• Radiation Oncology Journal
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.257-262
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• 2008

Purpose: Oral mucositis induced by radiotherapy to the head and neck area, is a common acute complication and is considered as the most severe symptom for cancer patients in the early stages of treatment. This study was proposed to establish the oral mucositis mouse model induced by a single dose of radiation for the facility of testing therapeutic candidates which can be used for the oral mucositis treatments. Materials and Methods: Fifty-five BALB/c mice were divided into four groups: control, 16 Gy, 18 Gy, and 20 Gy. Oral mucositis was induced by a single dose of radiation to the head and neck using 6 MV x-Ray from linear accelerator. After irradiation, body weight and physical abnormalities were checked daily. Tongue tissues from all groups were taken on days 1, 2, 3, 5, 7, 9, and 14, respectively and H&E staining was conducted to examine morphological changes. Results: Body weight dramatically decreased after day 5 in all irradiated mice. In the 16 Gy treatment group, body weight was recovered on day 14. The histology data showed that the thickness of the epithelial cell layer was decreased by the accumulated time after radiation treatment, up to day 9. Severe ulceration was revealed on day 9. Conclusion: A single dose of 16 Gy is sufficient dose to induce oral mucositis in Balb/C mice. Significant changes were observed in the Balb/C mice on days 7 and 9 after radiation. It is suggested that this mouse model might be a useful standard tool for studying oral mucositis induced by radiation.

• Korean journal of food and cookery science
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• v.22 no.6 s.96
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• pp.949-956
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• 2006

Eleven rice varieties, five normal-yielding and six high-yielding, were examined for proximate composition, mineral and fatty acid composition, and antinutrients. The proximate rice compositions for moisture, crude protein, crude fat, carbohydrate, crude fiber and crude ash were 10.70${\sim}$15.88%, 5.03${\sim}$7.73%, 0.45${\sim}$1.33%, 74.56${\sim}$82.05%, 0.30${\sim}$0.73% and 0.31${\sim}$0.91%, respectively. The proximate composition of the various rice varieties was not significantly different except for moisture and carbohydrate. The contents of saturated fatty acid, monounsaturated fatty acid and polyunsaturated fatty acid of the rice varieties were 22.45${\sim}$25.99%, 36.50${\sim}$44.99% and 32.01${\sim}$46.02%, respectively. Several high-yielding rices varieties had higher oleic acid or linoleic acid. Ilmi and Nampyung had high oleic acid contents at ever 40%, and Dongjin No. 1, IlPum, Junam and Seachuchung had high linoleic acid contents at over 37%. The major minerals of rice were K and Mg and their respective contents were 85.62% and 25.55%. High-yielding rice varieties had significantly higher Mn and Na contents and lower Mg and Fe contents than normal-yielding rice varieties (p<0.05). Antinutrients such as lectin, phytic acid and trypsin inhibitor were not detected in any of the rice varieties.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.32 no.1
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• pp.103-111
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• 2012

This study was carried out to examine foodborne pathogenic contamination from 1,080 samples of cooked hams and sausages at 10 Korean processing facilities in 2010. The samples were collected from the six primary and additional sterilization products in same lot. To detect Salmonella spp., Staphylococcus aureus, Listeria monocytogenes and Clostridium perfringens in those products (n=1,080), the domestic standard method for Processing and Ingredients Specification of Livestock Products was used. As a result, Salmonella spp. was not detected in all 636 ham and 444 sausage samples. However, L. monocytogenes was detected in four (0.6%) ham and eight (1.8%) sausage samples from five manufactures. S. aureus was also only detected in 4 (0.6%) ham samples from two manufacturers, and C. perfringens was detected in 3 (0.5%) ham samples from three manufacturers, the contamination levels of these pathogens were less than 100 CFU/g. In conclusion, the results of this study indicate that the additional sterilization step of processing manufacturers could not assist to control the foodborne pathogenic bacteria.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.710-716
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• 2001

This study was conducted to examine the effects of dietary oligosaccharide on the blood glucose and serum lipid composition in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats. Sprague-Dawley male rats weighing 150$\pm$10g were randomly assigned to one normal and four STZ-induced diabetic groups. Diabetic groups were classified to basal diet(DM group) 10% xylooligosaccharide diet(DM-XO group) 10% isomaltooligosaccharide(DM-IMO group) and 10% fructooligosaccharide (DM-FO). Diabetes was experimentally induced by intravenous injection of 50 mg/kg of body weight of STZ in citrate buffer (pH 4.3) after feeding of experimental diets for 4 weeks. The rats were fed with experimental diet for further 4 weeks in diabetic state. The oligosaccharide diets were not effected on the body weight food intakes and food efficiency ratio. The oligosaccharide diets were also not effected on the body weight food intakes and food efficiency ratio. The oligosaccharide diets were also not effected on the weights of liver kidney and small intestine but the weight of cecum was significantly increased on the groups of xylooligosaccharide and isomaltooligosaccharide diet. The levels of oral glucose tolerance test was more effectively improved by DM-XO group. The levels of blood glucose were markedly lower in oligosaccharide supplemented groups than that of DM group. The levels of blood glucose were markedly lower in oligosaccharide supplemented groups than that of DM group. Activities of two intestinal enzymes such as lactase and sucrase in DM-XO and DM-FO groups were lower than that of DM group while activity of maltase was lower only in DM-XO in DM-FO groups than that of DM-group respectively. The levels of serum triglyceride in DM-XO group were lower than that of DM-group respectively. The levels of serum triglyceride in DM-XO groups were lower than that of DM group however was no significant differences among the oligosaccharide groups. These results suggest that dietary oligosaccharide may act as functional food to be capable of improving carbohydrate and lipid metabolism in diabetic rats.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.31 no.2
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• pp.263-270
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• 2002

In the recent studies, many researchers are interested in foods as functional components rather than nutrient sources. Cow's milk is considered as an excellent food sources because of its many nutrients. Casein is a major milk protein and has been reported to have hyperlipidemic and hypercholesterolemic effects. But several reporters have suggested that peptide fractions and hydrolysate of casein have hypolipidemic effects differing from intact protein, casein. Therefore, the objective of the study was to investigate how the casein peptide fractions affect lipid metabolism in rats fed normal or high fat diets. The peptide fractions and hydrolysate of casein were obtained by casein hydrolysis with trypsin. The male rats (Sprague-Dawley), weighing approximately 150 g, were fed each experimental diet containing casein (CAS), casein hydrolysate (CH), casein hydrolysate precipitate (Cpt) and two kinds of peptide fractions (CL & CB) for three weeks, respectively. In the exit I, the male rats were fed normal fat diets (7% soybean oil & cholesterol-free; Expt. I), and in the expt II, fed high fat diets (18% beef tallow & 1% cholesterol; Expt. II). Crude protein contents were calculated from nitrogen contents. Amino acid composition of each fraction was also analyzed. The concentration of total lipid, total cholesterol and triglyceride in serum, liver and feces were measured. As the results of study, tole rats fed peptide fractions with normal fat diets (Expt. I) had no effects on total lipid, total cholesterol and triglyceride concentration in serum and liver and fecal excretion. However, in the rats fed hydrophobic casein peptide fractions (CB) with high fat diet, fecal lipids excretion were significantly increased and the lipids concentration of serum and those of liver tended to decrease, numerically.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.44 no.11
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• pp.1612-1620
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• 2015

Inflammation is a complex process involving a variety of immune cells, which defend the body from harmful stimuli. However, pro-inflammatory cytokines and inflammatory mediators can also exacerbate diseases such as cancer. Onion peel contains several phenolic compounds, including quercetin at an amount 20 times greater in peel than edible flesh. Therefore, in this study, the anti-inflammatory effects of onion peel ethanol extract (OPEE) were investigated lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammatory response. In our results, NO production decreased in a dose-dependent manner. Secretion of IL-6, $TNF-{\alpha}$, and $IL-1{\beta}$ was suppressed by 44%, 53%, and 60% respectively, at $100{\mu}g/mL$. Moreover, OPEE also suppressed expression of COX-2, iNOS, $NF-{\kappa}B$, and MAPKs in a dose-dependent manner. Formation of mice ear edema was reduced at the highest dose tested compared to the control, and reduction of ear thickness was observed in the histological analysis as well. In the acute toxicity test, no morality was observed in mice administered 5,000 mg/kg body weight of OPEE over a 2-week observation period. These results suggest that OPEE may have significant effects on inflammatory factors and be a potential anti-inflammatory material.

• Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life
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• v.17 no.6
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• pp.860-875
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• 2007

The purpose of this study was to investigate the seasonal variation in the mineral contents of fruits and vegetables available all the year -round. We analyzed Na, K, Mg, Ca, P, Fe Cr, Mn, Cu, Zn, Se, and Al concentrations by ICP-mass in 4 fruits and 17 vegetables items which are frequently consumed in Koreans. For Na content, fall apples showed the highest levels among 4 seasons, but fall tangerines contained the lowest amount of Na among the four seasons. Among the vegetables, the spinach, carrots, and lettuce contained relatively high amounts of Na. The K contents of cucumbers, cabbage, and zucchini were higher in the fall than in the other seasons. For Ca and Fe contents, spring strawberries, fall pears, and fall cabbage had the highest levels. The Cr contents of the apples were higher in the fall and winter than those were in the spring and summer. The strawberries contained their highest amounts of Cr, Mn, and Cu in the spring. The above results showed there are seasonal differences in the mineral contents of fruits and vegetables. Additionally, the fruits and vegetables tended to contain more minerals in the season they were harvested. Therefore, it is recommended to consume those fruits and vegetables during their harvest season.

• Advances in pediatric surgery
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.203-211
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• 2007

A nationwide survey on acute appendicitis (AAP) was undertaken among members of the Korean Association of Pediatric Surgeons. The members were required to complete a questionnaire and the case registration form for each patient during the 6 months period from the $1^{st}$ October, 2005 to $31^{st}$ March, 2006. Questionnaires were collected from 23 members. Four hundred seventy six patients were registered from 21 hospitals where the members were working. The male to female ratio was 1.67:1. Average age was 9 years and 5 months (range 21 months-20 years). Operations were performed on average 10.4 hours (range 1-230 hours) from arrival at hospital. The average operation time was 59.1 minutes. The average admission days were 5.8 days (range 2-45 days). The most frequent symptoms were abdominal pain (95.1 %), vomiting (50.6 %) and fever (43.7%). The average duration of symptoms was 42.2 hours (range 1 hour-22 days). Leukocytosis (WBC count > 10,000) was found in 85.9%. The most popular diagnostic tools were ultrasonography and CT. Open surgery was performed in 72.1 % and laparoscopic surgery in 27.5 %. Two laparoscopic surgeries were converted to open surgery (0.4 %). Simple appendicitis was found in 54.5 % and complicated appendicitis such as abscess, gangrenous change and perforation in 45.5%. According to the questionnaires 12 hospitals were performing open surgery only in all patients. Four hospitals were performing laparoscopic surgery in all patients. Seven hospitals are performing both surgical methods according to surgeon or occasion. Regarding the use of antibiotics in acute appendicitis, three kinds of antibiotics were used in 40 % of total simple appendicitis patients. The results showed the trend of management in acute appendicitis in Korea. Especially it is necessary for the members to discuss the use of antibiotics for prophylaxis in the simple appendicitis.

• Phonetics and Speech Sciences
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• v.12 no.3
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• pp.33-40
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• 2020

The purpose of this research was to find out the relation between Korean learners' English proficiency and the ratio of the length of the stressed vowel in a monosyllabic noun to that of the unstressed vowel in an article of the noun phrases (e.g., "a cup", "the bus", etcs.). Generally, the vowels in monosyllabic content words are phonetically more prominent than the ones in monosyllabic function words as the former have phrasal stress, making the vowels in content words longer in length, higher in pitch, and louder in amplitude. This study, based on the speech samples from Korean-Spoken English Corpus (K-SEC) and Rated Korean-Spoken English Corpus (Rated K-SEC), examined 879 English noun phrases, which are composed of an article and a monosyllabic noun, from sentences which are rated on 4 levels of proficiency. The lengths of the vowels in these 879 target NPs were measured and the ratio of the vowel lengths in nouns to those in articles was calculated. It turned out that the higher the proficiency level, the greater the mean ratio of the vowels in nouns to the vowels in articles, confirming the research's hypothesis. This research thus concluded that for the Korean English learners, the higher the English proficiency level, the better they could produce the stressed and unstressed vowels with more conspicuous length differences between them.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.30 no.6
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• pp.1177-1183
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• 2001

This study was done to investigate the effects of ethanol extract of Cassia semen (Cassia tora L.) on the activities of hepatic oxygen free radicals metabolizing enzymes and blood lipid profile in rats of hepatotoxicity induced by ethanol. Sprague-Dawley male rats weighing 100~160 g were divides into 5 groups; control grouts (CON), Cassia semen ethanol extracts (200 mg/kg) treated group (CEL), ethanol (10 mL/kg, 35%) treated group (ETH), Cassia semen ethanol extracts (200 mg/kg) and ethanol treated group (CE1 ) and Cassia semen ethanol extracts (400 mg/kg ) and ethanol treated group (CE2), respectively. Compared with ETH, the growth rate of CE1 and CE2 were to be increased tendency, and in blood levels of total cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol and the activities of alanine aminotranferase and asparate aminotranferase elevated by ethanol were significantly decreased (p<0.05). It was observed that the activities of superoxide dismutase, catalase, xanthine oxidase and glutathione peroxidase of rat liver increased by ethanol, were more decreased by the treatment of Cassia semen ethanol extract than the only ethanol-treated group. The content of glutathione depleted by ethanol treatment was increased in CE1 and CE2. TBA-reactants of liver increased by ethanol were decreased in CE1 and CE2, compared with ethanol-treated group. These results suggested that ethanol extract of Cassia semen may influence upon the ability of oxygen free radical detoxication and lowering of blood lipid level on ethanol-induced hepatotoxicity in rat.