• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.38 no.2
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• pp.376-390
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• 2018

Cronobacter species have been associated with disease outbreaks and sporadic infections, particularly in premature and immunocompromised infants. Cronobacter species can cause foodborne infections such as neonatal meningitis, septicaemia and necrotising enterocolitis. Accordingly, there is an urgent need to control and monitor the Cronobacter species in food, especially in powdered infant formula (PIF) and other baby foods. Therefore, in this review, the isolation and prevalence of Cronobacter species in infant food including PIF and the recent advance of detection methods are discussed for the better understanding on the current research status of Cronobacter species.

• 한국정보디스플레이학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2000.01a
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• pp.125-126
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• 2000

We report the use of fluorene based copolymers containing quinoline(POF66, PIF66) and pyridine(PFPV) units as electron transporting polymers for multi-layered LEDs. Double-layer device structure combining PIF66 as electron-transporting layer with the emissive MEHPPV showed a maximum quantum efficiency of 0.03%, which is 30 fold increased compared with ITO/MEHPPV/Al single-layer device. PFPV layer increased the quantum efficiency up to 0.1% in the device structure of ITO/(P-3:PVK)/PFPV/Al. The ETL with the electron deficient moiety improved the LED performance by the characteristics of electron transporting as well as hole blocking between emissive layer and metal cathode.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Gas
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• v.4 no.2 s.10
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• pp.52-57
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• 2000

This paper suggests the evaluation sheet to ensure the objective and detailed information based on a classification table of PIF (Performance Influencing Factor). And this paper shows the results of HEP(Human Error Probability), using a quantitative method with the evaluated data as a result of estimating the likelihood of . human errors in the gas industry facility together with the evaluation sheet. Finally, these results are programmed to be operated in personal computer so that field workers an apply it in easy and convenient manner. The results of this study offer two key benefits; sharing reliable information on human errors with the Data Base and establishing a strategy to reduce human errors as well as to improve working proficiency.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.27 no.4
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• pp.389-394
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• 2008

The ecophysiological changes occurring upon cold stress were studied using cold tolerant transgenic and wild-type tobacco plants. In a previous study, cold tolerance in tobacco was induced by the introduction of a gene encoding the zinc finger transcription factor, PIF1. Gas-exchange measurements including net photosynthesis and stomatal conductance were performed prior to, in the middle of, and after a cold-stress treatment of $1{\pm}2^{\circ}C$ for 96 h in each of the four seasons. In both transgenic and wild-type plants, gas-exchange parameters were severely decreased in the middle of the cold treatment, but had recovered after 2-3 h of adaptation in a greenhouse. Most t-test comparisons on gas-exchange measurements between the two plant types did not show statistical significance. Wild-type plants had slightly more water-soaked damage on the leaves than the transgenic plants. A light-response curve did not show any differences between the two plant types. However, the curve for assimilation-internal $CO_2$ in wild-type plants showed a much higher slope than that of the PIF1 transgenic plants. This means that the wild-type plant is more capable of regenerating Ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (Rubisco) and has greater electron transport capacity. In conclusion, cold-resistant transgenic tobacco plants demonstrated a better recovery of net photosynthesis and stomatal conductance after cold-stress treatment compared to wild-type plants, but the ecophysiological recoveries of the transgenic plants were not statistically significant.

• The Journal of Korean Institute of Electromagnetic Engineering and Science
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.46-54
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• 2000

In this paper, PIFA on PCS handset for SAR reduction is designed. According to the position of PIFA attached on the handset, side mounted PIFA and top mounted PIFA are suggested. Resonance characteristics with variety of design parameters are analyzed. And monopole antenna with $\lambda$/4 length is designed and compared with PIFAs in bandwidth and SAR. At 1.83 GHz center frequency, the bandwidth of side mounted PIFA and monopole antenna are 8.2% and 21.7%, respectively. The 1 g and 10 g peak average SARs of side mounted PIFA are 0.686 and 0.353 respectively, which are about 1/3 of SARs of monopole antenna, 1.759 and 0.978, respectively.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Gas
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• v.11 no.2 s.35
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• pp.60-64
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• 2007

Chemical Process industry in Korea has over 30 year's of history and is likely to face potential incidents. The traditional risk analysis and control system in Chemical Process industry focuses on mechanical defects, overlooking the human performance control. Although development of automation technology and controlling technology was necessary, human decision factor is essential to preventing accidents in the Chemical Process. Almost all serious accidents take place when inappropriate humanperformance and mechanical defects of safety equipments simultaneously occurs. The AHRA(Advanced Human Reliability Analyzer) software has been developed to collect failure data and analyze human error probability (Reliability) in Chemical Process Industry in Korea. This paper describes the HRA analysis result of PIF(Performance Influencing Factor) evaluation, HEP(Human Error Probability) and root cause of accidents by applying a Chemical Process Industry related accident data. This analysis result should present a scheme that, by controlling human error factor other than putting safety management funds into the machinery in plants, can reduce cost and maximize the safety in Chemical Process Industry.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Surveying, Geodesy, Photogrammetry and Cartography
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• v.37 no.3
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• pp.209-219
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• 2019

Satellite imagery occurs geometric and radiometric errors due to external environmental factors at the acquired time, which in turn causes false-alarm in change detection. These errors should be eliminated by geometric and radiometric corrections. In this study, we propose a methodology that automatically and simultaneously performs geometric and radiometric corrections by using the SURF (Speeded-Up Robust Feature) algorithm and the mask filter. The MPs (Matching Points), which show invariant properties between multi-temporal imagery, extracted through the SURF algorithm are used for automatic geometric correction. Using the properties of the extracted MPs, PIFs (Pseudo Invariant Features) used for relative radiometric correction are selected. Subsequently, secondary PIFs are extracted by generated mask filters around the selected PIFs. After performing automatic using the extracted MPs, we could confirm that geometric and radiometric errors are eliminated as the result of performing the relative radiometric correction using PIFs in geo-rectified images.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.42 no.3
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• pp.342-350
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• 1995

Background: Although there are improvements of clinical symtoms after bronchodilator inhalation in COPD patients, it has been noted that there was no increase of $FEV_1$ in some cases. $FEV_1$ did not reflect precisely the improvement of ventilatory mechanics after bronchodilator inhalation in these COPD patients. The main pathophysiology of COPD is obstruction of airway in expiratory phase but in result, the load of respiratory system is increased in inspiratory phase. Therefore the improvement of clinical symptoms after bronchodilator inhalation may be due to the decrease of inspiratory load. So we performed the study which investigated the effect of bronchodilator on inspiratory response of vetilatory mechanics in COPD patients. Methods: In 17 stable COPD patients, inspiratory and expiratory forced flow-volume curves were measured respectively before bronchodilator inhalation. 10mg of salbutamol solution was inhaled via jet nebulizer for 4 minutes. Forced expiratory and inspiratory flow-volume curves were measured again 15 minutes after bronchodilator inhalation. Results: $FEV_1$, FVC and $FEV_1$/FVC% were $0.92{\pm}0.34L$($38.3{\pm}14.9%$ predicted), $2.5{\pm}0.81L$($71.1{\pm}21.0%$ predicted) and $43.1{\pm}14.5%$ respectively before bronchodilator inhalation. The values of increase of $FEV_1$, FVC and PIF(Peak Inspiratory Flow) were $0.15{\pm}0.13L$(relative increase: 17.0%), $0.58{\pm}0.38\;L$(29.0%) and $1.0{\pm}0.56L$/sec(37.5%) respectively after bronchodilator inhalation. The increase of PIF was twice more than $FEV_1$ in average(p<0.001). The increase of PIF in these patients whose $FEV_1$ was not increased after bronchodilator inhalation were 35.0%, 44.0% and 55.5% respectively. Conclusion: The inspiratory parameter reflected improvement of ventilatory mechanics by inhaled bronchodilater better than expiratory parameters in COPD patients.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Plant Biotechnology Conference
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• 2005.11a
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• pp.242-242
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• 2005

• Journal of Korean Society of Water and Wastewater
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• v.14 no.3
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• pp.240-250
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• 2000

In this study, DWTP Advisor developed from U.S. EPA was adapted for performance assessment in small water treatment plant and studied for improvement advice about the problem. From results of performance assessment, the ability of each major unit process meets to Peak Instantaneous Flow(PIF) as Type I (above 95% of PIF) in N WTP. But, outlet condition in the sedimentation basin are permitting the loss of solids from the basin and the lack of proper solids removal is degrading the performance in N WTP. From results of the hydraulic analysis using fluoride tracer, flow rate in sedimentation basin is rapidly more lower than upper. The Reynolds number, Re, and Froude number, Fr which are used to predict flow condition in sedimentation basin is calculated to be 3159.98 and $2.06{\times}10^{-7}$, respectively. There is possibility of occurrence of short-circuiting and turbulence. Also, the different type of effluent trough makes unstable flow in sedimentation basin and increases carry-overing of sedimented solids.