• Journal of Practical Agriculture & Fisheries Research
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.128-137
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• 2002

This study was conducted to develop the heat exchanger by utilizing the heat energy of underground water(15℃), which might be used for cooling and heating system of the agricultural facilities. We developed the heat exchanger by using the parallel type plat fin tube made of Aluminum(Al 6063), which was named Aloo-Heat(No. 0247164, offered by Korean Intellectual property Office). The trial manufactures were made from Aloo-heat which was 600mm, 700mm length respectively, and It were welded to the end "U" type in order to direct flow of the underground water. The performance test was carried out under the condition of open space and room temperature with the change of flow rate of the underground water and air. The results are as follows. 1. The trial manufactures had convection heat value from 33 to 156 W/m²℃, and It was coincided with design assumption. 2. The amount of energy transfer was increased with the increment of the area of heat transfer, the air flow, the gap of temperature inlet & outlet the underground water and the air. 3. The heat value was 6,825W when the air flow was 6,000m³/h and the gap of temperature between inlet and outlet of the underground water was 6℃, and It dropped from 25.8℃ to 23.2℃(-2.6℃ difference). The convection heat value was 88.5W/m²℃. 4. The heat value was 2.625W when the air flow was 4,000m³/h and the gap of temperature between inlet and outlet the underground water was 2℃, and It dropped from 27℃ to 22.5℃(-4.5℃ difference). The convection heat value was 33.6W/m²℃. 5. Correlation values(R²) of the testing heat values of the trial manufacture type I, II, and III were 0.9141, 0.8935, and 0.9323 respectively, and correlation values(R²) of the amount of the air flow 6,000m³/h, 5,000m³/h, 4,000m³/h were 0.9513, 0.9414, and 0.9003 respectively.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.19 no.12
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• pp.1737-1742
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• 2009

It has been known that Linum usitatissimum and Perilla frutescens are dietary sources of possible chemopreventive compounds such as lignans and $\alpha$-linolenic acid. Here, we investigated and compared the inhibitory effects of methanol extracts from Linum usitatissimum and Perilla frutescens on mutagenicity using the Ames test, and growth of human cancer cells (AGS human gastric adenocarcinoma, HT-29 human colon cancer, Hep 3B hepatocellular carcinoma cells). In the Ames test system using Salmonella typhimurium TA100, aflatoxin $B_1$ ($AFB_1$)-induced mutagenicity was significantly inhibited by treatment with the methanol extract from either Linum usitatissimum or Perilla frutescens (p<0.05) in a dose dependent manner. As for N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguamidine (MNNG)-induced mutagenicity, the methanol extracts (5 mg/assay) from Linum usitatissimum and Perilla frutescens showed 63% and 78% inhibitory rates, respectively, indicating that Perilla frutescens possessed stronger antimutagenic activity than did Linum usitatissimum. Inhibitory effects of methanol extracts from Linum usitatissimum and Perilla frutescens on the growth of human cancer cells (AGS, HT-29 and Hep 3B) appeared to increase dose dependently, and the inhibition was more effective against AGS and HT-29 compared to Hep 3B cells. Our results suggested that the methanol extract from Perilla frutescens showed stronger antimutagenic activity than that from Linum usitatissimumas assayed by the Ames mutagenic test, whereas the methanol extract from Linum usitatissimum was more effective than its counterpart for growth inhibition of human cancer cells. It is concluded that intake of Linum usitatissimum and Perilla frutescens as sources of omega-3 fatty acids will be beneficial for preventing cancer.

• Journal of Aquaculture
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• v.11 no.4
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• pp.475-485
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• 1998

To clarify annual reproductive cycle of Koran dark sleeper, odontobutis platycephala, we examined the seasonal changes of gonadosomatic index(GSI), testicular development stages and sex steroid hormones in blood from December 1995 to November 1997. Testis was podlike shape from July to October, and tadpole-like shape from November because of its expanded posterior part. GSI was 0.14~0.18 from July to September and increased to $0.43{\pm}0.04$ in October and then was not changed significantly until February. GSI was reincreased to $0.52{\pm}0.09$ from March and then was kept at similer levels until May, but fell down to $0.28{\pm}0.05$ in June. As results of histological observation, testis was divided into 3 parts(anterior, boundary, posterior) in the development progress of germ cells. In July, the testis was composed of only spermatogonia without seminiferous tubules in most fishes. In the anterior part of testis, the ferquency of spermatogenesis stage seminiferous tubules appearing in August was more than 80% from September to December. decreased gradually from January to March and drastically in April, and then disappeared in June. The frequency of spermiogenesis stage seminiferous tubules appearing in December, increased gradually from January to March and drastically to 80% in April, and reached to 90% the highest levels of the year in June. Post-spawning stage seminiferous tubules did not appear throughout the year. The frequency of spermatogonia was 100% and 65% in July and August, and less than 20% in the rest period of the year. In the boundary part, the frequency of spermatogenesis stage seminiferous tubules appearing in August increased from September and reached to 82% in November, decreased from December, adn disappeared in March. The frequency of spermiogenesis stage seminiferous tubules appearing in November was less than 18% until February, and increased to 29%~57% from March to June. The frequency of post-spawning stage seminiferous tubules appeared 12%~25% only from March to June. The frequency of spermatogonia was 100% in July, decreased to 85% in August and 10% in November, and increased gradually from December to 50% in April, and decreased again from May to June. In the posterior part, seminiferous tubules with some seminiferous tubules increased drastically 80%~85% in August and September, decreased drastically from October to November and remained below 10% until February, and disappeared after March. The frequency of spermiogenesis stage seminiferous tubules appearing in August increased sharply from October and reached to 75% in November. decreased to 15% in December and no significant changes until March, and disappeared after April. The frequency of post-spawning stage seminiferous tubules appearing very early in November increased to 82% in December and 85%~95% until June. The frequency of spermatogonia was 100% in July, decreased drastically to 15% in August, disappeared from October to Mrch, but reappeared from April and kept at less than 10% until June. The blood level of testosterone (T) increrased gradually from August was $0.61{\pm}0.09 ng/m\ell$ in November, increrased drastically to $3.99{\pm}1.22 ng/m\ell$ in December and maintained at in similar level until March, and decreased to $0.25{\pm}0.14 ng/m{\ell} ~ 0.17{\pm}0.13ng/m{\ell}$ in April and May and no significant changes until July (P<0.05). The blood level of 17, 20 -dihydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one $ng/m{\ell}$in the rest of year without significant changes(P<0.05). Taken together these results, the germ cell development of testis progressed in the order of posterior, boundary, anterior part during annual reproductive cycle in Korean dark sleeper. The testicular cycle of Korean dark sleeper was as follows. The anterior part of testis : i.e. spermatogonial proliferation period (July), early maturation period (from August to November), mid maturation period (from December to March), late maturation period (from April to May) and functional maturation period (June) were elucidated. The boundary of testis, i.e. spermatogonial proliferation period (July), early maturation period (from August to October), mid maturation period (from November to February) and the coexistence period of late maturation, functional maturation and post-spawn (from March to June) were elucidated. The posterior of testis, i.e. spermatogonial proliferation period (July), mid maturation period (from August ot September), late maturation period (October), functional maturation period (November) and post-spawn period (from December to June) were elucidated. It was showed that the changes of sex steroid hormone in blood played a important roles in the annual reproductive cycle of Korean dark sleeper.

• Radiation Oncology Journal
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.295-301
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• 1993

Since Jan. 1991 a prospective randomized study for Stage III unresectable non small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) has been conducted to evaluate the response rate and tolerance of induction chemotherapy with MVP followed by hyperfractionated radiotherapy and evaluate the efficacy of maintenance chemotherapy in Asan Medical Center. All patients in this study were treated with hyperfractionated radiotherapy (120 cGy/fx BID, 6480 cGy/54 fx) following 3 cycles of induction chemotherapy, MVP (Mitomycin C 6 $mg/m^2,$ Vinblastin 6 $mg/m^2,$ Cisplatin 60 $mg/m^2$) and then the partial and complete responders from induction chemotherapy were randomized to 3 cycles of adjuvant MVP chemotherapy group and observation group. 48 patients were registered to this study until December 1992; among 48 patients 3 refused further treatment after induction chemotherapy and 6 received incomplete radiation therapy because of patient's refusal, 39 completed planned therapy. Twenty-three $(58\%)$ patients including 2 complete responders showed response from induction chemotherapy. Among the 21 patients who achieved a partial response after induction chemotherapy,1 patient rendered complete clearance of disease and 10 patients showed further regression of tumor following hyperfractionated radiotherapy. Remaining 10 patients showed stable disease or progression after radiotherapy. Of the sixteen patients judged to have stable disease or progression after induction chemotherapy, seven showed more than partial remission after radiotherapy but nine showed no response in spite of radiotherapy. Of the 39 patients who completed induction chemotherapy and radiotherapy, 25 patients $(64\%)$ including 3 complete responders showed more than partial remission. Nineteen patients were randomized after radio-therapy. Nine Patients were allocated to adjuvant chemotherapy group and 4/9 showed further regression of tumor after adjuvant chemotherapy. For the time being, there is no suggestion of a difference between the adjuvant chemotherapy group and observation group in distant metastasis rate and survival. Median survival time was 13 months. Actuarial survival rates at 6,12 and 18 months of 39 patients who completed this study were $84.6\%,\;53.7\%\;and\;40.3\%,$ respectively. The partial and complete responders from induction chemotherapy showed significantly better survival than non-responders (p=0.028). Incidence of radiation pneumonitis in this study group was less than that in historical control group inspite of induction chemotherapy. All patients tolerated hypertractionated radiotherapy without definite increase of acute complications compared with conventional radiotherapy group. The longer follow up is needed to evaluate the efficacies of induction and maintenance chemotherapy and survival advantage by hyperfractionated radiotherapy but authors are encouraged with an excellent tolerance, higher response rate and improvement of one year survival rate in patients of this study.

• The Korean Journal of Quaternary Research
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• v.20 no.1 s.26
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• pp.51-66
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• 2006

The climate of the last glacial maximum (LGM) in northeast Asia is simulated with an atmospheric general circulation model of NCAR CCM3 at spectral truncation of T170, corresponding to a grid cell size of roughly 75 km. Modern climate is simulated by a prescribed sea surface temperature and sea ice provided from NCAR, and contemporary atmospheric CO2, topography, and orbital parameters, while LGM simulation was forced with the reconstructed CLIMAP sea surface temperatures, sea ice distribution, ice sheet topography, reduced $CO_2$, and orbital parameters. Under LGM conditions, surface temperature is markedly reduced in winter by more than $18^{\circ}C$ in the Korean west sea and continental margin of the Korean east sea, where the ocean exposed to land in the LGM, whereas in these areas surface temperature is warmer than present in summer by up to $2^{\circ}C$. This is due to the difference in heat capacity between ocean and land. Overall, in the LGM surface is cooled by $4{\sim}6^{\circ}C$ in northeast Asia land and by $7.1^{\circ}C$ in the entire area. An analysis of surface heat fluxes show that the surface cooling is due to the increase in outgoing longwave radiation associated with the reduced $CO_2$ concentration. The reduction in surface temperature leads to a weakening of the hydrological cycle. In winter, precipitation decreases largely in the southeastern part of Asia by about $1{\sim}4\;mm/day$, while in summer a larger reduction is found over China. Overall, annual-mean precipitation decreases by about 50% in the LGM. In northeast Asia, evaporation is also overall reduced in the LGM, but the reduction of precipitation is larger, eventually leading to a drier climate. The drier LGM climate simulated in this study is consistent with proxy evidence compiled in other areas. Overall, the high-resolution model captures the climate features reasonably well under global domain.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Biology
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.481-492
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• 1999

The observations on the spatio-temporal distribution and seasonal fluctuations of phytoplankton community were carried out in Deukryang Bay of the Korean Southwestern Sea from June 1992 to April 1993. A total of 75 species of phytoplankton belonged to 47 genera was identified. In Deukryang Bay seasonal succession in dominant species; P. alata, G. flaccida, S. costatum, L. danicus and N. longissima in summer, St. palmeriana, Ch. curvisetus and B. paxillifera in autunm, S. costatum, Ch. curvisetus, E. zodiacus and Pn. pungens in winter, and As. glacialis, As. kariana, N. pelagica, Th. nitzschioides and S. costatum in spring, were very marked, that is to say, the communities structure of phytoplankton in Deukryang Bay appeared to be various species composition and it was occupied with diatoms all the year round. Phytoplankton standing crops fluctuated with an annual mean of $1.4{\times}10^5 cells/1 between the lowest value of 2.6{\times}10^3 cells/1 in July and the highest value of 1.0{\times}10^6 cells/1$ by S. costatum in January. Densities of the phytoplankton cell number by the samples of Deukryang Bay ranged from $2.6{\times}10^3cells/1 to 1.2{\times}10^5 cells/1 with the mean value of 3.6{\times}10^4cells/1 in summer, from 6.0{\times}10^3cells/1 to 2.6{\times}10^5 cells/1 with mean of 1.5{\times}10^5 cells/1 in autumn, from 1.3{\times}10^4cells/1 to 1.0{\times}10^6 cells/1 with mean 3.5{times}10^5 cells/1 in winter, and from 4.8{\times}10^3cells/1 to 6.0{\times}10^5 cells/1 with mean of 1.6{\times}10^5 cells/1$ in autumn. That is to say, phytoplankton standing crops was large in low temperature seasons, on the other hand small in high temperature seasons. Chlorophyll $\alpha$ concentration fluctuated between 0.l9 $\mu$g/l and 12.3 $\mu$g/l in March. in Deukryang Bay seasonal flucturation in chi-$\alpha$ concentration was not marked. Especially, chl-$\alpha$ concentration in the water around Deukryang Island located in the middle part of Deukryang Bay showed patchy distributions with a very high concentration. And chl-$\alpha$ concentration was high during a year. Therefore, phytoplankton production in Deukryang Bay could be very high year-round.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.137-143
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• 2002

Lyophilizate of immatured wax gourd extract was 3.1 %, matured wax gourd extract was 1.0%, and its main ingredient was sugar, which accounts for 89.7% in total residue. In matured wax gourd, pectin contents was 4.11 mg/ml, and in immatured wax gourd 4.43 mg/m1. In matured wax gourd sarcocarp, sugar contents was 0.1% of sucrose, 0.32% of glucose, 0.35% of fructose, the first unidentified sugar was 0.06% and the second was 0.04%, and all total 0.87%. In sarcocarp of immatured wax gourd, sucrose was 0.33%, glucose was 1.04%, frutcose was 1.12%, and the first unidentified sugar 0.18%, and the second was 0.l2, which total 2.79%. In matured wax gourd core, pH was 4.64, sarcocarp 4.94, immatured wax gourd core 4,96, sarcocarp 5.40. According to the organic acid analysis, in sarcocarp of matured wax gourd, citric acid of 0.409 was contained, magic acid 0.084, succnic acid 0.048%, in matured wax gourd core, citric acid was 0.648, magic acid 0.127, succinc acid 0.058%, in immatured wax gourd, citric acid 0.023, magic acid 0.219, succinic acid 0.298%, in immutured wax gourd, citric acid was 0.039, malic acid 0.350, succinic 0.224%. Fumaric acid was trace in all cases. Total organic acid in matured wax gourd core was 0.833, immatured wax gourd core was 0.624 and immatured wax gourd sarcocarp was 0.546, matured wax gourd sarcocarp was 0,541%. In inhibition rate to propionibacterium acnes, control was 0(ø, cm), wax gourd that was not heated was 2.6, and wax gourd which was heated was 2.5, concentrated by 1/5 was 1.9, wax gourd by 1/10 was 2.5, freezing dry was 2.3. Wax gourd which not heated on producing melanin in B-16 melanoma cell, the melanins forming unit was 15$\mu$1/m1 in addition of 0.01%, while that as a control was 29$\mu$1/m1.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.41 no.1
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• pp.11-19
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• 1994

Background: Mycobacterium tuberculosis is a facultative intracellular pathogen which persists and multiplies within macrophage. Competent cell mediated immunity by cooperation of both T lymphocyte and macrophage of the host is required to kill the Mycobacterium tuberculosis. But a precise understanding of the pathogenesis of tuberculosis infection in pulmonary alveolar macrophage has not been achived. Research on the macrophage's basic microbicidal mechanism has elucidated the importance of oxygen-dependent or oxygen-independent components. Oxygen dependent processing begins with the reduction of oxygen by NADPH oxidase and generation of superoxide. In this study, the oxidative metabolic status of blood monocyte and pulmonary alveolar macrophage in patients with active pulmonary tuberculosis was accessed and compared with that of healthy control subjects to know whether there was a basic difference in superoxide generation by mononuclear cells between two groups. Methods: Pulmonary alveolar macrophage was purified after performing BAL(bronchoalveolar lavage) through the bronchi of infected lesion by plastic adhesion method. Blood monocyte was purified by Ficoll-Hypaque method. Superoxide generation by blood monocyte and pulmonary alveolar macrophage was measured by ferricytochrome-C reduction method after either stimulated with PMA(phorbol myristate acerate) or non-stimulated states. We also measured the effect of pulmonary tuberculosis patient's serum on superoxide generation by monocyte. Results: 1) Generation of superoxide by alveolar macrophage obtained from patients with pulmonary tuberculosis was little higher than those of controls, and PMA enhanced the generation of 2) Generation of superoxide by blood monocyte obtained from patients with pulmonary tuberculosis was little higher than those of control(p>0.05), and PMA more enhanced the generation of superoxide in patientswith pulmonary tuberculosis than those in controls(p<0.02). 3) Patient's serum enhanced the generation of superoxide by blood monocyte obtained from patients with pulmonary tuberculosis and controls, but not in the case of PMA stimulated blood monocyte. Conclusion: The present study suggest that the phenomenon of M.tuberculosis escape the microbicidal action of macrophage was not result of suppressed superoxide generation by blood monocyte and pulmonary alveolar macrophage, rather there might be a factor to stimulate the generation of superoxide by blood monocyte in pulmonary tuberculosis patient serum, but the comparision with effect of control's serum on superoxide generation needs further elucidation.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.52 no.5
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• pp.506-518
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• 2002

Background : There have been several studies showing that angiotensin II and the angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) contribute to the activation of fibroblast including the pulmonary fibrosis, and apoptosis of the alveolar epithelium in idiopathic intersititial pneumonia. This study was performed to identify the relationship between the serum angiotensin II, ACE and the pulmonary function test (PFT), the dyspnea score, and the cell fraction of the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid(BALF). Materials and Methods : Twenty three patients with idiopathic interstitial pneumonia from March, 1999 to October, 2001 at Gachon medical school were enrolled in this study. They were divided into IPF(UIP) (16) and NSIP (7) groups. Twelve of the idiopathic interstitial pneumonia patients (UIP : 5, NSIP : 7) were diagnosed by an open lung biopsy, 11 of IPF patients were diagnosed by the American Thoracic Society (ATS) diagnostic criteria. The PFT values, dyspnea score, serum ACE and angiotensin II were measured, and a bronchoscopy was performed to obtain the BALF. Results : Of all the patients, 7 were in the normal range and 14 showed an increase in the serum level of angiotensin II. In terms of the serum ACE level, 14 patients had an increased level. The DLCO% of the angiotensin II in increased group was significantly lower than the not-increased group (p=0.021). Other factors did not correlate with the serum ACE or the angiotensin II increased group and not-increased group. Conclusion : These results suggest that an increased angiotensin II serum level may be associated with increase in the of alveolar capillary block in the progression of pulmonary fibrosis in idiopathic interstitial pneumonia.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.35 no.4
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• pp.446-453
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• 2002

Effects of the two oriental medicinal prescriptions, Jahyulyangeuntang (JH) and Yanghyuljangeunkeonbohwan (YH), on intestinal calcium absorption were examined in the human colon carcinoma tell line, Caco-2 cells. Intestinal calcium absorption was evaluated at the level of Ca uptake into the cells across the brush border membranes, as well as at the level of net Ca transport (implying the amount of intestinal Ca transported into the blood stream). When the Caco-2 cells were incubated for 4, 8, 16 and 24 days post seeding, the cells were differentiated continuously, and showed progressively increased activities of Ca uptake (1.13 $\pm$ 0.04, 1.19 $\pm$ 0.02, 1.94 $\pm$ 0.03, and 2.40 $\pm$ 0.12 nmole.mg protein$^{-1}$ .30 min$^{-1}$ , respectively). Pretreatment of confluent Caco-2 cells with 50 $\mu\textrm{g}$/ml of YH for 24 hours resulted in a 30% increase in Ca uptake (p < 0.07), while pretreatment of the cells with the same concentration of JH for 6 hours resulted in a 24% increase (p < 0.05) in Ca uptake, compared to the value for the control cells (2.34 $\pm$ 0.10 nmole.mg protein$^{-1}$ .30 min$^{-1}$ ). When the cells were pretreated with varied concentrations (5-100 $\mu\textrm{g}$/ml) of the test samples for 6 hours, maximal increases in Ca uptake were observed in the cells pretreated with 100 $\mu\textrm{g}$/ml of YH (a 23% increase), and 50 $\mu\textrm{g}$/ml of JH (a 28% increase), respectively : however, no influence was seen on the net Ca transport activity. These results show that pretreatment with JH or YH, the two oriental medicinal prescriptions commonly used for improvement of bone metabolism, could possibly increase Ca accumulation inside the cells. but not the intestinal Ca net transport in vitro.