Evaluation of the Optimum Dietary Protein to Energy Ratio of Juvenile Japanese eel, Anguilla japonica

뱀장어 치어의 사료내 에너지에 대한 적정 단백질 비 평가

  • Han, Kyung-Min (Department of Aquaculture/Feeds & Foods Nutrition Research Center, Pukyong National University) ;
  • Bae, Jun-Young (Department of Aquaculture/Feeds & Foods Nutrition Research Center, Pukyong National University) ;
  • Eme Okorie okorie (Department of Aquaculture/Feeds & Foods Nutrition Research Center, Pukyong National University) ;
  • Go Su-Hong (Department of Aquaculture/Feeds & Foods Nutrition Research Center, Pukyong National University) ;
  • Yoo Jin-Hyung (Chunhajeil feed corporation) ;
  • Bai SungChul-C. (Department of Aquaculture/Feeds & Foods Nutrition Research Center, Pukyong National University)
  • 한경민 (부경대학교 양식학과/사료영양연구소) ;
  • 배준영 (부경대학교 양식학과/사료영양연구소) ;
  • ;
  • 고수홍 (부경대학교 양식학과/사료영양연구소) ;
  • 유진형 (천하제일사료) ;
  • 배승철 (부경대학교 양식학과/사료영양연구소)
  • Published : 2005.08.25

Abstract

A 16-week feeding trial was conducted to estimate the optimum dietary protein to energy ratio (P/E ratio, mg/kcal) in juvenile Japanese eel, Anguilla japonica. Six experimental diets were formulated with three energy levels and two protein levels at each energy level. Three energy levels of 3800, 4150 and 4500 kcal per kg diets were included at 45 and 50% crude protein (CP) levels, respectively $(_{120}P_{45},\;_{110}P_{45},\;_{100}P_{45},\;_{130}P_{50},\;_{120}P_{50},\;and\;_{110}P_{50})$. After four weeks of the conditioning period, fish initially averaging $15.0{\pm}3g\;(means{\pm}SD)$ were randomly distributed into each tank as groups of 20 fish. Each diet was fed to fish in three randomly selected tanks at a rate of $2{\sim}3%$ wet body weight per day in the recirculated system. Weight gain (WG) and specific growth rate of fish fed diet $_{100}P_{45}$ were significantly higher (P<0.05) than those of fish fed the other diets. WG of fish fed diet $_{120}P_{50}$ was also significantly higher than those of fish fed diets $_{130}P_{50}$ and $_{110}P_{50}$. Feed efficiency ratio of fish fed diets $_{100}P_{45}$ and $_{110}P_{45}$ were significantly higher (P<0.05) than those of fish fed other diets. These results suggest that the optimum P/E ratio may be 100 mg/kcal with 45% protein diets, and 120 mg/Kcal 50% protein diets for the maximum growth of juvenile Japanese eel under the experimental condition.

본 실험은 치어기 Japanese eel (A. japonica)의 에너지 수준에 대한 사료내 적정 단백질 비를 평가하기 위하여 갈색어분(Brownfish meal)과 혈분(Blood meal)을 사용하여 조단백질 함량은 에너지에 대해 각각 45%와 50%,그리고 총에너지 함량은 각각 3800, 4150, 4500 kcal/kg의 반정제사료(semipurified)를 제조하여 16주간 사육실험을 실시하였다. 본 연구는 사료내 에너지 수준에 따라 단백질 함량을 달리 조절하여 사육실험을 실시하여 에너지 수준에 따른 적정 단백질 함량을 규명하는데, %증체율(WG), 일간성장률(SGR) 등의 성장평가와 사료효율(FE), 단백질효율(PER) 등의 사료영양학적 평가 및 혈액성상학적 평가와 연관해서 수행하였으며 실험 종료 후 어체내 일반성분 및 혈청 내 생화학적 조성을 비교 조사하였다. WG과 SCR에 있어서 $_{100}P_{45}$실험구가 다른 실험구들에 비해서 유의적으로 높게 나타났다(P<0.05). FE에 있어서 $_{100}P_{45}$실험구가 $_{100}P_{45}$ 실험구를 제외한 다른 실험구들에 비해서 유의하게 높은 것으로 나타났으며(P<0.05), SGR 역시 $_{100}P_{45}$ 실험구가 다른 실험구들에 비하여 유의적으로 높게 나타는데 $_{100}P_{45}$ 실험구와는 유의적인 차이가 없었으며, 이들을 제외한 나머지 실험구들간에 있어서 유의한 차이는 나타나지 않았다(P<0.05). 따라서, 본 결과를 통하여 치어기 Japanese eel (A. japonica)에 있어서 사료내 단백질 함량 45%, 에너지 4500 kcal/g가 최적의 성장을 나타낼 것으로 예측되며, 이때 단백질과 에너지 비율(P/E ratio)은 100mg protein/kcal가 적합한 것으로 판단된다.

Keywords

References

  1. Alexis, M. N., E. Papaparaskeva-Papoutsoglou and V. Theochari, 1985. Formulation of paractical diets for rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) made by partial or complete substitution of fishmeal by poultry by-products and certain plant by-products. Aquaculture, 50, 61-73 https://doi.org/10.1016/0044-8486(85)90153-X
  2. AOAC, 1995. Official methods of analysis of the association of official analysis chemicals, 14th edition. Arlington. AV, 1141 pp
  3. Babin, P. J., 1987. Apolipoproteins and the association of egg yolk proteins with plasma high density lipoproteins after ovulation and follicular atresiain the rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri). J. BioI. Chern., 262, 4290-4296
  4. Bai, S. C. and D. M. Gatlin, 1994. Effects of L-Iysine supplementation of diets with different protein levels and sources on channel catfish (Ictalurus Punctatus). Aquaculture and Fish.Man., 25, 465--474
  5. Ballestrazzi, R., D. Lanari, E. D. Agaro and A. Mion, 1994. The effect of dietary protein level and source on growth, body composition, total ammonia and reactive phosphate excretion of growing sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax). Aquaculture, 127, 197-206 https://doi.org/10.1016/0044-8486(94)90426-X
  6. Cai, Y. and J. Wermerskirchen, 1996. Ammonia excretion indicates protein adequacy for fish. Prog. Fish cult., 58, 124-127 https://doi.org/10.1577/1548-8640(1996)058<0124:CAERID>2.3.CO;2
  7. Cowey, C. B., 1993. Some effect of nutrition and flesh quality of cultured fish. In: Kaushik, S. J. and P.Luquet (Eds), Fish Nutrition in Practice, Proc. of the IV Int. Symp. on Fish Nutrition and feedings., Les Colloques INRA 6, pp. 227-236
  8. De Silva S. S., R M. Gunasekera, G Gooley and B. A. Ingram. 2001. Growth ofAustralian shortfin eel, Anguilla australis elvers given different dietary protein and lipid levels. Aquacult. Nutr., 7, 53-57 https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2095.2001.00156.x
  9. Degani, G, A. Horowitz and D. Levanon, 1985. Effect of protein level in purified diet and of density, ammonia and $O_{2}$ levels on growth of juvenile european eels, anguilla anguilla. Aquaculture, 46, 193-200 https://doi.org/10.1016/0044-8486(85)90205-4
  10. EI-Sayed, A. M. and S. Teshima, 1992. Protein and energy requirements of Nile tilapia, Oreochrornis niloticus, fly. Aquaculture, 103, 55-63 https://doi.org/10.1016/0044-8486(92)90278-S
  11. Galing, D. L. and R. P. Wilson. 1976. Optimum dietary protein to energy ratio for channel catfish fmgerlings, Ictalurus punctatus. J. Nutr., 106, 1368-1375
  12. Garrido, L. G, R M. Chapuli and A. V. Adres, 1990. Serum cholesterol and triglyceride levels in (Scyliorhinus canicula) during sexual maturation. J. Fish BioI., 36, 499-509 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8649.1990.tb03552.x
  13. Gatlin, D. M., 1994. Advancements in nutrition of hybrid striped bass. Aquacult. Mag., 20, 95-98
  14. Hillestrad, M. and F. Johnsen, 1994. High energy/low protein diets for Atlantic salmon: effects on growth, nutrient retention and slaughter quality. Aquaculture, 124, 109-116 https://doi.org/10.1016/0044-8486(94)90366-2
  15. Kaushik, S. J., 1994. Nutritional strategies for the reduction of aquaculture wastes. Proc. ofthe Fisheries and Ocean Industrial Development, Research Center for Ocean Industrial Development, Pusan, Korea, pp. 115-132
  16. Keembiyehetty, C. N. and R. P. Wilson. 1998. Effect ofwater temperature on growth and nutrient utilization of sunshine bass fed diets containing different energy/protein ratios. Aquaculture, 166, 151-162 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0044-8486(98)00277-4
  17. Kim, K. W. and S. C. Bai, 1997. Fish meal analog as a dietary protein source in Korean rockfish, Sebastes schlegeli. J. Aquacult., 10, 143-151
  18. Kim, C. H. and P. Chin, 1995. The effects of dietary energy protein ratio on oxygen consumption, ammonia nitrogen excretion and body composition in juvenile rockfish, Sebastes schlegeli. J. Korean Fish. Soc., 28, 412--420
  19. McGoogan B. B. and D. M. Gatlin III, 1999. Dietary manipulations affecting growth and nitrogenous waste production ofred drum, Sciaenops ocellatus. I. Effects of dietary protein and energy levels. Aquaculture, 178, 333-348 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0044-8486(99)00137-4
  20. National Research Council, 1981. Nutritional Energetics of Domestic Animals and Glossary of Energy Terms. National Acad. Press, Washington, DC
  21. National Research Council, 1993. Nutrient Requirements of Warm water Fishes and Shellfishes. National Acad. Press, Washington, DC
  22. Nematipour, G.R., M. L. Brown and D. M. Gatlin, 1992. Effects of dietary energy:protein ratio on growth characteristics and body composition ofhybrid striped bass, Morone chrysopsxM, saratilis. Aquaculture, 107, 359-368 https://doi.org/10.1016/0044-8486(92)90083-W
  23. Nose, T. and S. Arai, 1973. Optimum level of protein in purified diet for eel, Anguilla japonica. Bull. Freashwater Fish. Res. Lab., 22, 145-154
  24. Peres, H. and A. Oliva- Teles, 1999. Effect of dietary lipid level on growth performance and feed utilization by European sea bass juvenile (Dicentrarchus labrax). Aquaculture, 179, 325-334 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0044-8486(99)00168-4
  25. Post, G, 1983. Nutrition and nutritional diseases of fish In: Textbook offish health. TFH. Publications, Inc.., Ltd., pp. 199-207
  26. Reinitz, G L., L. E. Orme, C. A. Lemm and F. N. Hitzel, 1978. Influence of varying lipid concentration with two protein concentrations in diets for rainbow trout (Salrno gairdneri). Trans. Am. Fish. Soc., 107,751-754 https://doi.org/10.1577/1548-8659(1978)107<751:IOVLCW>2.0.CO;2
  27. Samantaray, K. and S. S. Mohanty, 1999. Interactions of dietary levels of protein and energy on fingerling snakehead, Channa striata, Aquaculture, 156, 241-249
  28. Shiau, S. Y. and C. W. Lan, 1996. Optimum dietary protein level and protein to energy ratio for growth of grouper (Epinephelus rnalabaricus). Aquaculture, 145,259-266 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0044-8486(96)01324-5
  29. Shiau, S. Y. and S. L. Huang, 1990. Influence of varying energy. levels with two protein concentrations in diets for hybrid tilapia (Oreochrornis niloticusx.O. aureus) reared in seawater. Aquaculture, 91, 143-152 https://doi.org/10.1016/0044-8486(90)90183-N
  30. Song, M. H., 1995. Studies on utilization ofblood beal as a source of dietary protein in growing commom carp (Cyprinus carpio). MS. thesis, Pukyong National University, Busan, Korea, 34 pp
  31. Stickney, R. R, 1977. Lipids in catfish nutrition. In: R. R. Stickney and R T. Lovell (editors), Nutrition and Feeding of Channel Catfish, Southern cooperative Series Bulletin, 218, pp. 14-18
  32. Takeuchi, T., Y. Shiina, T. Watanabe, S. Sekiya and K. Imaizumi, 1992. Suitable protein and lipid levels in diet for fingerlings of yellowtail. Nippon Suisan Gakkaishi, 58, 1333-1339 https://doi.org/10.2331/suisan.58.1333
  33. Tibbetts S. M., S.P. Lall and D. M. Anderson, 2000. Dietary protein requirement of juvenile American eel, Anguilla rostrata fed practical diets. Aquaculture, 186, 145-155 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0044-8486(99)00363-4
  34. Tibbetts S. M., S. P. Lall and D. M. Anderson, 2001. Optimum dietary ratio of digestible protein and energy for juvenile American eel, Anguilla anguilla, fed practical diets. Aquacult. Nutr., 7,213-220 https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2095.2001.00175.x
  35. Tuncer, H., R. M. Harrell and E. D. Houde, 1990. Comparative energetics of striped bass (Morone saxatilis) and hybrid (M. SaxatilisxM. chrysops) juveniles. Aquaculture, 86, 387-400 https://doi.org/10.1016/0044-8486(90)90327-J
  36. Wang, K. W., T. Takeuchi and T. Watanabe, 1985. Optimum protein and digestible energy level in diets for Tilapia nilotica. Bull. Jap. Soc. Sci. Fish., 51, 141-146 https://doi.org/10.2331/suisan.51.141
  37. Winfree, R. A. and R. R. Stickney, 1981.Effects of dietary protein and energy on growth, feed conversion efficiency and body composition of Tilapia aurea. J. Nutr., 111, 1001-1012 https://doi.org/10.1093/jn/111.6.1001
  38. Xianghua, L., 1988. Research on fish nutrition in China. In: S. de Silva (Ed), Finfish Nutrition Research in Asia. Proceedings of the Second Asian fish Nutrition Network Meeting, Singapore, pp.92-95
  39. Yokoyama, H. O., 1960. Studies on the origin, development and seasonal variation in the blood cells ofperch, Perca flavescens. J. Wild. Dis., 6, 1-202