• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.56 no.11
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• pp.465-473
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• 2013

The epidemiology of human group A rotavirus was analyzed by examining genotypic data acquired from 1989 to 2009 in South Korea. This information was derived from all the available published articles on rotavirus studies in South Korea, retrieved from both the PubMed and KoreaMed databases. Four common G types (G1, G2, G3, and G4) and three common P types (P[8], P[4], and P[6]) accounted for approximately 93% and 99% of the rotavirus reports, respectively. The G9 type was frequently detected after 2000, and because of this prevalence, it is considered to be the fifth most important G type rotavirus after the G1-G4 genotypes. Less common G types of the virus such as G12, G11, and G10 were detected in some geographic settings, and it is important to consider the context of these subtypes and their epidemiological significance. The P[9] virus genotype was observed in the study and has been discussed in many other studies; however, the P[3], P[10] and P[25] genotypes were rarely detected in the epidemiological research. In general, the distributions of the G and P genotypes showed temporal and geographical fluctuations, and a nationwide rotavirus vaccine program that targeted these genotypes demonstrated effectiveness in protecting against the circulating rotavirus strains. However, further analysis is needed to determine the true long-term effectiveness of these vaccines; the analysis should also consider the unexpected effects of vaccinations, such as vaccineinduced diseases, herd immunity, and changes in host susceptibilities.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.233-237
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• 2008

The objective of this study was conducted to evaluate the effects of poultry litter amendments on pH and soluble reactive phosphorus (SRP) in poultry litter. Two laboratory studies were conducted for 42 d in Exp. 1 and for 10 d in Exp. 2, respectively. The poultry litter was treated with various amendments which included 4 g fly ash and 4 g $AlCl_3\;(AlCl_36H_2O)/100g$ litter in Exp. 1 and 4 g alum$(Al_2(SO_4){_3}\;14H_2O)$, 8 g alum, 8.66 g liquid alum, and 17.3 g liquid alum/100 g litter in Exp. 2; untreated litter served as controls. There were no differences in pH between control and T1(4 g fly ash) and SRP contents between T1(4 g fly ash) and T2(4 g $AlCl_3$) in Exp. 1. A significant difference in pH and SRP contents in Exp. 2 was observed among all treatments(P< 0.05). In experiment 1, T1(4 g fly ash) and T2(4 g $AlCl_3$) at 42 d decreased SRP in litter by 47.1% and 62.6% of that from litter alone, respectively. In experiment 2, T1(4 g alum), T2(8.66 g liquid alum), T3(8 g alum), and T4(17.3 g liquid alum) treatments at 10 days reduced SRP contents by up to 36.2%, 62.9%, 87.0%, and 83.9%, respectively, when compared with the controls. Decrease in SRP contents was chiefly associated with reduction in litter pH. These results indicate that use of various litter amendments to limit P solubility has potential and should be pursued as a means of reducing soluble reative phosphorus during short term.

• Korean Journal Plant Pathology
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.169-175
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• 1996

콩 불마름병균 Xanthomonas campestris pv. glycines 8ra는 X. c. pv. vesicatoria에 길항력이 있는 bacteriocin인 glycinecin을 생성 분비한다. Bacteriocin 생성 분비 능력이 있는 콩 불마름병균을 효과적인 생물학적 방제원으로 활용하기 위해서는 좀더 체계적인 연구가 필요하여, bacteriocin 생성에 관계되는 유전자의 분리를 시도하였다. 약 2,000개의 Xanthomonas campestris pv. glycines 8ra cosmid library에서 bacteriocin의 생성 분비 능력을 조사하여 다섯 개의 clone을, pG011, pG0113, pG33과 pG35, 선발하였다. 그중 한 clone pG08을 임의로 선택하여 plasmid DNA를 분리하였다. Plasmid pG08에서 약 6.0 kb의 DNA를 떼어내어 다른 plasmid vector에 넣은 subclone pBL5는 bacteriocin의 생성 분비 능력이 있었다. Plasmid pG08을 제한효소 처리후 다시 접함시켜 만든 몇 개의 subclone과 pBL5의 제한효소 지도를 비교 분석한 결과 약 3.0 kb의 BamHI-HindIII 부분의 DNA가 bacteriocin의 생성에 관계함을 알았다.

• Communications of the Korean Mathematical Society
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.277-287
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• 2007

We prove that if a graph G of bounded degree has finitely many p-hyperbolic ends($1) in which every bounded energy finite p-harmonic function is asymptotically constant for almost every path, then the set $\mathcal{HBD}_p(G)$ of all bounded energy finite p-harmonic functions on G is in one to one corresponding to $\mathbf{R}^l$, where $l$ is the number of p-hyperbolic ends of G. Furthermore, we prove that if a graph G' is roughly isometric to G, then $\mathcal{HBD}_p(G')$ is also in an one to one correspondence with $\mathbf{R}^l$.

• Polymer(Korea)
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• v.29 no.6
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• pp.593-598
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• 2005

This work studied the loading capabilities and release behaviors of poly(ethylene-alt-maleic anhydride) (PEMAh)/poly(4-vinyl pyridine) (P4VP) multilayer films formed by the layer-by-layer(LbL) sequential self-assembly method, using Rodamine 6G(R6G) as an indicator. Thickness of the multilayer, and loading and subsequent release behavior of R6G from the multilayer were studied using UV-visible spectroscopy. The amount of R6G loaded in multilayer film increased linearly with increasing film thickness. pH-Sensitive permeability was observed, where lower pH environments increased both release rate and release amount. By additional assembling of PEMAh/poly(ethyleneimine) (PEI) capping layers on top of (PEMAh/P4VP)n multilayers, the release of R6G was better controlled.

• Bulletin of the Korean Mathematical Society
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• v.58 no.5
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• pp.1279-1300
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• 2021

Let P be a finite point set in ℝ² with the set of distance n-chains defined as ∆_n(P) = {(|p₁ - p₂|, |p₂ - p₃|, …, |p_n - p_n+1|) : p_i ∈ P}. We show that for 2 ⩽ n = O_|P|(1) we have ${\mid}{\Delta}_n(P){\mid}{\gtrsim}{\frac{{\mid}P{\mid}^n}{{\log}^{\frac{13}{2}(n-1)}{\mid}P{\mid}}}$. Our argument uses the energy construction of Elekes and a general version of Rudnev's rich-line bound implicit in [28], which allows one to iterate efficiently on intersecting nested subsets of Guth-Katz lines. Let G is a simple connected graph on m = O(1) vertices with m ⩾ 2. Define the graph-distance set ∆_G(P) as ∆_G(P) = {(|p_i - p_j|)_{i,j}∈E(G) : p_i, p_j ∈ P}. Combining with results of Guth and Katz [17] and Rudnev [28] with the above, if G has a Hamiltonian path we have ${\mid}{\Delta}_G(P){\mid}{\gtrsim}{\frac{{\mid}P{\mid}^{m-1}}{\text{polylog}{\mid}P{\mid}}}$.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.21 no.6
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• pp.1555-1563
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• 2007

To idenifty effect of Bojungbangam-tang kakambang on Cisplatin-Induced G2/M Phase Arrest in Human Renal Proximal Tubular HK-2 Cells. Cytotoxicity of cisplatin was detected in HK-2 cells and the value of IC50 is about $25\;{\mu}M$. The treatment of cisplatin to HK-2 showed the G2/M phase cell cycle arrest. The ethanol extract of Bojungbangam-tang kakambang (EBTKB), a new herbal prescription composed of ten crude herbs, inhibited cisplatin-induced G2/M phase arrest in HK-2 cells. EBTKB increased G0/G1 peak in cisplatin-treated HK-2 cells. p53, p21 and p27 expression were increased in cisplatin-treated HK-2 cells. Inhibitory effect of EBTKB on cisplatin-induced G2/M phase arrest was accomplished through inhibition of p53, p21 and p27 expression. Also, reduced CDK2 and cyclin A expression by cisplatin were increased by EBTKB, but cyclin E was not changed. Reduction of ERK activation and increment of p38 activation by cisplatin were increased ERK activation and decreased p38 activation by EBTKB. Cisplatin had no effect on JNK activation, but EBTKB increased JNK activation. These results can suggest that EBTKB inhibits cisplatin-induced G2/M phase arrest in HK-2 cell through reduction of p53-dependent p21 and p27 protein, ERK activation and p38 inactivation.

• Korean journal of food and cookery science
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• v.19 no.6
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• pp.685-693
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• 2003

The aim of this study was to develop a standardized recipe for black sesame gruel that has been preferred for generations as a nutritional food. The method focused on optimizing the mixing ratio of the components to improve the quality of the black sesame gruels that modem consumers would like. The results are summarized as follows: The more black sesame added to the gruel, the lower its brightness was, but the redness and yellowness was higher. The amount of black sesame made a significant difference in the viscosity, color, nutty taste, bitterness, appearance and overall preference. It was highest in the overall preference when the amount of black sesame was added 33g(40％ of rice weight basis). Different types of rice were added to the black sesame gruel, and it was observed that the color value of the gruel was high in its brightness, redness and yellowness when 50g(60％) of glutinous rice was added to it. The black sesame gruel was most preferred when 50g of non-glutinous rice was added. The redness value was high when 15g(18％) of non-glutinous rice flour was added. The yellowness value was high when 25g(30％) of non-glutinous rice flour was added. This observation showed significant differences in the viscosity, color, nutty taste, bitterness, appearance and overall preference. In particular, the black sesame gruel was most preferred when 50g of non-glutinous rice flour was added. The addition of 7g(9％) of salt to the black sesame gruel showed the highest brightness. The redness and yellowness was the highest when 5g(6％) of salt was added. This observation showed a significant difference in the viscosity, color, nutty taste, bitterness, appearance and overall preference. The highest preference was observed when 2.5g(3％) of salt was added. Adding more materials increased the viscosity of the black sesame gruel. With increasing temperature, the viscosity became lower, and vice versa. The intensity of sweetness and spreadability was found to be proportional to the amount of additive material. In conclusion, the optimum recipe for black sesame gruels was obtained 33g(40％) of black sesame, 50g(60％) of glutinous rice (flour), 2.5g of salt, and 500$m\ell$ of water.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.193-199
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• 2005

To obtain the residual organochlorine pesticides in the ginseng, the methods of multi-analysis for BHC's isomer, DDT's isomer and other organochlorine pesticides by GC-ECD are surveyed. The relative retention time for $\alpha-BHC,\;\beta-BHC,\;\delta-BHC\;and\;\gamma-BHC$ is 1.000, 1.025, 1.034 and 1.056, respectively. The relative retention time for o,p-DDE, p,p-DDE, o,o-DDD, o,p-DDT, o,p-DDD, and p,p-DDT is 1.199, 1.230, 1.242, 1.286, 1.329 and 1.333, respectively. The BHC isomers, DDT's isomer and other organochlorine pesticides are separated with multianalysis condition. The qualified defection concentration for $\alpha-BHC$, Quintozene, Aldrin, Captan, $\alpha-Endosulfan$, and Dieldrin is 0.95ng/g, 0.27ng/g, 1.04ng/g, 0.63ng/g, 0.55ng/g and 0.62ng/g, respectively. The qualified defection concentration for Fenhexamid, Endrin, $\beta-Endosulfan$, o,p-DDT, Endosulfan-sulfate is 5.71ng/g, 0.61ng/g, 0.48ng/g, 0.44ng/g and 0.51ng/g, respectively. BHC, Aldrin, Dieldrin, Endrin and DDT, which were Korea Food & Drug Administration advisory pesticides, are not detected in soil environment. Also it's residual organochlorine pesticides are not polluted in the ginseng on Sangju Korea.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.159-165
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• 2011

This study was carried out to investigate the quality characteristics of pear jam containing fresh ginger(G1) and ginger powders; dried ginger powder(G2), freeze-dried ginger powder(G3), and hot-air dried ginger powder(G4). The moisture, crude protein, and crude ash content of the control group were significantly higher than those of the experimental groups (p<0.001, p<0.05, p<0.01). The pH of the dried ginger powder added jam(G2) was the lowest(p<0.05). Texture profile analysis found that the dried ginger powder added jam(G2) had the highest firmness, consistency, cohesiveness, and resistance to flow/viscosity among all samples(p<0.001). Regarding the spread-meter value of the pear jam, the control group (G1) and hot air-dried ginger powder added jam(G4) had the highest values. The dried ginger power added jam(G2) had the lowest value among the samples(p<0.01). Regarding the color values of the pear jam, the control group(G1) had the highest L and b values. Hot-air dried ginger powder added jam(G4), on the other hand, had the lowest(p<0.001). The opposite was true for a value: hot-air dried ginger powder added jam(G4) had the highest. From the sensory evaluation, a positive trend was observed for the appearance of the dried ginger powder added jam(G2)(p<0.001). For sweetness, the dried ginger powder added jam(G2) had the highest value. A positive trend was observed for the overall acceptability of the dried ginger powder-added jam(G2)(p<0.001). Therefore, the dried ginger powder-added sample(G2) seemed to be the most appropriate to make pear jam with high acceptability.