• Journal of Aquaculture
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.135-141
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• 2005

A 16-week feeding trial was conducted to estimate the optimum dietary protein to energy ratio (P/E ratio, mg/kcal) in juvenile Japanese eel, Anguilla japonica. Six experimental diets were formulated with three energy levels and two protein levels at each energy level. Three energy levels of 3800, 4150 and 4500 kcal per kg diets were included at 45 and 50% crude protein (CP) levels, respectively $(_{120}P_{45},\;_{110}P_{45},\;_{100}P_{45},\;_{130}P_{50},\;_{120}P_{50},\;and\;_{110}P_{50})$. After four weeks of the conditioning period, fish initially averaging $15.0{\pm}3g\;(means{\pm}SD)$ were randomly distributed into each tank as groups of 20 fish. Each diet was fed to fish in three randomly selected tanks at a rate of $2{\sim}3%$ wet body weight per day in the recirculated system. Weight gain (WG) and specific growth rate of fish fed diet $_{100}P_{45}$ were significantly higher (P<0.05) than those of fish fed the other diets. WG of fish fed diet $_{120}P_{50}$ was also significantly higher than those of fish fed diets $_{130}P_{50}$ and $_{110}P_{50}$. Feed efficiency ratio of fish fed diets $_{100}P_{45}$ and $_{110}P_{45}$ were significantly higher (P<0.05) than those of fish fed other diets. These results suggest that the optimum P/E ratio may be 100 mg/kcal with 45% protein diets, and 120 mg/Kcal 50% protein diets for the maximum growth of juvenile Japanese eel under the experimental condition.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.33 no.4
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• pp.325-329
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• 1990

This study was undertaken to determine thermodynamic characteristics of B. subtilis p-4 and B. licheniformis p-5 proteases isolated from fermented anchovy paste. $K_m$ values of two proteases for casein as a substrate were 0.38mM in p-4 protease and 0.18mM in p-5 protease, respectively. Denaturation constants($K_D$) of p-4 and p-5 proteases were $12.2{\times}10^{-5}/sec\;and\;19.0{\times}10^{-5}/sec\;at\;40^{\circ}C,\;and\;35.7{\times}10^{-5}/sec\;and\;46.3{\times}10^{-5}/sec\;at\;50^{\circ}C$, respectively. Activation energies($E_a$) of p-4 and p-S pmteases were 19.6 Kcal/mole and 15.2kcal/mole, respectively. Free energy of activation(${\Delta}G^*$), activation enthalpy(${\Delta}H^*$) and activation entropy(${\Delta}S^*$) at $40^{\circ}C$ were 23.21Kcal/mole, 18.98Kcal/mole and -13.50 eu, respectively for p-4 protease and 22.93Kcal/mo1e, 14.58Kcal/mole and -26.68 eu, respectively for p-5 protease. The major amino acids in p-4 protease(151 residues of amino acid) were Gly, Glu, Pro, Asp, Ser, Ala, Lys and Leu, while those in p-5 protease(247 residues of amino acid) were Gly, Glu, Asp, Ala and Leu. It may be concluded that heat denaturation of two proteases showed liner regression curve and p-5 protease was more sensitive to heat than p-4 protease.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.440-449
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• 2012

This study was carried out to investigate the distribution of body composition, and to analyze its relationship to dietary behaviors and life style. The study subjects were divided into 3 age groups; 30' years (n = 78) 40' years (n = 71) and 50' years (n = 44). The data was collected by physical measurement (Inbody 230) and questionnaires. The rate of disease and general characteristics were higher in the 50 year old group than in the other groups. Average amount of body water, protein, mineral and body fat were 29.0 kg (50.4%), 7.7 kg (13.4%), 2.8 kg (4.8%), 18.7 kg (31.5%), respectively. The rate of menopause was significantly different with increasing age. Menopause was 1.3%, 9.1%, 79.6% by age respectively. Body fat percent was significantly increased and body water decreased with age (p < 0.01). The fat composition was higher and the mineral content was lower in 50' year old group. Dietary behavior scores of 30' year old group was significant lower than in the other two groups (p < 0.001). The means of salty eating, skipping meals, fruit intake and food habits total point were significantly higher in the 50 year old group than in the other groups. There were significant positive correlations between age, BMI, waist hip ratio respectively (p < 0.01). There were significant negative correlations between age and body water, body mineral, skeletal muscle (p < 0.01, p < 0.05, p < 0.01). The results of this study suggested that nutritional management and education for adult women differ by age group.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Integrative Medicine
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• v.10 no.3
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• pp.107-117
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• 2022

Purpose : The purpose of this study was to establish a model of the predictive factors for success or failure of examinees undertaking the Korean physical therapist licensing examination (KPTLE). Additionally, we assessed the pass/fail cut-off point. Methods : We analyzed the results of 10,881 examinees who undertook the KPTLE, using data provided by the Korea Health Personnel Licensing Examination Institute. The target variable was the test result (pass or fail), and the input variables were: sex, age, test subject, and total score. Frequency analysis, chi-square test, descriptive statistics, independent t-test, correlation analysis, binary logistic regression, and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analyses were performed on the data. Results : Sex and age were not significant predictors of attaining a pass (p>.05). The test subjects with the highest probability of passing were, in order, medical regulation (MR) (Odds ratio (OR)=2.91, p<.001), foundations of physical therapy (FPT) (OR=2.86, p<.001), diagnosis and evaluation for physical therapy (DEPT) (OR=2.74, p<.001), physical therapy intervention (PTI) (OR=2.66, p<.001), and practical examination (PE) (OR=1.24, p<.001). The cut-off points for each subject were: FPT, 32.50; DEPT, 29.50; PTI, 44.50; MR, 14.50; and PE, 50.50. The total score (TS) was 164.50. The sensitivity, specificity, and the classification accuracy of the prediction model was 99 %, 98 %, and 99 %, respectively, indicating high accuracy. Area under the curve (AUC) values for each subject were: FPT, .958; DEPT, .968; PTI, .984; MR, .885; PE, .962; and TS, .998, indicating a high degree of fit. Conclusion : In our study, the predictive factors for passing KPTLE were identified, and the optimal cut-off point was calculated for each subject. Logistic regression was adequate to explain the predictive model. These results will provide universities and examinees with useful information for predicting their success or failure in the KPTLE.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.46 no.11
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• pp.1358-1365
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• 2017

This study evaluated the quality characteristics of muffins prepared with different amounts (0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 50%) of fucoidan red yeast (Monascus purpureus) rice powder (FRYR). The weight and pH of muffins increased as the amount of FRYR increased. The height and baking loss rate of muffins significantly decreased when amounts of FRYR increased (P<0.05), whereas moisture content was not significantly different between all samples. L value and b value of muffins significantly decreased when amounts of FRYR increased (P<0.05). However, a value of muffins significantly increased when amounts of FRYR increased (P<0.05). Hardness, chewiness, and brittleness increased with increasing FRYR concentration. Cohesiveness was higher with 30% FRYR, whereas springiness was not significantly different between the samples. In the sensory evaluation, the appearance and crumb color of muffins was higher in groups containing 0% FRYR, whereas flavor, taste, texture, and overall acceptability scores were highest for muffins with 50% FRYR added. The total polyphenol content and 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical scavenging activity of muffins significantly increased with increasing addition of FRYR (P<0.05). Therefore, addition of FRYR could satisfy the sensory function and functional requirements of muffins. Furthermore, this study proposes the development of various products using fucoidan red yeast rice.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.46 no.1
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• pp.49-54
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• 2004

Effects of low quality roughage sources on duration and frequencies of rumination and chewing in Hanwoo steers were determined, Animals were fed three diets; concentrate+rice straw(SO:SO), concentrate+ rice straw + popped rice hull(SO:3S: IS) and concentrate+ rice straw+ground rice hull(SO:3S: IS) to compare both rice straw alone and combination with rice hull. Eating and ruminating time of steers fed concentrate+ rice straw(SO:50), concentrate+ rice straw + popped rice hull(50:35:15) and concentrate + rice straw + ground rice hull(50:3S:15) were 78.8 and 338.4minlday; 98.0 and 362.5minlday, and 160 and 519.2min/day, respectively. When steers were fed popped rice hull and ground rice hull, time spent for both eating and ruminating was significantly increased(p <0.05). When steers fed popped and ground rice hull, number of ruminating chews and number of chews per rumination time were significantly decreased(p<0.05). The number of rumination boli and boli per rumination time had significantly decreased(p<0.05), but chewing time per boli, number of chew'S per bolus were significantly increased(p

• Journal of Aquaculture
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.299-304
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• 2006

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of protein and lipid levels of extruded pellet on growth and body composition of juvenile flounder. Six extruded dry pellets were formulated to contain two protein levels (50 and 55%) and three lipid levels (8, 12 and 15%). Triplicate groups of fish (initial mean weight 21 g) were hand-fed to apparent satiation two times a day for 9 weeks. Survival, weight gain and daily feed intake were not significantly affected by dietary protein and lipid levels. Feed efficiency and protein efficiency ratio were significantly (P<0.001) affected by dietary lipid level, and tended to increase as dietary lipid level increased. Feed efficiency ratio of fish fed the 55% protein diet with 15% lipid was not significantly different from that of fish fed the 50% protein diet with 15% lipid, but significantly (P<0.05) higher than that of fish fed the other diets. Protein efficiency ratio of fish fed the 55% protein diet with 15% lipid was significantly (P<0.05) higher than that of fish fed the 50% protein diet with 8% lipid and 55% protein diets with $8{\sim}12%$ lipids. The contents of moisture, crude protein and lipid in the liver was significantly (P<0.01) affected by dietary lipid level. The results of this study indicate that an increase in lipid level at 50-55% protein in extruded pellet can improve feed efficiency for juvenile flounder.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.43 no.12
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• pp.1896-1905
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• 2014

The purpose of this study was to manufacture white bread by substituting bakery yeast with natural starter. The general composition of wild grape, was 81.22% moisture, 0.81% ash, 0.74% crude fat, 1.58% crude protein, and 15.65% carbohydrate contents. Fermented wild grape extract was made by culturing for 4 days at $25^{\circ}C$. Flour was added three times to fermented wild grape extract and incubated for 36 hours at $20^{\circ}C$ to manufacture sourdough. We investigated the quality characteristics of white bread with different amounts of fermented wild grape sourdough. The pH of dough decreased with increasing amounts of sourdough, whereas total titratable acidity of dough significantly increased. Fermentation power of dough expansion significantly increased with increasing incubation time, and control showed the highest value of 126.67%. White bread specific volume was highest in, 50% sourdough at 4.76 mL/g. Water content increased with increasing amounts of sourdough, whereas water activity was not significantly different between the samples. For texture, hardness of 50% sourdough was lowest at 19.23 g. In the sensory evaluation, color, flavor, softness and overall acceptability decreased with increasing amounts of sourdough. As a result, 50% sourdough can be considered as a baker's yeast substitute for making natural fermented bread.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.32 no.1
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• pp.50-60
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• 2019

The importance and satisfaction with the purchasing characteristics and choice attribute of home meal replacement (HMR) products for consumers aged between 20 and 40, or over 50. In addition to identify the factors that must be first considered in the development of HMR products importance-performance analysis. 791 consumers aged between 20 and 40, or over 50, living in Seoul have experience in purchasing HMR participated in the survey. The survey consisted of four sections: The purchasing characteristics of HMR, the importance and satisfaction with HMR choice attribute, and general questions. T-tests and IPA were conducted to compare the groups of consumers aged between 20 and 40, or over 50. The factor analysis show the following results: 0.899 for "convenience", 0.094 for "hygiene", 0.871 for "quality", 0.834 for "taste", and 0.822 for "price". The average score of the importance of the choice attribute when purchasing HMR products 3.50. For consumers aged between 20 and 40, the score 3.49. For consumers over 50, the score 3.52. There is a significant difference "hygiene (p<0.001)", "quality (p<0.05)", and "price (p<0.05)". For consumers aged between 20 and 40, the score 3.72. For consumers over 50, the score was 3.78. There a significant difference only in "hygiene (p<0.05)". The results of the IPA demonstrate that the categories that belong to "Focus here" are "new HMR products" and "diverse HMR products" for all consumers aged between 20 and 40 and over 50. Hence, food companies should endeavor to develop new and diverse HMR products first.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.17 no.7
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• pp.984-989
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• 2004

Three hundred and twelve female Tsaiya ducks from four lines (L1051, L1052, L1053 and L1054) were used in this study to investigate the changes in plasma calcium and inorganic phosphorus levels, blood pH, carbon dioxide partial pressure (pCO$_{2}$), bicarbonate ion concentration ($HCO_{3}^{-}$), and base excess (BE) during laying periods. The results indicated that plasma calcium and inorganic phosphorus concentration at 40 and 50 wks of age were higher (p<0.05) than those at other ages. Significant positive correlation coefficients were found between plasma calcium and inorganic phosphorus levels at each age tested from 20 to 50 wks. Ducks from L1053 showed lower (p<0.05) blood pH, BE and $HCO_{3}^{-}$ as compared with other lines. Ducks from L1054 had higher (p<0.05) blood pH, BE and $HCO_{3}^{-}$ than those of other lines showing that there were some differences on blood parameters among lines. Eggshell strength decreased with age up to 65 wks and remained constant thereafter. Egg weight increased gradually from 30 to 60 wks and decreased slightly after 70 wks of age. Plasma inorganic phosphorus level in 40 and 50 wks old birds was positively correlated with eggshell strength, while blood $HCO_{3}^{-}$ in 40 and 50 wks old birds was negatively correlated with eggshell strength.