• Journal of Pharmacopuncture
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• v.3 no.2
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• pp.1-25
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• 2000

We were trying to study the validity of Puffer fish's poison(Tetrodotoxin- TTX) to make a traditional Korean Medical treatment. The following conclusions were made after literary studies. 1. The first record of the puffer fish dates back 2000 years ago in the Chinese text Book of Mountain and Sea and other texts from the similar period. 2. Puffer fish's poison IS known as tetrodotoxin which is an amino perhydroquinazoline compound. It has a chemical formula of $C_{11}H_{17}N_3O_8$ in the hemiacetal structure and has the molecular weight of 319. 3. Tetrodotoxin (TTX) plays a role as potent neurotransmitter blocker by blocking the $Na^+$ -gate channel which hinders the influx of $Na^+$ ion into the cell. 4. Symptoms of the puffer fish poisoning ranges from blunted sense in the lips and tongue, occasional vomiting in the first degree to sudden descending of the blood pressure, apnea, and other critical conditions in the fourth degree. Intoxication of the puffer fish poison progresses at a rapid pace as death may occur after an hour and half up to eight hours in maximum. Typical death occurs after four to six hours. 5. Ways to treat the puffer fish poisoning include gastric irrigation, induce vomiting, purgation, intravenous fluid injection, and correcting electrolytic imbalance and acidosis. In cases of dyspnea, apply oxygen inhalation and conduct artificial respiration. 6. Tetrodotoxin (TTX) may be applied in treating brain disorders, ocular pain, excess pain in the large intestine and ileum, and relieving tension of the skeletal museles, neuralgia, rheumatism, arthritis, and etc. 7. In terms of Oriental medicine, the puffer fish poison has characteristics of sweet, warm, and poisonous. It's known efficacies are to tonify weakness, dispel damp, benefit the lower back, relieve hemorrhoid, kills parasites, remove edema, and so forth. And the puffer fish eggs processed with ginger are said to be effective against tuberculosis and lung cancer, thus, it's validity must be investigated and further research should be followed.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Electrical and Electronic Material Engineers
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• v.27 no.12
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• pp.866-870
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• 2014

In solid oxide fuel cell system, yttria-stabilized zirconia is generally adopted as the electrolyte, which has high strength and superior oxygen ion conductivity, and the air electrode and the fuel electrode are attached to this. Recently, new structure of 'layered planar SOFC module' was suggested to solve the reliability problem due to the high temperature stability of a sealing agent and a binding material. In this study to materialize the air electrode in a layered planar SOFC module, the LSM ink was coated to form homogeneous electrode in the channel after the ink preparation. As the porosity control agent, PMMA or active carbon powder was adopted with use of a commercial dispersant in ethanol. The optimal amounts of both the porosity control agents and the dispersant were determined. Four (4) vol% of the dispersant for the LSM-PMMA case and 15 vol% for LSM-carbon powder showed the lowest viscosities respectively to indicate the best dispersed states of the slurries. With PMMA and carbon powder, sintered LSM ink shows the relatively homogeneous distributions of pores and with increases of the agents, the porosities increased in both cases. From this, it can be thought that the amount of the PMMA or carbon powder could be used to control the porosity of the LSM ink.

• Journal of Surface Science and Engineering
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• v.47 no.5
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• pp.239-243
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• 2014

The electrical and optical properties of amorphous In-Tin-Zinc-Oxide(ITZO) deposited at room temperature using rf-magnetron sputtering were investigated. The amorphous ITZO thin films were obtained at the composition of In:Sn:Zn = 6:2:2, 4:3:3, and 2:4:4, but the ITZO (8:1:1) showed a crystalline phase of bixbyite structure of In2O3. The resistivity of ITZO could be controlled by oxygen pressure in the sputtering ambient. The resistivity of post-annealed ITZO thin films exhibited the dependence on the amount of Indium. Optical energy band gap and transmittance increased as the amount of indium in ITZO increased. For the device application with ITZO, the bottom-gated thin-film transistor using ITZO as a active channel layer was fabricated. It showed a threshold voltage of 1.42V and an on/off ratio of $5.63{\times}10^7$ operated with saturation field-effect mobility of $14.2cm^2/V{\cdot}s$.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• v.28 no.12
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• pp.1358-1364
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• 2005

In this study, we investigated whether a novel anti-ischemic $K_{ATP}$ opener KR-31378 [(2S,3S,4R)­N'-cyano-N-(6-amino-3,4-dihydro-3-hydroxy-2 -methly-2-dimethoxymethly-2H-benzopyran-4-yl)­N'-benzylguanidine] has protective effect against oxidative stress-induced death in heart-derived H9c2 cells. Cell death was induced by BSO, butionine sulfoximine, which inhibits GSH synthesis and subsequently increases reactive oxygen species (ROS) level. Cell death was quantitatively determined by measuring lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity and stained by Hoechst 33258. BSO-induced ROS production and mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) were measured using 2',7'-dichlorofluorescein diacetate oxidation and rhodamine 123, respectively. Both the LDH release and the ROS elevation induced by treatment of H9c2 cells with 10 mM BSO, were significantly decreased by KR-31378. These protective effect and antioxidant effect of KR-31378 appeared to be independent on $K_{ATP}$ channel opening. Cells exposed to BSO showed an early reduction in MMP, and this reduction in MMP was significantly reversed by treatment with KR-31378. Caspase-3 activity in BSO treated H9c2 cells was remarkably increased, and this increased caspase-3 activity was significantly reversed by KR-31378. In conclusion, our results suggest that KR-31378 can produce cardioprotective effect against oxidative stress-induced cell death through antioxidant mechanism.

• Electronic Materials Letters
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• v.14 no.6
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• pp.669-677
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• 2018

In this work, the high ${\kappa}$ $Zr_xAl_{1-x}O_y$ films with a different Zr concentration have been deposited by atomic layer deposition, and the effect of Zr concentrations on the structure, chemical composition, surface morphology and dielectric properties of $Zr_xAl_{1-x}O_y$ films is analyzed by Atomic force microscopy, X-ray diffraction, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and capacitance-frequency measurement. The effect of Zr concentrations of $Zr_xAl_{1-x}O_y$ gate insulator on the electrical property and stability under negative bias illumination stress (NBIS) or temperature stress (TS) of ZnSnO (ZTO) TFTs is firstly investigated. Under NBIS and TS, the much better stability of ZTO TFTs with $Zr_xAl_{1-x}O_y$ film as a gate insulator is due to the suppression of oxygen vacancy in ZTO channel layer and the decreased trap states originating from the Zr atom permeation at the $ZTO/Zr_xAl_{1-x}O_y$ interface. It provides a new strategy to fabricate the low consumption and high stability ZTO TFTs for application.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Electrical and Electronic Material Engineers Conference
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• 2009.06a
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• pp.151-151
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• 2009

Recently, there has been increasing interest in amorphous oxide semiconductors to find alternative materials for an amorphous silicon or organic semiconductor layer as a channel in thin film transistors(TFTs) for transparent electronic devices owing to their high mobility and low photo-sensitivity. The fabriction of amorphous oxide-based TFTs at room temperature on plastic substrates is a key technology to realize transparent flexible electronics. Amorphous oxides allows for controllable conductivity, which permits it to be used both as a transparent semiconductor or conductor, and so to be used both as active and source/drain layers in TFTs. One of the materials that is being responsible for this revolution in the electronics is indium-zinc-tin oxide(IZTO). Since this is relatively new material, it is important to study the properties of room-temperature deposited IZTO thin films and exploration in a possible integration of the material in flexible TFT devices. In this research, we deposited IZTO thin films on polyethylene naphthalate substrate at room temperature by using magnetron sputtering system and investigated their properties. Furthermore, we revealed the fabrication and characteristics of top-gate-type transparent TFTs with IZTO layers, seen in Fig. 1. The experimental results show that by varying the oxygen flow rate during deposition, it can be prepared the IZTO thin films of two-types; One a conductive film that exhibits a resistivity of $2\times10^{-4}$ ohm${\cdot}$cm; the other, semiconductor film with a resistivity of 9 ohm${\cdot}$cm. The TFT devices with IZTO layers are optically transparent in visible region and operate in enhancement mode. The threshold voltage, field effect mobility, on-off current ratio, and sub-threshold slope of the TFT are -0.5 V, $7.2\;cm^2/Vs$, $\sim10^7$ and 0.2 V/decade, respectively. These results will contribute to applications of select TFT to transparent flexible electronics.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.33 no.5
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• pp.398-406
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• 2000

Background: Cardiac atrium is an endocrine gland secreting a family of natriuretic peptides. The secretion of atrial natriuretic peptide(ANP) had been shown to be controlled by variable factors. The change in atrial dynamics have been considered as one of the most prominent stimuli for the stimulation of ANP secretion. Hypoxic stress has been shown to increase cardiac ANP secretion. However, the mechanism by which hypoxia increases ANP secretion cardiac ANP secretions. However, the mechanism by which hypoxia increases ANP secretion has not to be defined. Therefore, the purpose of the present study was tow-fold: to develop a protocol to defined the effect of hypoxia on ANP secretion in perfused beating rabbit atria and to clarify the mechanism responsible for the accentuation by hypoxia of ANP secretion. Material and Method: Experiments have been done in perfused beating rabbit atria. ANP was measured by radioimmunoassay. Result: Hypoxic stimulus with nitrogen decreased atrial stroke volume. The decrease in atrial stroke volume recovered basal level during the period of recovery with oxygen. ANP secretion and the concentration of perfusate ANP in terms of extracellular fluid(ECF) translocation which reflects the rate of myocytic release of ANP were increased by hypoxia and returned to basal levels during the recovery. Changes in ECF translocation paralleled by hypoxia and returned to basal levels during the recovery. Changes in ECF translocation paralleled to that of atrial stroke volume. At the start of recovery in atrial storke volume, ECF tranalocation incrased for several minutes. The above responses were stable and reproducible. Glibenclamide treatment prevented the recovery in atrial stroke volume. Increments by hypoxia of ANP secretion and ANP concentration were suppressed by glibenclamide. Conclusion: These results indicate that hypoxia incrased atrial myocytic ANP release and that the mechanism responsible for the accentuation is partially related to the change in K+ATP channel activity.

• Journal of the Institute of Electronics and Information Engineers
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• v.50 no.7
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• pp.115-121
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• 2013

We fabricated thin film transistors (TFTs) using TiInZnO(TiIZO) thin films as active channel layer. The thin films of TiIZO were deposited at room temperature by RF-magnetron co-sputtering system from InZnO(IZO) and Ti targets. We examined the effects of titanium addition by X-ray diffraction, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and the electrical characteristics of the TFTs. The TiIZO TFTs were investigated according to the radio-frequency power applied to the Ti target. We found that the transistor on-off currents were greatly influenced by the composition of titanium addition, which suppressed the formation of oxygen vacancies, because of the stronger oxidation tendency of Ti relative to that of Zn or In. A optimized TiIZO TFT with rf power 40W of Ti target showed good performance with an on/off current ratio greater than $10^5$, a field-effect mobility of 2.09 [$cm^2/V{\cdot}s$], a threshold voltage of 2.2 [V] and a subthreshold swing of 0.492 [V/dec.].

• Applied Chemistry for Engineering
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• v.24 no.4
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• pp.433-437
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• 2013

Electrical discharge plasma created in a multi-channel porous ceramic membrane-supported catalyst was applied to the decomposition of a volatile organic compound (VOC). For the purpose of improving the oxidation capability, the ceramic membrane used as a low-pressure drop catalyst support was loaded with zinc oxide photocatalyst by the incipient wetness impregnation method. Alternating current-driven discharge plasma was created inside the porous ceramic membrane to produce reactive species such as radicals, ozone, ions and excited molecules available for the decomposition of VOC. As the voltage supplied to the reactor increased, the plasma discharge gradually propagated in the radial direction, creating an uniform plasma in the entire ceramic membrane above a certain voltage. Ethylene was used as a model VOC. The ethylene decomposition efficiency was examined with experimental variables such as the specific energy density, inlet ethylene concentration and zinc oxide loading. When compared at the identical energy density, the decomposition efficiency obtained with the zinc oxide-loaded ceramic membrane was substantially higher than that of the bare membrane case. Both nitrogen and oxygen played an important role in initiating the decomposition of ethylene. The rate of the decomposition is governed by the quantity of reactive species generated by the plasma, and a strong dependence of the decomposition efficiency on the initial concentration was observed.

• Journal of Science Education
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• v.32 no.1
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• pp.47-60
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• 2008

The Ministry of Science and Technology has been planning various events and carrying them out as the effort for promotion and popularization of science. The ministry has made followings: i)Science culture year, 2004 ii) Physics year, 2006 iii)Chemistry year, 2007 iv)Biology year, 2008. Especially, in 2006 the ministry held various exhibitions and contests about chemistry. The science play "Oxygen" had been presented in the whole country, 2006. From 2006 to 2007 the moving science museum had been displayed many times in the whole country. The national broadcast media KBS made a special program and televised several times to commemorate the year of chemistry. Like that in 2006 the chemistry approached to general people. In these surroundings, we wondered how chemistry was expressed in daily newspaper and how the general public accepted chemistry in the year of chemistry, 2006. So we selected four daily newspaper and researched descriptions about chemistry then analyzed the image of chemistry in that descriptions. When we research, we first selected 5 words of high frequency. On the internet research engine we used these 5 words and searched descriptions. We read and sorted descriptions which were more connected to chemistry. Finally we analyzed the images of descriptions(affirmative or negative) and character. The chemistry's image on newspaper descriptions influences people greatly. Because that is the easiest channel.