enhanced outward $K^+$ currents. 0.3 ${\mu}M$ apamin and 10 ${\mu}M$ glibenclamide showed no effect on SNP-enhanced outward $K^+$ currents. 10 ${\mu}M$ 1H-[1,2,4]oxadiazolo [4,3-a]quinoxaline-1-one (ODQ), a specific inhibitor of soluble guanylate cyclase, significantly blocked SNP-enhanced $K^+$ currents. We conclude that NO donors activate the $Ca^{2+}-activated$ $K^+$ channels in guinea-pig ileal smooth muscle via activation of guanylate cyclase.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Service
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.177-181
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• 1995

The effects of histamine were investigated on the uterine smooth muscle motility in the pig. The results were summarized as fellows : 1. Histamine caused the contraction of the porcine uterine smooth muscle and the contractile responses increased between the concetration of histamine $10^{-8}$ and $10^{-5}$ M with a dose-dependent manner. 2. The contractile response Induced by histamine ($10^{-6}$ M) was completely blocked by pretrevatment with $H_1$-histaminergic receptor blocker, pyrilamine($10^{-6}$ M) 3. The contractile response induced by histamine($10^{-6}$ M) was increased by pretreatment with $H_2$-histaminergic receptor blocker, cimetidine($10^{-6}$ M) From these results, it was concluded that the effects of uterine smooth muscle by histamine were the contraction mediated by $H_1$-histaminergic receptor and the relaxation mediated by $H_2$-histaminergic receptor in pig.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.22 no.10
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• pp.1420-1428
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• 2009

In this study we cloned and characterized a novel lipid-accumulating gene, the oxidized low-density lipoprotein receptor 1 (OLR1), which is associated with lipogenesis. We analyzed the gene structure and detected the mRNA transcriptional expression levels in pig adipose tissues at different months of age (MA) and in different economic types (lean type and obese type) using real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR. OLR1 expression profile in different tissues of pig was analyzed. Finally, we studied the correlation between OLR1 and lipid metabolism related genes including peroxisome proliferator-activated $receptor{\gamma}2$ ($PPAR{\gamma}2$), fatty acid synthetase (FAS), triacylglycerol hydrolase (TGH), CAAT/enhancer binding protein $\alpha$ ($C/EBP{\alpha}$) and sterol regulatory element binding protein-1c (SREBP-1c). Results indicated that the OLR1 gene of the pig exhibited the highest homology with the cattle (84%), and the lowest with the mouse (27%). The signal peptide located from amino acid 38 to 60 and the domain from amino acid 144 to 256 were shared by the C-type lectin family. The expression level of OLR1 in pig lung was exceedingly higher than other tested tissues (p<0.01). In pig adipose tissue, the expression level of OLR1 mRNA increased significantly with growth (p<0.01). The expression level of OLR1 mRNA in obese-type pigs was significantly higher than that of lean-type pigs of the same monthly age (p<0.05). In adipose tissue, the expression of OLR1 correlated with $PPAR{\gamma}2$, FAS and SREBP-1c, but not TGH or C/EBP${\alpha}$. In conclusion, OLR1 was highly associated with fat deposition and its transcription, as suggested by high correlations, was possibly regulated by $PPAR{\gamma}2$ and SREBP-1c.

• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
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• v.38 no.2
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• pp.151-158
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• 2012

Objectives: Bioaerosols released by treating organic-waste resources cause a variety of environmental and hygiene problems. The objective of this study was to investigate the distribution characteristics of the airborne bacteria emitted from a pig manure composting plant, a principal site for organic-waste resource facilities. Methods: Three types of pig manure composting plant were selected based on fermentation mode: screw type, rotary type and natural-dry type. Each site was visited and investigated on a monthly basis between September 2009 and August 2010. A total of 36 air samplings were obtained from the pig manure composting plants. The air sampling equipment was a six-stage cascade impactor. Quantification and qualification of airborne bacteria in the air samples was performed by agar culture method and identification technique, respectively. Results: The mean concentrations of airborne bacteria in pig manure composting plant were 7,032 (${\pm}1,496$) CFU $m^{-3}$ for screw type, 3,309 (${\pm}1,320$) CFU $m^{-3}$ for rotary type, and 5,580 (${\pm}1,106$) CFU $m^{-3}$ for natural dry type. The screw type pig manure composting plant showed the highest concentration of airborne bacteria, followed by the natural dry type and the rotary type. The ratio of respirable to total airborne bacteria was approximately 40-60%. The predominant genera of airborne bacteria identified were Micrococcus spp., Staphylococcus spp. and Escherichia spp. Conclusion: Monthly levels of airborne bacteria were highest in August and lowest in November regardless of fermentation mode. There was no significant correlation relationship between airborne bacteria and environmental factors such as temperature, relative humidity and particulate matters in pig manure composting plants.