• Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
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• v.29 no.12
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• pp.1360-1365
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• 2007

The purpose of this study is to present the basic data for nonpoint pollutant loads from bridge road drainage sediments using the results to analyze organic matter and heavy metals from the four bridge drainage sampling sites with sediments of different particle size ranges. The sediment sample was collected from the bridge road drainage and the masses of nine sediments fractions were obtained after drying the separated sediment in an over at $85^{\circ}C:>2,000{\mu}m$, $1,000\sim2,000{\mu}m$, $850\sim1,000{\mu}m$, $425\sim850{\mu}m$, $212\sim425{\mu}m$, $125\sim212{\mu}m$, $90\sim125{\mu}m$, $75\sim90{\mu}m$, $<75{\mu}m$. The sediment extract was analyzed water quality constituents, including chemical oxygen demand(COD), total nitrogen(T-N), total phosphorus(T-P), heavy metals and particle size distribution. The results indicate that most of particle size ranges of the bridge road sediments was $125\sim425{\mu}m$, and portion of $<75{\mu}m$ was low. But most of the pollutants are associated with the finer fractions of the load sediments. As the results of analysis, the range and average values of COD, T-N, T-P, Fe, Cu, Cr, and Pb were $177\sim198.8$ mg/kg(77.6 mg/kg), $23\sim200$ mg/kg(83 mg/kg), T-P $18\sim215$ mg/kg(129 mg/kg), and $1,508\sim5,612$ mg/kg(3,835 mg/kg), $9.2\sim69.3$ mg/kg(49 mg/kg), $19.1\sim662.2$ mg/kg(214 mg/kg), and $28.4\sim251.4$ mg/kg(114 mg/kg), respectively. The relationship between sediment size and pollutants concentration have an inverse proportion. The removal of road sediments with frequently could be reduced the significant nonpoint pollutant load, because of the bridge road sediment contains considerable micro-particles and heavy metals.

• Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.199-206
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• 2009

Purpose: To analyze the clinical spectrum of posttransplantation lymphoproliferative disorder (PTLD) after liver transplantation in children. Methods: From January 1988 to June 2009, we retrospectively reviewed the medical records of 8 PTLD cases among 148 pediatric patients underwent liver transplantation. The age at transplantation, time of presentation after transplantation, clinical manifestations, histologic diagnosis, results of EBV (Epstein-Barr virus) assessments, managements and outcomes of PTLD were investigated. Results: The prevalence of PTLD in liver transplant pediatric recipients was 5.4% (8 of 148). The mean age of patients was 25.4${\pm}$21.3 months (range 10 to 67 months). Seven of 8 patients (87.5%) underwent liver transplantation before 1 year of age. The common clinical presentations were persistent fever (8 of 8, 100%) and bloody diarrhea (6 of 8, 75%). PTLD was diagnosed with gastrointestinal endoscopic biopsies in five patients and surgical biopsies in three. Histologic findings showed early lesion in three patients, polymorphic in two, and monomorphic in three. Burkitt lymphoma and lymphoblastic lymphoma were found in two of 3 monomorphic patients. Seven of 8 patients were found with EBV-positive. Eight patients were treated with dose reduction of immunosuppressants and infusion of ganciclovir. Rituximab was added to four patients. PTLD were successfully managed in all patients except one who died of sepsis during chemotherapy. Conclusion: Major risk factor of PTLD was to undergo liver transplantation before 1 year of age. Continuous monitoring for EBV viral load and gastrointestinal endoscopic biopsy may be useful to early detection of PTLD.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.16 no.11
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• pp.7227-7236
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• 2015

The survey revealed that, due to the discharge characteristics of seafood wastewater, irregular inflow loads were caused, making it difficult to treat the wastewater safely. It is crucial for the operation of pressure and floating tanks for the treatment of high-concentration organic wastewater such as seafood wastewater. The survey of operation factors for the pressure and floating tanks revealed this: A/S ratio 0.05 (design criteria 0.01), the pressurized air pressure 8bar(design criteria 6bar), the pressure tank pressure 6bar (design criteria 4.5bar), and HRT 60sec(design criteria: 10sec). Also, the recirculation rate was changed to over 40%(design criteria: 30%), and the surface load rate was changed to under $13.7m^3/m^2{\cdot}hr$(design criteria: under $17.7m^3/m^2{\cdot}hr$); thus, compared to the initial design criteria, the operation factors were changed according to inflow characteristics, thus enhancing the pressure and floating tank performance. The survey of inflow load revealed BOD 140.7%, $COD_{Mn}$ 120.32%, and SS 106.3%, compared to the inflow design criteria, as well as T-N 135.5% and T-P173.3%, higher than the design criteria. The survey of the treatment facility annual operation cost revealed high portions in sludge treatment cost(27.7%) and chemicals costs(26.0%), and the sludge treatment cost will likely further increase due to the ban on ocean dumping. The unit cost for the treatment of seafood wastewater was found to be KRW 3,858 per ton, more than 27 times higher than the sewage treatment cost(KRW 142.6/ton), presumably because the seafood wastewater contains high-concentration organic substances and nutritive salts.

• KSCE Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering Research
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• v.30 no.3A
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• pp.201-209
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• 2010

Generally, PSC girder bridge uses total gross cross section to resist applied loads unlike reinforced concrete member. Also, it is used as short and middle span (less than 30 m) bridges due to advantages such as ease of design and construction, reduction of cost, and convenience of maintenance. But, due to recent increased public interests for environmental friendly and appearance appealing bridges all over the world, the demands for longer span bridges have been continuously increasing. This trend is shown not only in ordinary long span bridge types such as cable supported bridges but also in PSC girder bridges. In order to meet the increasing demands for new type of long span bridges, PSC hollow box girder with H-type steel as compression reinforcements is developed for bridge with a single span of more than 50 m. The developed PSC girder applies compressive prestressing at H-type compression reinforcements using unbonded PS tendon. The purpose of compressive prestressing is to recover plastic displacement of PSC girder after long term service by releasing the prestressing. The static test composed of 4 different stages in 3-point bending test is performed to verify safety of the bridge. First stage loading is applied until tensile cracks form. Then in second stage, the load is removed and the girder is unloaded. In third stage, after removal of loading, recovery of remaining plastic deformation is verified as the compressive prestressing is removed at H-type reinforcements. Then, in fourth stage, loading is continued until the girder fails. The experimental results showed that the first crack occurs at 1,615 kN with a corresponding displacement of 187.0 mm. The introduction of the additional compressive stress in the lower part of the girder from the removal of unbonded compressive prestressing of the H-type steel showed a capacity improvement of about 60% (7.7 mm) recovery of the residual deformation (18.7 mm) that occurred from load increase. By using prestressed H-type steel as compression reinforcements in the upper part of cross section, repair and rehabilitation of PSC girders are relatively easy, and the cost of maintenance is expected to decrease.

• Journal of Dental Rehabilitation and Applied Science
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.113-127
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• 2008

The purpose of this study was to evaluate effect of application of $ZirLiner^{(R)}$ and blasting treatments on shear bond strength of zirconia-veneered porcelain interface. 60 uncolored zirconia plates and 30 colored zirconia plates were fabricated and divided into nine groups of 10 according to blasting treatment such as as-ground, glass blasting and alumina blasting and zirliner application. Veneering porcelains were built up over the center of the treated zirconia ceramic surface using jig and fired according to the manufacturers' instructions. Each specimen was completely embedded in acrylic resin. The specimens were placed in a mounting jig and subjected to shear force by a universal testing machine. Load was applied at a crosshead speed of 0.5㎜/min until failure. Average shear strengths were analyzed with two-way analysis of variance and one-way analysis of variance and the Duncan's post-hoc test. The fracture surfaces of the failed specimens were examined by SEM. The obtained results were as follows: 1. Depending on surface treatment by blasting, the degree of roughness is revealed in the order of Glass-blasted, As-ground, and Alumnia-blasted. The roughness average of uncolored and colored zirconia ceramic were not significantly different from blasting treatments. 2. In uncolored zirconia ceramic, the shear bond strength were not significantly different from blasting treatments. However, the shear bond strength were significantly different from Zirliner application. 3. Used ZirLiner, mean shear bond strength of colored zirconia was lower than uncolored zirconia. Especially, mean shear bond strength of colored zirconia was quite low with alumina-blasting treatment. 4. SEM analysis showed that veneered porcelain failed in zirconia ceramic interface and there was no cohesive failure.

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Automotive Engineers
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• v.13 no.3
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• pp.186-192
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• 2005

The apparent activation energy Qc, the applied stress exponent n, and rupture life have been determined from creep test results of AZ31 Mg alloy over the temperature range of 200$^{\circ}C$ to 300$^{\circ}C$ and the stress range of 23.42 MPa to 93.59 MPa, respectively, in order to investigate the creep behavior. Constant load creep tests were carried out in the equipment including automatic temperature controller with data acquisition computer. At the temperature of $200^{\circ}C{\sim}220^{\circ}C$ and under the stress level of 62.43~93.59 MPa, and at around the temperature of $280^{\circ}C{\sim}300^{\circ}C$ and under the stress level of 23.42~39.00 MPa, the creep behavior obeyed a simple power-law relating steady state creep rate to applied stress and the activation energy fur the creep deformation was nearly equal to that of the self diffusion of Mg alloy including aluminum From the above results, at the temperature of $200^{\circ}C{\sim}220^{\circ}C$ the creep deformation for AZ31 Mg alloy seemed to be controlled by dislocation climb but controlled by dislocation glide at $280^{\circ}C{\sim}300^{\circ}C$ .And relationship beween rupture time and stress at around the temperature of $200^{\circ}C{\sim}220^{\circ}C$ and under the stress level of 62.43~93.59 MPa, and again at around the temperature of $280^{\circ}C{\sim}300^{\circ}C$ and under the stress level of 23.42~39.00 MPa, respectively, appeard as fullow; log$\sigma$=-0.18(T+460)(logtr+21)+5.92, log$\sigma$ = -0.25(T+460)(logtr+21)+8.02 Also relationship beween rupture time and steady state creep rate appears as follow; ln$\dot$ =-0.881ntr-2.45

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.126-135
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• 2007

This study was conducted to identify the effects of the oriental medicine Qigong Exercise on the brain power, HRV, pulsation, live blood condition among young boys and girls. The study was performed with two group(control group and experimental group) in a pre-test/post-test design. The subjects were 44 young boys and girls selected by a some middle school in Busan. The oriental medicine Qigong Exercise program consists of 80-minute sessions three times a week over 5 months. All of the subjects were examined on the congnition assessment tool, stress assessment tool, oriental medicine pulsation 3-D MAC, live blood condition analyzer Prior and post surveys were measured before and after the experiment. In the cognition assessment, the amplitude of ERS were increased afer Qigong Exercise. The Success and the Concentration were significantly increased afer Qigong Exercise, the Error was significantly decreased afer Qigong Exercise. The Cognition strength was significantly increased, but the Reponse time was not significantly decreased afer Qigong Exercise. And the Workload was not significantly decreased, the Total Score was not significantly increased afer Qigong Exercise. Among the stress assessment, RRV tachogram's ‘mean RR’ was significantly increased, ‘mean HRV’ was significantly decreased afer Qigong Exercise. SDNN was not significantly increased, Complexity was not significantly increased afer Qigong Exercise. And TP(RRV power's total power) was not significantly increased, VLF and HF was significantly increased, and LF was significantly decreased afer Qigong Exercise. ANS's norm LF was not significantly decreased, but norm HF was significantly increased afer Qigong Exercise. In the RRV's Phase Plot, RMSSD and SDSD were not significantly increased, pnn50 was not significantly decreased afer Qigong Exercise. On the whole, Parasympathetic Activity and Stress Endurance were significantly increased, but Cardiac Activity and Physical Arousal were not significantly increased afer Qigong Exercise. Cardiac Aging was not significantly decreased afer Qigong Exercise. Sympathetic Activity, Autonomic Nervous System Balance and Heart-load were not significantly decreased afer Qigong Exercise. In the pulsation, press power was increased(15%), and w/t(pressurization time / pulsation time) was decreased(20%) afer Oigong Exercise. And the live blood condition was not changed afer Qigong Exercise. As mentioned above; the oriental medicine Qigong Exercise program was identified the effects of the inspiration of the brain power, heart rate and anti-stress.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.26 no.8
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• pp.1160-1171
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• 2013

A feeding trial was conducted in tilapia to determine the growth performance, nutrient digestibility, digestive enzymes, and postprandial blood metabolites in response to different dietary amylose-amylopectin ratios. Five isonitrogenous and isolipidic diets containing an equal starch level with different amylose-amylopectin ratios of 0.11 (diet 1), 0.24 (diet 2), 0.47 (diet 3), 0.76 (diet 4) and 0.98 (diet 5) were formulated using high-amylose corn starch (as the amylose source) and waxy rice (as the amylopectin source). Each diet was hand-fed to six tanks of 15 fish each, three times a day over a 6-wk period. After the growth trial, a postprandial blood metabolic test was carried out. Fish fed diet 2 exhibited the highest percent weight gain and feed efficiency and protein efficiency ratio, whereas fish fed with diet 5 showed the lowest growth and feed utilization among treatments. The digestibility for starch in fish fed diet 1 and 2 was higher than those in fish fed with other diets (p<0.05). The highest activities for protease, lipase and amylase were found in fish fed the diet 2, diet 1, and diet 1 respectively among dietary treatments, while the lowest values for these indexes were observed in fish fed the diet 3, diet 5 and diet 4, respectively. The liver glycogen concentrations in fish fed diets 4 and 5 were found higher than in fish fed other diets (p<0.05). The feeding rate, hepatosomatic index, condition factor, and plasma parmeters (glucose, triglyceride, total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol) did not differ across treatments. In terms of postprandial blood responses, peak blood glucose and triglycerides were lower after 3 or 6 h in the fish fed with diets 3-5 than in the fish fed diet 1, but delayed peak blood total amino acid time was observed in fish fed with the diets 1 or 2. The lowest peak values for each of the three blood metabolites were observed in fish fed diet 5. The results indicate that high-dietary amylose-amylopectin ratio could compromise growth, but help in reducing the blood glucose stress on fish caused by postprandial starch load.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.28 no.3
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• pp.365-373
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• 2014

This study is to analyze the physical environment and conduct spatial data for bicycle road system in changwon. Index for evaluation index was developed based on literatures. Then the level of importance and weight have been modified through experts review. Finally, index with eight categories such as greenness(40% over), bicycle road connectivity(1.8, 9.8%), road type bike(bicycle lane, 24.4%), pave type(asphalt 72.5%), illegal parking(none, 93.9%), bike road surface visibility(exist, 46.8%), vehicle speed limits(30km, under), vehicle traffic(500/hr under, 44.3%) have been applied to empirical investigation. Collected data has been hierarchically classification by ArcGIS Program. The Highest grades(score 31-35, level 1) occupied 35% of target destination. High level of greenness and load type has contributed to high score. In addition, average level of greenness of those destination was 35% and higher, which provide high degree of security and freshness for bicycle riding. Meanwhile, lowest level(level 5, which earned 15 point or less) occupied 24.5%. illegal parking, low level of greenness, and no surface sign caused low score.

• Journal of the Korea Institute of Information and Communication Engineering
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.115-122
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• 2014

In this paper, reliability is secured by sensing a post-program resistance of several tens of kilo ohms and restricting a read current flowing over an unblown eFuse within $100{\mu}A$ since RWL driver and BL pull-up load circuits using a regulated voltage of V2V ($=2V{\pm}10%$) are proposed to have a wide operating voltage range for eFuse OTP memory. Also, when a comparison of a cell array of 1 row ${\times}$ 32 columns with that of 4 rows ${\times}$ 8 columns is done, the layout size of 4 rows ${\times}$ 8 columns is smaller with $187.065{\mu}m{\times}94.525{\mu}m$ ($=0.01768mm^2$) than that of 1 row ${\times}$ 32 columns with $735.96{\mu}m{\times}61.605{\mu}m$ ($=0.04534mm^2$).