• Title/Summary/Keyword: P-N Approximation

검색결과 71건 처리시간 0.024초

MGGC2.0: A preprocessing code for the multi-group cross section of the fast reactor with ultrafine group library

  • Kui Hu;Xubo Ma;Teng Zhang;Xuan Ma;Zifeng Huang;Yixue Chen
    • Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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    • 제55권8호
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    • pp.2785-2796
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    • 2023
  • How to generate the precise broad group cross section is important for the fast reactor design. In this study, a fast reactor multi-group cross-section generation code MGGC2.0 are developed in-house for processing ultrafine group MATXS format library. Validation and verification are performed for MGGC2.0 code by applying the benchmarks of ICSBEP handbook, and the results of MGGC2.0 agree well with that of MCNP. The consistent PN method with critical buckling search is in good agreement that condensed with TWODANT flux and flux moment for the inner core and outer core region. For the radial blanket and reflector, two region approximation method has been applied in MGGC2.0 by using collision Probability Method neutron flux solver. The RBEC-M benchmark was used to verify the power distribution calculation, and the relative error of power distribution comparison with the reference are less than 0.8% in the fuel region and the maximum relative error is 5.58% in the reflector region. Therefore, the precise broad cross section can be generated by MGGC2.0 for fast reactor.

우리나라 남해안(南海岸)에 분포(分布)된 간척지(干拓地) 토양(土壤)의 특성(特性)에 관(關)한 조사연구(調査硏究)(구포통(鳩浦統)에 관(關)하여) (A Study on the Characteristics of a Reclaimed Marine Soils (Gupo Series) distributed on the Southern Coastal Area of Korea)

  • 정연태;엄기태;신용화
    • 한국토양비료학회지
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    • 제9권2호
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    • pp.99-105
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    • 1976
  • 우리나라 남해안(南海岸)에 분포(分布)된 간척지토양중(干拓地土壤中)의 하나인 구포통(鳩浦統)에 대(對)한 형태적(形態的) 물리적(物理的) 및 화학적(化學的) 특성(特性)을 조사(調査)하였는 바 그 결과(結果)를 요약(要約)하면 다음과 같다. 1. 남해안일대(南海岸一帶) 리아해안(海岸)에 분포(分布)된 간척지(干拓地)는 저구릉(低丘陵) 또는 구릉곡간(丘陵谷間)에 위치(位置)한 해안곡간간척지(海岸谷間干拓地)로서 대부분(大部分)이 하천(河川)의 영향(影響)없이 퇴적(堆積)되었고 구릉(丘陵)과 매우 가깝게 접(接)하고 있어 내륙곡간지토양(內陸谷間地土壤)과 유사(類似)하며 모래함량(含量)이 높고 미사(微砂)와 점토함량(粘土含量)이 낮아 서해안(西海岸) 일대(一帶)의 넓은 하해혼성평탄지(河海混成平坦地)에 분포(分布)된 토양(土壤)과 구별(區別)된다. 2. 형태적(形態的) 특성(特性)을 보면 표토(表土)는 회갈색(灰褐色)에 약간(若干)의 황갈색(黃褐色) 반문(斑紋)이 있는 사양토(砂壤土)이며 기층(基層)은 회색(灰色) 사양토(砂壤土)로 약간(若干)의 석력(石礫)(약(約) 10%)이 있고 지하수위(地下水位)는 10-30cm로 높다. 간척후(干拓後) 토양생성작용(土壤生成作用)을 받은지 얼마되지 않은 새로운 퇴적층(堆積層)으로 단면(斷面)의 발달(發達)은 없다. 3. n계수(係數)가 0.8내외(內外)로 높아 미열성토양(未熱成土壤)에 속(屬)한다. 4. 화학적특성(化學的特性)에 있어 pH는 표토(表土)로부터 기층(基層)까지 8.0 이상(以上)으로 알카리성(性)이며 유기물함량(有機物含量)은 표토(表土) 1.16%, 그이하(以下) 토층(土層)은 모두 0.5% 내외(內外)로 매우 낮고 양(陽) ion치환용량(置換容量)은 7-9m.e/100g로 낮다. 표토(表土)의 치환성(置換性) 양(陽) ion 즉(卽) Ca: Mg: Na: K의 비(比)는 20:7:4:1이고 염기포화도(鹽基飽和度)는 60% 이상(以上)이다. ($NH_4OAc$법(法)). 전기전도도(電氣傳導度)는 7-12mmhos/cm로 높은 편(便)이고 유효인산함량(有効燐酸含量)이 25ppm 이하(以下)로 매우 낮다. 5. 물리적열성(物理的熱成)을 기준(基準)하여 분류(分類)하면 "Unripe soils with half-ripe subsoils"로 볼수 있고 미칠차시안원안(美七次試案原案)에 의(依)하면 "Hydric Haplaquents"로 되어 물리적열성도(物理的熱成度)를 나타 낼수 있으나 동증보안(同增補案)에 의(依)하면 "Typic Haplaquents"로 되어 타숙성토(他熟成土)와 특성비교(特性比較)가 어렵게 되었다. 그러나 칠차시안(七次試案)의 종결안(終結案)이라 볼 수 있는 토양분류(土壤分類)에 의(依)하면 "Haplic Hydraquents"로 분류(分類)할 수 있어 토양(土壤)의 숙성도(熟成度)를 포함(包含)한 제특성(諸特性)이 잘 반영(反映)되었으며 수개(數個)의 타분류안(他分類案)에서는 물리적숙성도(物理的熟成度)를 나타낼수 없었다.

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SE를 사용한 나노게이트 산화막의 두께측정 (Thickness Measurement of Nanogate Oxide Films by Spectroscopic Ellipsometry)

  • 조현모;조용재;이윤우;이인원;김현종;김상열
    • 한국결정학회:학술대회논문집
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    • 한국결정학회 2002년도 정기총회 및 추계학술연구발표회
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    • pp.40-41
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    • 2002
  • 차세대 반도체 및 나노소자 산업에 대한 국제적 기술은 고밀도 직접화의 추세에 따라서 .게이트 산화막의 두께가 급속히 작아지는 추세이다. 지금까지 이산화규소(A1₂O₃)가 게이트 산화막으로 주로 사용되어 왔으나 점차 SiON 혹은 high k 박막으로 바뀌고 있다. 본 연구에서는 차세대 반도체 소자에 사용될 게이트 산화막 물질인 SiON 박막과 Al₂O₃박막에 대한 SE(Spectroscopic Ellipsometry)분석 모델을 확립하였고, SE 측정결과를 TEM, MEIS, XRR의 결과들과 비교하였다. SiON 박막의 굴절률 값은 Si₃N₄와 SiO₂가 물리적으로 혼합되어 있다고 가정하여 Bruggeman effective medium approximation을 사용하여 구하였다. 동일한 시료를 절단하여 TEM, MEIS, 그리고 XRR에 의하여 SiON 박막의 두께를 측정하였으며, 그 결과 SE와 XRR에 의해 얻어진 박막두께가 TEM과 MEIS의 결과 값보다 약 0.5 nm 크게 주어짐을 알 수 있었다(Table 1 참조). 본 연구결과는 비파괴적이며 비접촉식 측정방법인 SE가 2~4nm 두께의 초미세 SiON 박막의 두께와 N 농도의 상대적 값을 빠르고 쉽게 구할 수 있는 유용한 측정방법 임을 보여주었다. 기존의 게이트 산화물인 SiO₂를 대체할 후보 물질들 중의 하나인 A1₂O₃의 유전함수를 구하기 위하여 8 inch, p-type 실리콘 기판 위에 성장된 5 nm, 10 nm, 및 20 nm 두께의 A1₂O₃ 박막의 유전함수와 두께를 측정하였다. 이 시료들에 대한 SE data는 vacuum-UV spectroscopic ellipsometer를 사용하여 세 개의 입사각에서 0.75 eV에서 8.75 eV까지 0.05 eV 간격으로 측정되었다. A1₂O₃ 박막의 유전함수와 두께를 얻기 위하여 공기층/A1₂O₃ 박막/Si 기판으로 구성된 3상계 모델을 사용하였다. Si 기판에 대한 복소 유전함수는 문헌상의 값(1)을 사용하였고, A1₂O₃ 박막의 유전함수는 5개의 미지상수를 갖는 Tauc- Lorentz(TL) 분산함수(2)를 사용하였다. A1₂O₃ 박막의 경우 두께가 증가함에 따라서 굴절률이 커짐을 알 수 있었다.

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FORMATION AND EVOLUTION OF SELF-INTERACTING DARK MATTER HALOS

  • AHN KYUNGJIN;SHAPIRO PAUL R.
    • 천문학회지
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    • 제36권3호
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    • pp.89-95
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    • 2003
  • Observations of dark matter dominated dwarf and low surface brightness disk galaxies favor density profiles with a flat-density core, while cold dark matter (CDM) N-body simulations form halos with central cusps, instead. This apparent discrepancy has motivated a re-examination of the microscopic nature of the dark matter in order to explain the observed halo profiles, including the suggestion that CDM has a non-gravitational self-interaction. We study the formation and evolution of self-interacting dark matter (SIDM) halos. We find analytical, fully cosmological similarity solutions for their dynamics, which take proper account of the collisional interaction of SIDM particles, based on a fluid approximation derived from the Boltzmann equation. The SIDM particles scatter each other elastically, which results in an effective thermal conductivity that heats the halo core and flattens its density profile. These similarity solutions are relevant to galactic and cluster halo formation in the CDM model. We assume that the local density maximum which serves as the progenitor of the halo has an initial mass profile ${\delta}M / M {\propto} M^{-{\epsilon}$, as in the familiar secondary infall model. If $\epsilon$ = 1/6, SIDM halos will evolve self-similarly, with a cold, supersonic infall which is terminated by a strong accretion shock. Different solutions arise for different values of the dimensionless collisionality parameter, $Q {\equiv}{\sigma}p_br_s$, where $\sigma$ is the SIDM particle scattering cross section per unit mass, $p_b$ is the cosmic mean density, and $r_s$ is the shock radius. For all these solutions, a flat-density, isothermal core is present which grows in size as a fixed fraction of $r_s$. We find two different regimes for these solutions: 1) for $Q < Q_{th}({\simeq} 7.35{\times} 10^{-4}$), the core density decreases and core size increases as Q increases; 2) for $Q > Q_{th}$, the core density increases and core size decreases as Q increases. Our similarity solutions are in good agreement with previous results of N-body simulation of SIDM halos, which correspond to the low-Q regime, for which SIDM halo profiles match the observed galactic rotation curves if $Q {\~} [8.4 {\times}10^{-4} - 4.9 {\times} 10^{-2}]Q_{th}$, or ${\sigma}{\~} [0.56 - 5.6] cm^2g{-1}$. These similarity solutions also show that, as $Q {\to}{\infty}$, the central density acquires a singular profile, in agreement with some earlier simulation results which approximated the effects of SIDM collisionality by considering an ordinary fluid without conductivity, i.e. the limit of mean free path ${\lambda}_{mfp}{\to} 0$. The intermediate regime where $Q {\~} [18.6 - 231]Q_{th}$ or ${\sigma}{\~} [1.2{\times}10^4 - 2.7{\times}10^4] cm^2g{-1}$, for which we find flat-density cores comparable to those of the low-Q solutions preferred to make SIDM halos match halo observations, has not previously been identified. Further study of this regime is warranted.

산업용로 배기부에서의 열전달 향상에 관한 연구 (A Study on the Heat Transfer Improvement in the Exhaust-Section of Industrial Furnace)

  • 박희용;차상명;한철희
    • 태양에너지
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    • 제12권3호
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    • pp.47-59
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    • 1992
  • 산업용 노의 폐열 회수를 위하여 노의 배기부에 설치되는 복사형 레큐페레이터 중에서 가장 대표적인 형태인 이중 원관식 레큐페레이터의 열전달 특성에 관하여 연구하였다. 내관에는 고온의 배기가스가 흐르고, 내관과 외관 사이의 환상공간에서는 공기가 흐르며 외관의 외벽면은 단열되어 있는 원관 식 레큐퍼레이터의 열전달특성을 규명하였다. 고온의 배기가스 폐열은 내관의 내벽으로 전달되고 이는 다시 환산 공간내의 공기로 전달된다. 배기가스의 복사 열전달은 구 조화 근사법을 사용하여 모델링한 후 이를 유동장과 연계하여 수치적으로 해석하였으며, 기존의 실험적연구와 일치하는 조건에서의 계산결과와 비교하였다. 또한, 내관의 동심축 상에 원동통형의 재복사기를 설치할 경우 내관에서 재복사 효과가 일어나는데 이에 따른 열전달 특성을 연구하여 레큐퍼레이터를 이론적으로 해석할 수 있는 방법을 제시하였다.

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Modeling of low-dimensional pristine and vacancy incorporated graphene nanoribbons using tight binding model and their electronic structures

  • Wong, K.L.;Chuan, M.W.;Chong, W.K.;Alias, N.E.;Hamzah, A.;Lim, C.S.;Tan, M.L.P.
    • Advances in nano research
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    • 제7권3호
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    • pp.209-221
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    • 2019
  • Graphene, with impressive electronic properties, have high potential in the microelectronic field. However, graphene itself is a zero bandgap material which is not suitable for digital logic gates and its application. Thus, much focus is on graphene nanoribbons (GNRs) that are narrow strips of graphene. During GNRs fabrication process, the occurrence of defects that ultimately change electronic properties of graphene is difficult to avoid. The modelling of GNRs with defects is crucial to study the non-idealities effects. In this work, nearest-neighbor tight-binding (TB) model for GNRs is presented with three main simplifying assumptions. They are utilization of basis function, Hamiltonian operator discretization and plane wave approximation. Two major edges of GNRs, armchair-edged GNRs (AGNRs) and zigzag-edged GNRs (ZGNRs) are explored. With single vacancy (SV) defects, the components within the Hamiltonian operator are transformed due to the disappearance of tight-binding energies around the missing carbon atoms in GNRs. The size of the lattices namely width and length are varied and studied. Non-equilibrium Green's function (NEGF) formalism is employed to obtain the electronics structure namely band structure and density of states (DOS) and all simulation is implemented in MATLAB. The band structure and DOS plot are then compared between pristine and defected GNRs under varying length and width of GNRs. It is revealed that there are clear distinctions between band structure, numerical DOS and Green's function DOS of pristine and defective GNRs.

Electronic properties of monolayer silicon carbide nanoribbons using tight-binding approach

  • Chuan, M.W.;Wong, Y.B.;Hamzah, A.;Alias, N.E.;Sultan, S. Mohamed;Lim, C.S.;Tan, M.L.P.
    • Advances in nano research
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    • 제12권2호
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    • pp.213-221
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    • 2022
  • Silicon carbide (SiC) is a binary carbon-silicon compound. In its two-dimensional form, monolayer SiC is composed of a monolayer carbon and silicon atoms constructed as a honeycomb lattice. SiC has recently been receiving increasing attention from researchers owing to its intriguing electronic properties. In this present work, SiC nanoribbons (SiCNRs) are modelled and simulated to obtain accurate electronic properties, which can further guide fabrication processes, through bandgap engineering. The primary objective of this work is to obtain the electronic properties of monolayer SiCNRs by applying numerical computation methods using nearest-neighbour tight-binding models. Hamiltonian operator discretization and approximation of plane wave are assumed for the models and simulation by applying the basis function. The computed electronic properties include the band structures and density of states of monolayer SiCNRs of varying width. Furthermore, the properties are compared with those of graphene nanoribbons. The bandgap of ASiCNR as a function of width are also benchmarked with published DFT-GW and DFT-GGA data. Our nearest neighbour tight-binding (NNTB) model predicted data closer to the calculations based on the standard DFT-GGA and underestimated the bandgap values projected from DFT-GW, which takes in account the exchange-correlation energy of many-body effects.

Direct numerical simulations of viscoelastic turbulent channel flows at high drag reduction

  • Housiadas Kostas D.;Beris Antony N.
    • Korea-Australia Rheology Journal
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    • 제17권3호
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    • pp.131-140
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    • 2005
  • In this work we show the results of our most recent Direct Numerical Simulations (DNS) of turbulent viscoelastic channel flow using spectral spatial approximations and a stabilizing artificial diffusion in the viscoelastic constitutive model. The Finite-Elasticity Non-Linear Elastic Dumbbell model with the Peterlin approximation (FENE-P) is used to represent the effect of polymer molecules in solution, The corresponding rheological parameters are chosen so that to get closer to the conditions corresponding to maximum drag reduction: A high extensibility parameter (60) and a moderate solvent viscosity ratio (0.8) are used with two different friction Weissenberg numbers (50 and 100). We then first find that the corresponding achieved drag reduction, in the range of friction Reynolds numbers used in this work (180-590), is insensitive to the Reynolds number (in accordance to previous work). The obtained drag reduction is at the level of $49\%\;and\;63\%$, for the friction Weissenberg numbers 50 and 100, respectively. The largest value is substantially higher than any of our previous simulations, performed at more moderate levels of viscoelasticity (i.e. higher viscosity ratio and smaller extensibility parameter values). Therefore, the maximum extensional viscosity exhibited by the modeled system and the friction Weissenberg number can still be considered as the dominant factors determining the levels of drag reduction. These can reach high values, even for of dilute polymer solution (the system modeled by the FENE-P model), provided the flow viscoelasticity is high, corresponding to a high polymer molecular weight (which translates to a high extensibility parameter) and a high friction Weissenberg number. Based on that and the changes observed in the turbulent structure and in the most prevalent statistics, as presented in this work, we can still rationalize for an increasing extensional resistance-based drag reduction mechanism as the most prevalent mechanism for drag reduction, the same one evidenced in our previous work: As the polymer elasticity increases, so does the resistance offered to extensional deformation. That, in turn, changes the structure of the most energy-containing turbulent eddies (they become wider, more well correlated, and weaker in intensity) so that they become less efficient in transferring momentum, thus leading to drag reduction. Such a continuum, rheology-based, mechanism has first been proposed in the early 70s independently by Metzner and Lamley and is to be contrasted against any molecularly based explanations.

Skeletal stability following mandibular advancement: is it influenced by the magnitude of advancement or changes of the mandibular plane angle?

  • Tabrizi, Reza;Nili, Mahsa;Aliabadi, Ehsan;Pourdanesh, Fereydoun
    • Journal of the Korean Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
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    • 제43권3호
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    • pp.152-159
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    • 2017
  • Objectives: The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of advancement magnitude and changes in mandibular plane angle on the stability of mandibular advancement. Materials and Methods: This retrospective cohort study evaluated the postoperative stability of mandibular advancement in class II skeletal subjects who underwent bilateral sagittal split osteotomy. Radiographs taken preoperatively, immediately postoperatively and 1 year postoperatively were traced and analyzed using linear and angular measurements. To determine horizontal and vertical relapse, an X-Y coordinate system was established in which the X-axis was constructed by rotating S-N downward by $7^{\circ}$ (approximation of the Frankfort horizontal plane) and the Y-axis was defined as a line perpendicular to the X-axis and passing through the point Sella. For certain reference points including point A, point B, pogonion and menton, the perpendicular distance between each point and both axes was determined and cephalometric variables were recorded as X and Y coordinates. Results: Twenty-five subjects were studied. A significant correlation between the amount of mandibular advancement and relapse in the B point (vertical and horizontal) and the pogonion point was observed (vertical and horizontal, P<0.001). Evaluation of data demonstrated a positive correlation between the mandibular plane angle (SN/ML) change and vertical relapse in the B point (P<0.05). A simple regression model demonstrated that 74% of horizontal relapse and 42.3% of vertical relapse in the B point was related to the amount of mandibular advancement. The receiver operating characteristic test showed that 8.5 mm mandibular advancement is related to a relapse rate of 1 mm or more in the pogonion, vertically or horizontally. Conclusion: The magnitude of mandibular advancement is a stronger surgical predictor for horizontal rather than vertical relapse at the B point. Changes in mandibular plane angle (SN/ML) during surgery affect vertical, but not horizontal relapse at the B point.

일부 지역 남자 고등학생들의 스트레스와 구강악습관과의 관련성 연구 (A Study of the Relation of Stress to Oral Parafunctional Habits of Male High School Students)

  • 정유연;홍진태
    • 치위생과학회지
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    • 제13권4호
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    • pp.471-479
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    • 2013
  • 본 연구는 남자 고등학생들의 스트레스와 구강악습관, 학업 수준과 경제수준에 따른 스트레스와 구강악습관에 대한 연관성을 파악하여 구강악습관에 대한 교육 필요성을 강조하며 구강악안면 부위의 구강건강까지 올바르게 이루어지도록 기초자료를 제공하고자 한다. 2013년 5월부터 7월까지 충남에 위치한 2개 고등학교 1, 2학년을 대상으로 편의표본추출 법에 의한 자기기입식으로 설문조사를 실시하여 다음과 같은 결과를 얻었다. 1. 5개 영역 스트레스 중 학교생활 스트레스가 2.11점으로 가장 높았고, 가정문제 스트레스가 1.51점으로 가장 낮게 나타났다. 2. 학년별 스트레스는 2학년이 1학년보다 모든 영역에서 높았으며, 학교생활 스트레스(p<0.01), 대인관계 스트레스(p<0.01), 자신 문제 스트레스(p<0.05)에서 유의한 차이를 보였다. 3. 잠재변수 스트레스에 따른 5가지 영역의 스트레스와 구강악습관과의 유의성 분석 결과 모두 유의한 것으로(p<0.001)로 나타났으며, 스트레스와 구강악습관의 상관관계는 -0.30의 약한 음의 상관관계를 보였고 학교생활 스트레스와 자신 문제 스트레스, 환경문제 스트레스와 대인관계 스트레스와는 0.7 이상의 매우 높은 양의 상관관계를 보였다. 4. 스트레스, 학업 수준, 가정경제수준 모델의 적합도 검정 결과는 GFI, AGFI, NFI에서 모두 0.9 이상을 보였으며, RMR과 RMSEA 값이 모두 0.1보다 작은 값이 추정되어 양호한 모형이다. 이상의 연구결과를 보면 스트레스와 구강악습관과의 연관성이 있다고 볼 수 있다. 또한 학생의 성적수준, 경제수준과도 구강악습관 발생과 연관성이 있음을 확인되었으며, 본인의 구강건강을 스스로 책임져야 할 시기인 고등학생들이 구강건강을 위하여 바람직한 습관 형성을 위한 구강보건교육이 시행돼야 할 것이다.