• 복식문화연구
• /
• 제22권1호
• /
• pp.143-157
• /
• 2014

The aims of this study were to identify the dimensions of both store and PB apparel product attributes at large discount stores, and to empirically examine the effects of each dimension of store and PB apparel product attributes on satisfaction with PB apparel products and on repurchase intension. Questionnaires were given to 264 large discount store customers, who have experienced buying PB apparel products at large discount stores. The results were as follows. First, purchased PB items and image, improvement of PB apparel products showed differences by gender. Second, the dimensions for store attributes were categorized as convenient of shopping environment, product quality, customer service, advertising reach, convenient location, and reasonable prices. The PB apparel product attributes were categorized as material handling management, quality, fashion ability, and brand power. Third, generally, both store and PB apparel product attributes at large discount stores are significantly related to PB apparel satisfaction and repurchase intention. PB satisfaction and repurchase intention of males were partly affected by store attributes and PB apparel product attributes. PB satisfaction and repurchasing intention of females, however, were partly affected by only PB apparel product attributes, not store attributes.

• Journal of Veterinary Science
• /
• 제22권2호
• /
• pp.22.1-22.9
• /
• 2021

Background: Standing surgery in horses combining intravenous sedatives, analgesics and local anaesthesia is becoming more popular. Ultrasound guided (USG) peribulbar nerve block (PB) has been described in dogs and humans for facial and ocular surgery, reducing the risk of complications versus retrobulbar nerve block (RB). Objective: To describe a technique for USG PB in horse cadavers. Methods: Landmarks and PB technique were described in two equine cadaver heads (Phase 1), with computed tomography (CT) imaging confirming contrast location and spread. In Phase 2, ten equine cadaver heads were randomised to two operators naive to the USG PB, with moderate experience with ultrasonography and conventional "blind" RB. Both techniques were demonstrated once. Subsequently, operators performed five USG PB and five RB each, unassisted. Contrast location and spread were evaluated by CT. Injection site success was defined for USG PB as extraconal contrast, and for RB intraconal contrast. Results: Success was 10/10 for USG PB and 0/10 for RB (p < 0.001). Of the RB injections, eight resulted in extraconal contrast and two in the masseter muscle (p = 0.47). Conclusions: The USG PB had a high injection site success rate compared with the RB technique; however, we cannot comment on clinical effect. The USG technique was easily learnt, and no potential complications were seen. The USG PB nerve block could have a wide application for use in horses for ocular surgeries (enucleations, eyelid, corneal, cataract surgeries, and ocular analgesia) due to reduced risk of iatrogenic damage. Further clinical studies are needed.

• 분석과학
• /
• 제15권2호
• /
• pp.163-171
• /
• 2002

수산가공 폐기물로 버려지는 게 껍질로부터 chitin을 추출하여 중금속 흡착제로 이용하였으며, 이 흡착제에 대해 Cd(II) 및 Pb(II) 이온의 흡착특성을 연구하였다. Chitin에 대한 Cd(II) 및 Pb(II) 이온의 흡착속도는 반응시간 2분경에 최대흡착량에 도달하였으며, 중금속 흡착에 미치는 pH의 영향은 두 이온 모두 pH 7.0>10.5>3.5순임을 알 수 있었다. Chitin에 대한 흡착률은 Cd(II)이온이 21${\sim}$99%이며, Pb(II)이온이 24${\sim}$95%이다. Cd(II)이온의 회수율은 22${\sim}$53%이고, Pb(II)이온의 회수율은 22${\sim}$73%로 나타났다. 이들 중금속 이온의 흡착양상은 Freundlich 흡착등온식에 비교적 잘 적용되었다.

• 한국결정성장학회지
• /
• 제9권1호
• /
• pp.34-38
• /
• 1999

유기금속 화학 증착법(MOCVD)을 이용하여 Si(100) 기판 위에 $TiO_2$와 PbO의 동시 증착으로 $Pb(TMHD)_2$(PT) 박막을 증착하였다. 원료물질로는 Titanium tetra-isopropoxide(TTIP)와 $Pb(TMHD)_2$를 사용하였다. 증착온도를 $520^{\circ}C$, Pbdbfid을 30 sccm으로 고정하고, 전체유량을 750 sccm으로 하여 TTIP의 증발온도와 유량에 따른 PT 박막의 XRD 변화를 관찰하였다. PT 박막 생성은 TTIP의 증발온도 및 유량이 각각 48~$50^{\circ}C$와 18~22sccm 영역에서 생성되었으며, 생성된 박막과 기판의 계면에서는 Pb, Si, O의 상호확산을 관찰할 수 있었다.

• 한국자기공명학회논문지
• /
• 제22권4호
• /
• pp.107-114
• /
• 2018

In this exploration, the nuclear magnetic resonance of the $^{207}Pb$ nucleus in $PbWO_4:Mn^{2+}$ and $PbWO_4:Dy^{3+}$ Single Crystals using FT-NMR spectrometer is investigated. The line width of the resonance line for the $^{207}Pb$ nucleus decreases as temperature increases due to motional narrowing. The chemical shift of $^{207}Pb$ NMR spectra also increases as temperature decreases for both crystals. The spinlattice relaxation times $T_1$ of $^{39}K$ nucleus were calculated as a function of temperature (180 K~400 K). The $T_1$ of $^{207}Pb$ nucleus decreases as temperature increases. The dominant relaxation mechanism at the studied temperature range can be deduced as the Raman process, which is the coupling between lattice vibrations and the nuclear spins. This deduction is substantiated by the fact that the nuclear spin-lattice relaxation rate $1/T_1$ of the $^{207}Pb$ nucleus in $PbWO_4:Mn^{2+}$ and $PbWO_4:Dy^{3+}$ single crystal is proportional to $T^2$, or temperature squared. The activation energies for the $^{207}Pb$ nucleus in $PbWO_4:Mn^{2+}$ and $PbWO_4:Dy^{3+}$ single crystals are $E_a=49{\pm}1meV$ and $E_a=47{\pm}2meV$, respectively.

• 한국환경농학회지
• /
• 제10권1호
• /
• pp.1-10
• /
• 1991

자동차(自動車) 배기(排氣)가수에 포함(包含)된 연화합물(鉛化合物)의 배출(排出)에 의하여 오염(汚染)이 되었을 것으로 예상(豫想)되는 대구직할시(大邱直轄市)를 중심(中心)으로 경상북도(慶尙北道) 내(內)의 고속도로(高速道路) 및 주요국도변(主要國道邊)에 인접(隣接)한 18개(個) 지점(地點)을 선정(選定)하여 도로(道路)로부터 거리(距離)에 따른 답토양(畓土壤)에서 연오염도(鉛汚染度) 및 토양중(土壤中) 연화합물(鉛化合物)을 $KNO_3$침출성(浸出性)(치환태(置換態)), $Na_4P_2O_7$ 침출성(浸出性)(유기태(有機態)), EDTA 침출성(浸出性)(탄산태(炭酸態)) $NHO_3$ 침출성(浸出性)(황산태(黃酸態)), 비침출성(非浸出性)(부용태(不溶態))로 형태별(形態別) 분포(分布)를 조사(調査)한 결과(結果)는 다음과 같다. 1. 답토양중(畓土壤中) 평균(平均) 연함량(鉛含量)은 청도(淸道)에서 30.0 ppm으로 가장 높았고 고령(高靈)에서 14.8 ppm으로 가장 낮았으며 평균(平均) 21.9 ppm 으로 나타났으며, 교통량(交通量)과 관련(關聯)하여 토양중(土壤中) 연함량(鉛含量)은 차이(差異)를 발견(發見)할 수 없었으나 도로(道路)의 개통년도(開通年度)에 따라 약간의 차이(差異)를 나타났다. 2. 도로(道路)로부터의 거리(距離)에 따른 연함량(鉛含量)은 10m 이내(以內)에서 22.2 ppm, 10∼30m에서 22.1 ppm, 30∼50m에서 22.2 ppm, 50m 이상(以上) 지역(地域)에서 21.3 ppm으로 도로(道路)로부터 거리(距離)에 따른 답토양중(畓土壤中)의 연오염도(鉛汚染度)는 크게 차이(差異) 나지 않았다. 3. 토양중(土壤中) 연화합물(鉛化合物)을 형태별(形態別)로 분별(分別) 추출(抽出)한 결과(結果) 여러 가지 토양특성(土壤特性)에 따라 차이(差異)가 심(深)하나 18개(個) 지점(地點)에서 평균(平均)한 연화합물(鉛化合物)의 화학적(化學的) 형태별(形態別) 분포비(分布比)는 유기태(有機態) 33.6%, 탄산태(炭酸態) 29.8%, 황산태(黃酸態) 21.5%, 치환태(置換態) 8.6% 및 부용태(不溶態) 6.7%의 순(順)으로 나타났다. 4. 토양중(土壤中) 유기물함량(有機物含量)이 증가(增加)할수록 유기태(有機態) 연(鉛)의 분포비(分布比)는 증가(增加)하는 경향(傾向)을 나타낸 반면 치환태(置換態) 연(鉛)의 분포비(分布比)는 감소(減少)하는 경향(傾向)을 나타내었다. 5. CEC가 증가(增加)할수록 유기태(有機態)의 연(鉛)의 분포비(分布比)는 증가(增加)하는 경향(傾向)을 나타낸 반면 치환태(置換態) 연의(鉛) 분포비(分布比)는 감소(減少)하는 경향(傾向)을 나타내었으며, CEC에 의(依)한 토양중(土壤中) 연화합물(鉛化合物)의 화학적(化學的) 형태별(形態別) 분포비(分布比)는 유기물(有機物)에 의(依)한 분포비(分布比)와 비슷한 경향(傾向)을 나타내었다.

• 마이크로전자및패키징학회지
• /
• 제22권3호
• /
• pp.1-7
• /
• 2015

In this study, properties of Pb-free solders for automotive electronics parts were discussed. Lead-free solders for electronics became important after RoHS (Restriction of the use of certain Hazardous Substances) to avoid environmental pollution. Also the growing electronic rate in automotive parts and ELV (End-of Life Vehicles) make Pb-free solder for automotive electronics to be inevitable trend. Definitely, Pb-free solder for automotive electronics should have good wettability, basic strength, but need more reliability than other solders, since it has harsh condition like high temperature, humidity and engine vibration. Thus, shear strength test, thermal shock, drop test and many others are needed to ensure the high reliability. This study describes the properties and requirements of Pb-free solders for automotive electronics.

• 자원리싸이클링
• /
• 제33권2호
• /
• pp.54-61
• /
• 2024

천연방사성핵종의 붕괴에 의해 생성된 Pb에 의해 오염된 철강을 재용해하면 Pb는 금속, 슬래그, 기상으로 분배된다. 본 연구에서는 Fe 중에 5 wt%의 안정한 Pb를 첨가하고 CaO-SiO₂-Al₂O₃-MgO계 슬래그와 함께 용융시켜 Pb의 금속/슬래그/가스상으로의 분배 거동을 조사하였다. 슬래그 염기도((wt%CaO)/(wt%SiO2))가 증가함에 따라 Fe 중 Pb 용해도는 약간 증가하는 경향을 나타내었으며, 슬래그 중 Pb는 감소하는 경향을 나타내었다. 따라서 염기도 증가에 따라 Pb의 슬래그/금속 사이의 분배비는 감소하는 경향을 나타내었다. 열역학적 계산 결과 슬래그 중 PbO의 활동도계수와 무관하게 Pb의 슬래그/Fe상 중 분배비는 매우 낮은 값으로 실험 결과와 유사한 수준을 나타내었다. Fe-Pb 중 Pb의 계산 증발속도가 Fe의 약 22배에 달하여 Pb의 대부분이 기상으로 증발되었다.

• The Plant Pathology Journal
• /
• 제22권4호
• /
• pp.309-313
• /
• 2006

Phytophthora blight(PB), caused by Phytophthora drechsleri f. sp. cajani is the third potentially important disease of pigeonpea in the Deccan Plateau(DP) of India after wilt and sterility mosaic. In the rainy-season of 2005, an outbreak of PB was seen throughout DP. To quantify the incidence and spread of the disease, a systematic survey was conducted in the major pigeonpea growing regions of DP during the crop season 2005. Attempts were made to determine the effect of cropping systems on the PB development and identify resistant cultivars, if any, grown by farmers and on research farms. Widespread incidence of PB was recorded on improved, and or local cultivars grown in different intercropping systems. Majority of improved cultivars grown at research farms were found susceptible to PB(>10% disease incidence). Pigeonpea intercropped with groundnut, black gram and coriander had less disease incidence(${\leq}10%$). Three wilt and SM resistant pigeonpea cultivars KPL 96053, ICPL 99044, and ICPL 93179 were found resistant(<10%) to PB as well. However, their resistance to PB needs confirmation under optimum disease development environments.

• 한국자동차공학회논문집
• /
• 제22권3호
• /
• pp.90-96
• /
• 2014

The conventional SnPb solders were widely used for several decades in the electronic packing system due to the superior mechanical properties such as low melting point, better wettavility and good mechanical fatigue. However, in recent years, owing to adverse effect on the human health and environment, conventional SnPb solders have been replaced by Lead-free solders. In this research, the shear punch(SP) test of Sn-4Ag-(Cu)/Ni pad was performed. Pb-free solder alloys which are the environmentally friendly of the electronic components were performed at $150^{\circ}C$ for 100hr~1000hr to artificial aging processing. In order to evaluate the mechanical properties of solder joints, the SP test was conducted at $30^{\circ}C$ and $50^{\circ}C$. As a result, the maximum shear strength of almost the whole specimens was decreased with the increase in aging time and temperature of SP test. The mechanical properties of Sn-4Ag-0.5Cu solder were most excellent in all Pb-free solder which were produced by the SP test at $30^{\circ}C$.