• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Environment and Ecology Conference
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• 1999.04a
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• pp.43-46
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• 1999

• Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.38 no.1
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• pp.57-65
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• 2015

A natural mixed stand of Phragmites australis and Phacelurus latifolius was studied to clarify the distribution properties in a microsite in a tidal flat of Suncheon Bay. The height, density, and biomass of the shoots, as well as the biomass of the root system, were monitored for both species along with the altitude on a mound from June 2010 to October 2013. Firstly, the mean height and dry weight of both species were similar during the growth season. However, individual variations of the sizes of plants in the same species were noticeable. Secondly, the density and dry weight per unit area of P. latifolius increased, but that of P. australis decreased with the altitude on the mound. Thirdly, the root system (rhizomes and roots) of P. latifolius was mostly located in the upper layer (up to 20 cm depth), while that of P. australis was in the lower layer (over 70 cm depth) of the sediment. The roots of P. australis penetrated to the lower parts of the water table, while the roots of P. latifolius did not make contact with free water of the sediment. Fourthly, the removal of the shoot in the early growth season led to a visible reduction of biomass in the late growth season. The reduction rate was larger in P. latifolius than in P. australis. Lastly, in the area where the mound was removed, the density of P. australis increased in the first two years (2010-2011) and was highly sustained inthe last two years (2012-2013). However, the density of P. latifolius was low, and this plant was distributed at the edge of the mound only.

• Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.42 no.4
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• pp.205-210
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• 2018

To assess the environmental factors determining the zonation between Phacelurus latifolius and Phragmites australis, vegetation survey and soil analysis were performed at a tidal marsh. The vegetation of the tidal marsh was classified into P. latifolius and Suaeda japonica dominated quadrats, P. latifolius and P. australis dominated quadrats, P. australis dominated quadrats, and P. australis and other land plants dominated quadrats. The density of P. latifolius ($83.7{\pm}5.5\;shoots\;m^{-2}$) was higher than that of P. australis ($79.3{\pm}12.1\;shoots\;m^{-2}$) in each dominated quadrat but height of two species were similar. Soil environmental characteristics of P. latifolius dominated quadrats appeared to be affected by tide based on higher soil electric conductivity ($EC_{PL}=1530{\pm}152{\mu}Scm^{-1}$ ; $EC_{PA+PL}=689{\pm}578{\mu}Scm^{-1}$ ; $EC_{PA}=689{\pm}578{\mu}Scm^{-1$) and lower pH ($pH_{PL}=5.96{\pm}0.16$ ; $pH_{PA+PL}=6.28{\pm}0.31$ ; $pH_{PA}=6.38{\pm}0.22$). In redundancy analysis, environmental characteristics of P. latifolius dominated quadrats and P. australis dominated quadrats were clearly separated and those of P. latifolius and P. australis co-dominated quadrats were similar to P. australis dominated quadrats. From our investigation, P. latifolius showed relatively high competitiveness when compared to P. australis in lower tidal zone rather than upper tidal zone. Zonation of P. latifolius and P. australis seems to be a transitional zone between halophytes and land plant species.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.311-318
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• 2006

In an estuary, ecological dynamic is modified for a long time and memorized in soils and landscapes. As landscape memory, ecological motif is defined with dominance and rarity of vegetation. The purpose of the study is to investigate the existing vegetation character and to propose the ecological motif of this area. The present salt-water plants, community species composition and constancy degree around the estuary in Buandam watershed Buan-gun, Jeollabuk-do were analyzed. The results are as follows. The flora of the salt-water plants was listed as 16 taxa; 6 families,13 genera,14 species and 2 varieties. 5 taxa were Gramineae, 4 taxa Chenopodiaceae, and 4 taxa Comrositae. The salt-water plant communities are a total of 10 communities as listed; Zoysia sinica-Artemisia scoparia community, Phacelurus latifolius community, Artemisia scoparia Cnidium japonicum community, Limonium tetragonum -Artemisia scoparia community, Artemisia scoparia community, Suaeda japonica community, Elymus dahuricus community, Suaeda asparagoides community, Zoysia sinica community, and Zoysia sinica-Suaeda japonica community. Analyzed by the community classification species class of constancy degree, Phacelurus latifolius, Cnidium japonicum, Limonium tetragonum, Suaeda japonica, Elymus dahuricus and Suaeda asparagoides belong to I, Zoysia sinica and Artemisia scoparia to II. Elymus dahuricus, Setaria viridis var. pachystachys, Echinochloa crusgalli var. oryzicola, Phacelurus latifolius, Atriplex gmelini, Salicornia herbacea, Calystegia soldanella and Aster tripolium belong to the accompaniment species to I: Zoysia sinica, Suaeda asparagoides, Artemisia capillaris to II; Suaeda japonica, Artemisia scoparia to III ; Cnidium japonicum to IV: Limonium tetragonum, Artemisia fukudo to V. And the ecological motif is the Phacelurus latifolius community.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.125-132
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• 2003

This study was executed by China along with the Tumen river, which formed border of North Korea and China. As a result 91 family, 282 genera, 363 species, 57 variety 4 species, total 424 taxa of vascular plants were identified. The examination area was include the region that had various vegetation such as upper swampy land, seashore dune, a river, a high mountain grassy plain, deciduous tree zone, evergreen coniferous forest zone. The followings are representative plants, which found in an examination area but not in South Korea. Picea koraiensis, Larix gmelini var. principis-ruprechtii, Betula playphylla, Ulmus pumila, Populus koreana, Ledum palustre var. diversipilosum, Rhododendron parvifolium, Salix brachypoda, Phacelurus latifolius, Carex gotoi, Carex capricornis, Calla palustris, Aquilegia flabellata var. pumila, Lilium davuricum, Astragalus membranaceus, Trifolium lupinaster, Ledebourieila seselodeds, Polemonium racemosum, Scutellaria baicalensis, Linnaea borealis, Thladiantha dubia, Inula helenium, Trollius hondoensis, Hypocaeris ciliata, Aconitum kirinense, Aconitum arcuatum, Potentilla viscosa var. macrophylla. And there are 21 rare and endangered species, which Korean Forest Sevice designated, such as Aconitum koreanum, Acorus calamus var. angustatus, Polygonatum stenophyllum, Drosera rotundifolia, Iris setosa, Jeffersonia dubia, Lilium davuricum, Lilium cernum, Paeonia obovata, Penthorum chinense, Phacelurus latifolius, Rosa marretii, Sparganium stoloniferum, Thymus quinquecostatus, Trillium tschonoskii, Utricularia japonica, Tripterospermum japonicum, Vaccinium uliginosum, Vaccinium vitis-idaea, etc. Especially, plants like, Acanthopanax senticosus, Jeffersonia dubia and Lillum cernum which have high values of ornamental, and medical use are in an extinction crisis. High swampy land was formed to upper stream of Tumen river. It showed representative vegitation, like Carex sp., Scirpus radirans, Eriophorum latifolium. Wetlands plant and a dune plant were mixed in down stream area of Tumen river. On a dune, seashore plants, such as Carex kobomugi, Salsola collina, Raphanus sativus var. raphanistroides, Rosa rugosa, Scutellaria strigillosa, Linaria japonica, Phacelurus latifolius were appeared frequently.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.9 no.3
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• pp.59-75
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• 2006

The vascular plants of this site was listed 360 taxa; 86 families, 229 genera, 311 species, 42 varieties and 7 forms. Specific plant species by floral region were total 40 taxa; 2 taxa(Crypsinus hastatus, Prunus yedoensis) in class V, Patrinia rupestris in class IV, 6 taxa(Elymus mollis, Carex laticeps, Poncirus trifoliata, Melia azedarach var. japonica, Koelreuteria paniculata, Crepiastrum lanceolatum) in class III, Cirsium schantarense in class II, 30 taxa(Lygodium japonicum, Pteris multifida, Phacelurus latifolius, Asparagus cochinchinensis, Ficus erecta, Machilus thunbergii, Zanthoxylum planispinum, Euphorbia esula, Mallotus japonicus, Cayratia japonica, Camellia japonica, Glehnia littoralis, Lysimachia fortunei, Messerschmidia sibirica, Ixeris repens etc.) in class I. The naturalized plants in this site were 14 families, 34 genera, 41 species, 1 varieties, 42 taxa and naturalization rate was 20.3% of all 207 taxa vascular plants. Based on the list of the rare plants by the Forest Research Institute, 2 taxa were recorded in the studied areas; Phacelurus latifolius, Crypsinus hastatus and based on the list of Korean endemic plants, 7 taxa were recorded; Populus tomentiglandulosa, Filipendula glaberrima, Prunus yedoensis, Forsythia koreana, Paulownia coreana, Weigela subsessilis, Carpinus coreana. So, wild plants disturbing ecosystem like Solanum carolinense and Ambrosia artemisiifolia var. elatior have been increasing, it needs continuing control and conservation measures on the plant ecosystem.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.14 no.9
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• pp.817-825
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• 2005

The purpose of this study was to research about salt marsh flora and vegetation in the Dongjin-river estuary area where has a project for Sea Man Geum Reclaimed Land so that we can foster foundation on restoration of an ecological habitat, development of applicable plant and establishment of a conservation policy after deceloping the reclaimed land for salt marsh vegetation which has great value ecologically. In conclusion, we was distributed that there are 7 families 21 genera, 25 species, 2 varieties of vascular plant at the Dongjin-river estuary area which have 27 taxa in total and are $0.64\%$ among 4,191 of korean vascular plant. There are also 2 family, 2 genus, 2 species of a naturalized plant which are $1.1\%$ of indicator of a naturalized plant salt marsh vegetation of the downstream are very much affected by the time of inundation, tidal water so that a low degree of salt marsh has frequent flooding by sea water and has a pure group of Suaeda japonica. A Phragmites communis, Carex scabrifolia are distributed mainly around a waterway of salt marsh and Zoysia sinica, Atriplex subcordata, Phragmites communis are living in stock as forming into patch around medium salt marsh. Suaeda asparagoides, Phacelurus latifolius are living around a little high ground and a Phragmites communis is a behind vegetation of Phacelurus latifolius and a part of the Phragmites communis are living along with waterway in a salt marsh as a community. By the 2-M method twelve plant communities were recognized ; Suaeda japonica. Carex scabrifolia, Zoysia sinica, Artemisia scoparia, Phacelurus latifolius, Phragmites communis, Suaeda maritima, Suaeda japonica-Atriplex gmelini, Phragmites communis-Suaeda japonica, Suaeda japonica-Salicornia herbacea, Salicornia herbacea-Suaeda aspar-agoides and Scirpus planiculmis community. The actual vegetation map was constructed on the grounds of the communities classified and other data.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.30 no.2
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• pp.186-190
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• 2020

Halophytes are physiologically adapted to withstand the high salinity of water and saline soil. This study was conducted to elucidate the distribution of halophytes and hydrophytes in the Jungseonpo River (Sacheon-ci, Gyeongsangnam-do), Gwingok River (Hadong-gun, Gyeongsangnam-do), and Gwangyangseo River (Gwangyang-ci, Jeollanam-do) in Korea. A total of six species of halophytes and ten species of hydrophytes were collected in the Jungseonpo River. Halophytes in the Gwingok River and Gwangyangseo River numbered five species and 11 species, respectively. Hydrophytes in the Gwingok River and the Gwangyangseo River numbered 13 species in five families and 16 species in eight families, respectively. Of these, Phacelurus latifolius, endemic to the west and south coast of Korea, is an endangered species in the context of investigating the ecology and conservation of halophyte species. Many individual halophyte species have been diminished due to reduced habitable area caused by sand dune destruction. The rivers in the three areas on the south coast were also different in terms of distribution of salt plants due to regional differences, and they were all different from the well-developed west coast. Seven species, including Rosa wichuraiana, have been added to South coasts compared to past records.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.289-298
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• 2006

The purpose of this study was to investigate salt marsh flora and vegetation in the mouth of Mankyeong river estuary area where has a project for Sea Man Geum Reclaimed Land so that we can foster a foundation on restoration of an ecological habitat, development of applicable plants and establishment of a conservation policy after developing the reclaimed land for salt marsh vegetation which has great ecological value. As a result of this research, there are 10 families 25 genera 29 species and 3 varieties of vascular plants in the Mankyong-river estuary area. These are 0.76% among 4,191 of Korean vascular plants. There are also 5 families 6 genera 6 species and 1 varietiy of the naturalized plants which are 7 taxa in total and 3.85% of indicators of naturalized plants. Firstly, a district of low tide marsh has below 5% of vegetation coverage of Suaeda japonica and the vegetation cover was increasing rapidly while moving to a place of high tide marsh which is in the direction to a bank. In general, a range of from low tide marsh to high tide marsh is distributed with sequence of Suaeda japonica$\rightarrow$Suaeda maritima$\rightarrow$Suaeda japonica$\rightarrow$Aster tripolium$\rightarrow$Artemisia scoparia$\rightarrow$Carex scabrifolia$\rightarrow$Zoysia sinica$\rightarrow$Phragmites australis$\rightarrow$Phacelurus latifolius. Suaeda japonica has the highest dominance among the species composition and Aster tripolium, Phragmites australis, Artemisia scoparia, Carex scabrifolia and Phacelurus latifolius are distributed as zonation or patch. By the Z-M method eleven plant communities were recognized; Suaeda japonica, Suaeda japonica-Suaeda maritima, Suaeda maritima, Suaeda japonica-Aster tripolium, Aster tripolium, Phragmites australis, Carex scabrifolia, Phacelurus latifolius, Artemisia scoparia-Aster tripolium, Paspalum distichum var. indutum and Aster tripolium-Artemisia scoparia community. The actual vegetation map was constructed of the grounds of the communities classified and other data.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.177-186
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• 2009

In the flora of the whole area of Jakeundang at Byeonsanbando National Park, a total of 105 taxa were identified including 50 families, 88 genera, 98 species, 6 varieties and 1 form. These were again divided into 31 taxa (29.5%) of woody plants and 74 taxa (70.5%) of herbaceous plants. In addition, 4 taxa of the Korea Forest Service, designated rare plants in the flora were identified to grow there including Phacelurus latifolius (Preservation priority order: No. 194), Aristolochia contorta (No. 151), Koelreuteria paniculata (No. 115), and Glehnia littoralis (No. 203). Indigofera koreana, Viola seoulensis that are on the list of Korean endemic plants were also identified and the plants approved for export were identified similarly to rare plants. In addition, among the floral region-based specific plants, the plant group belonging to class V, class IV and II didn't appear and a total of 16 taxa 3 taxa including Elymus mollis, Salsola collina and Koelreuteria paniculata in class III, and 13 taxa including Ischaemum anthephephoroides, Phacelurus latifolius, Asparagus cochinchinensis, Melandryum oldhamianum for. roseum, Calystegia soldanella, Messerschmidia sibirica, Scutellaria strigillosa and Aster spathulifolius, etc. in class I were identified. Among the naturalized plants in the surveyed sites, 6 families, 10 genera, and 10 taxa were identified to grow, such as Bromus unioloides, Phytolacca americana, Lepidium apetalum, Robinia pseudoacacia, Oenothera biennis and Xanthium canadense, etc. and the naturalization rate was analyzed to be 9.5% of all 105 taxa of vascular plants. This research analyzed the coverage ratio and importance value by dividing the community into a sand dunes and back swamp and divided the sand dune area into Vitex rotundifolia community and the back swamp into Phacelurus latifolius community. Jakeundang is designated as a sand dune plants observation area and managed by the office of Byeonsanbando National Park. To preserve this place, it is desirable to take a systematic management measure, such as a visit to this place on a subscription basis or education and publicity on sand dune plants.