• Korean Journal of Ichthyology
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.195-204
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• 2005

The population ecology of Rhinogobius brunneus was investigated on, tributaries of the Bukhan River from May 2003 to June 2005. The habitat was mostly a rapids area with pebbles and cobles in the lower part of the stream. The cohabitation fishes were Zacco platypus, Zacco temmincki, Microphysogobio yaluensis and Iksookimia koreensis. The males and females become sexually mature after one year. Spawning season was from May to June with water temperatures in the range $22{\sim}25^{\circ}C$. The prosperous period was from late May to early June. The average number of eggs in the ovary was $989{\pm}511$ (range, 151~2,209). The year-round sex ratio of female to male was 1 : 0.90. The total length in this population indicated that the below-40 mm group is one year old, 40~52 mm group is two years old, 52~65 mm group is three years old, and the longer-than-65 mm group is over four years old. There were no differences in total length distribution between the males and females. Nests were built up at a water depth of $13.7{\pm}5.8$ (5~31) cm and a current velocity of $9.6{\pm}4.8$ (10~19) cm/sec. Brood size (egg number) of the parental male was $1,974{\pm}1810$ (egg number = $95.022_{TL}-3507$, $r^2=0.3591$, N = 33). Newly hatched larvae that drifted downstream to the lake returned to the stream during late June to August; the smallest size in this population was 20 mm in total length.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.35 no.6
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• pp.601-608
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• 2021

This study surveyed the ecological characteristics of Squalidus multimacultus at Taehwa River tributary Cheokgwa Stream from January to December 2020. The species inhabited the riverbed that was mostly covered with sand. The water depth was 25-164 cm, and the average was rather deep at 68 cm. The stream velocity was slow at 0.21±0.26 (0.16-0.43) m/sec. The gender ratio of females to males was 1:0.99. The age according to the total length-frequency distribution indicated that the group with less than 50 mm (29.4 - 49 mm) in total length was one year old, the group with 50 - 69 mm was two years old, the group with 70 - 89 mm was three years old, and the group over 90 mm was four years old. The total length of sexually mature fishes was 40 mm for both males and females. The spawning season was from July to August, and the water temperatures was 23.8 - 25.4℃ during the period. The prosperous spawning season was August. The average number of eggs in the ovaries was 1,395 (648 - 2,201) per matured female, and the matured eggs were yellowish and spherical with a mean diameter of 0.67±0.24 (0.62 - 0.83) mm. The live foods were of S. multimacultus attached algae, zooplankton, aquatic insects, and Mollusca. The feeding habits of S. multimacultus were omnivorous, but more than 95% of the stomach content was plant-attached algae. The larger the size of this species, the greater the amount and frequency of eating aquatic insects, which were animal feeds. The population that ate aquatic insects did not eat vegetable food.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.30 no.3
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• pp.248-256
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• 1997

In order to establish a optimum level and proper method of fly ash application for soybean cultivation, the successive three years experiment was conducted in the field applied with four application levels of fly ash, 0, 30, 60, 90 MT/ha during the 1991 to 1993. Influence of successive application and residue of fly ash in soil on soybean growth and yield was discussed. Fly ash application had a favorable effect on soybean growth, however over application such as 90 MT/ha caused to turn the color into the brown of young leaf edge and eventually to have necrosis on the leaf. This symptom was prominent under the application of bituminous coal fly ash. In the 1st year cultivation of soybean, the highest yield was obtained at application level of 30 MT/ha. In the 2nd year, application of anthracite fly ash showed the highest yield at 60 MT/ha for successive application and at 90 MT/ha for the 1st year application followed by the 2nd year residue. Application of bituminous coal fly ash showed the highest yield at 60 MT/ha for the both successive application and residue. In the 3rd year, successive application of the both fly ash was given the highest yield at 30 MT/ha, respectively indicating the decrease of yield with increasing level of application. In case of residue plot, the highest yield by the application of anthracite fly ash was made at 90 MT/ha for the 1st year application followed by 2 years residue and at 60 MT/ha for the 1st and 2nd year application followed by the 3rd year residue. But in the residue plot of bituminous coal fly ash, yield was highest at 30 MT/ha showing the decrease of yield with increasing level of residue. Enhancement in growth and yield of soybean by application of fly ash was due to the fact that fly ash contained some plant nutrients such as phosphorus, silicon, and boron etc. and reformed soil pH that caused to increase availability of nutrients in soil.

• Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.197-207
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• 2004

Purpose: To evaluate the long-term therapeutic efficacy and durability of lamivudine in Korean children with chronic hepatitis B. Methods: A total of 48 children (31 male and 17 female; age, 1~18 years, mean, 8 years) with chronic hepatitis B who received lamivudine for at least six months from March 1999 to September 2004 were followed for a mean period of 29 months (8~66 months) at Department of Pediatrics, Kyungpook National University Hospital in Korea. Response to treatment was defined as the normalization of ALT and HBV DNA levels, and HBeAg seroconversion after the initiation of treatment. Results: Twenty nine (60%) among the 48 children treated with lamivudine responded and nine (19%) children lost HBsAg during therapy. ALT and HBV DNA level had normalized in 94% one year after the initiation of treatment. Kaplan-Meier estimates of cumulative HBeAg seroconversion rates over the years were 13% (0.5 year), 34% (1 year), 50% (1.5 years), 68% (2 years), 79% (2.5 years) and 90% at 3 years respectively. Above all, among the 22 children treated before the age of seven, loss of HBsAg occurred in eight (36%), which showed superior rate of HBsAg loss (p=0.002 vs age >7). Conclusion: Long-term treatment of lamivudine improved the rate of HBeAg seroconversion in Korean children with chronic hepatitis B. After three years' observation, most of treated children have sustained HBeAg clearance. We believe that lamivudine should be tried as the first therapeutic option for children with chronic hepatitis B in immune clearance phase.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine
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• v.17 no.1 s.31
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• pp.190-211
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• 1996

Generally the Myasthenia Gravis is classified into two of hereditary factor and acquement. Aquired Myasthenia Gravis was Quite well known to be caused by the autoimmune mechanism. Not in accurateness, on the hereditary, acetylcholine receptor antibody was to be analyzed very high in their parents and brothers. Also Myasthenia Gravis is a chronic disease characterized by voluntary muscle weakness and fatigue. above all, ocular Myasthenia Gravis is characterized clinically by blepharoptosis and external ophthalmoplegia and to be showed abut 90% cases and so oriental medicine can not but deal with myasthenia gravis at blepharoptosis. Accordinglv 20 out patients with Myasthenia Gravis were clinical study and observation as to the sex, age, progress state of MG, blood type, history, main symptom, liking for warm and cool food and tepidity, state of pulse, treatment of acupuncture and administration of oriental medicine etc. The results were as follows. 1. There was investigaed on the frequency of attack for sex, age, oculus dexter, oculus sinister, oculus uterque. Among the 20 patients, the number of female were 60% with 12 cases and male were 40% with 8 cases, therefore it was the rate of 6 : 4. the patients under 10 ages and 40 ages were 20% with 4 cases, 10 ages and 50 ages were 15% with 3 cases, 20, 30, 60 ages were 10% with 2 cases. And then oculus uterque was 90% with 18 cases, oculus sinister was 10% with 2 cases and oculus dexter were none of them. 2. Stage I were 50% with 10 patients, stage $II_A$ were 30% with 6 patients and stage $II_B$ were 20% with 4 patients, on the clinical stage and too class I were 20% with 4, class II were 45% with 9, class III were 35% with 7, in the functional activity the patients with chest heavy were 15% with 3 and hyperthyroidism were 10% with 2. 3. Hospital which patients had used to before came to this hospital were 10 university hospital and 6 local clinic. 4. The duration of disease was from 3 months to 30 years, the patients suffering between 3 months and within 1 year were 25% with 5 cases, 1-2 years were 30% with 6 cases, therefore within 2 years were 55%. 4-5 years were 15%, over 7 years were appeared less than 10%. 5. In the main symptom, all of patients were appeared to be heavy in opening their eyes the patients with blephroptosis were 70% with 14 cases on the oculus uterque, oculus sinisterf and oculus dexter, there were 20% with 4 eases each other in the oculogyation incomplete. visual failing, ophthalmoxerosis, strabismus etc and indigetion, frequency of urine(feel hurt), mild stools(or diarrea), oversensitiveness etc. but in addition, all of the other were 10%. 6. In the distribution of blood type, 0 types were 45% with 9 cases, A types were 25% with 5 cases, B and AB types were 15% each other. 7. For the rates of patients of liking for warm and cool food or tepidity, patients of liking for warm food possess 45% with 9 cases, and cool food possess 35% with 7 and tepidity possess 20% with 4, and then most of patients liking for warm food were females and cool food were much more males than females. 8. Hyunsae(弦細) were 40% with 8 cases, Buhurl(浮滑) were 20% with 4 cases, Hyunsak(弦數) were 15% with 3 cases, and in addition, the others were 10%, among 7 types of pulses. 9. The patients with less than 1 week were 40% with 8 cases, and there were female most of them and over 4 weeks were 20% and 1-2weeks were 15%, in the duration acupuncture treatment. 10. 15 kinds of prescriptions were administrated with oriental medicine from 1 week to 20weeks 1_2 weeks were 25.71% with 9 cases, 3 weeks were 17.14% with 6 cases and 6 weeks were 11.42% with 4 cases and also Gamibaetaugunbitang(加味培土健脾湯) were 28.57% with 10 cases, Gamijeounyongtang(加味正容湯) were 14.28% with 5 cases, Gamibojoongyigitung (加味補中益氣湯), Gamiyinsamyangyoungtung (加味人蔘養榮湯) were 8.57% with 3 cases each other and also Gamisamgitung (加味蔘?湯), Gamisamuloajatung(加味四物五子湯) Gamigoudungum (加味鉤藤飮), etc were applied.

• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.67-77
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• 1991

The purpose of this study was to investigate the psychosomatic health status of printers. The 77 printers and 24 control group were analysed about salary, drinking, smoking, education, sex, marriage, age and working age by the THI (Todai Health Index) questionaire. THI was modified from CMI(Cornell Medical Index) and developed by Tokyo University Research Team in Japan. The resuts obtained were summarized as follows. 1. The printers, who get more salary showed high score about mental conplaints, especially, mental irritability(j), nervusness (E), lie Scale(L), aggressiveness(F) and irregualr life(G) and lower salary showed generally high score about physical complaints, especially, mouth and anus (D), digestive symptom(C) multiple subjective symptom(I). 2. According to the printers drinking amount shows the difference, eg nondrinker scored higher on mouth and anus(D), 90mg/week drinker scored higher on multiple subjective symptom(I), digestive symptom(C), depression(K), nervousness(E), and irregular life(G), 91~179mg/week drinker scored higher on impulsiveness(H), mental irritability(J), 270~359mg/week drinker scored higher on respiratory(A), lie scale (L) and aggressiveness (F). 3. The nonsmoker scored high level on mouth and anus(D), mental irritability(J). The previous smoker scored on multiple symptom(I), eyes and skin(B), digestive(C), lie scale(L), and depression(K). The present smoker scored on respiratory(A), impulsivehess(H), aggressiveness(F), nervousness(E), and irregular life(G). 4. According to the printers working age showed almost high score about subjective symptoms on 1~3 year. 5. Men printers high scored on respiratory(A). lie scale(L), aggressiveness(F), women printers scored about mental complaints, especially, impulsiveness(H), mental irritability(J), depression (K), nervousness (E). 6. According to the printers age showed high scored about, below 20 years were lie scale(L). aggressiveness(F), irregular life(G) 21~30years were multiple subjective symptom(I) respiratory (A), eyes and skin(B), mouth and anus(D), impulsiveness(H), mental irritability(J), depression (K), nervousness(E), and over 41 years were digestive(C). 7. Married printers scored high level on eyes and skin(B), digestive(C) and impulsivehess(H), and single printers on respiratory(A), mouth and anus(D), lie scale(L), mental irritability(J). 8. According to education shows the difference, eg high school scored higher on eyes and skin (B), mental irritability(J), depression(K), nervousness(E), collage and over scored higher on multiple subjective symptom(I ), respiratory (A), mouth and anus (D), lie scale (L), aggressiveness (F), irregular life (G), and middle school scored high on digestive (C), impulsiveness (H).

• Journal of Korean Society of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.10-18
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• 2010

To provide necessary information for future environmental monitoring of smelting and litharge making industries in Korea, environmental monitoring dataset of air lead concentration of 4 lead industries(1 primary smelting, 2 secondary smelting and 1 litharge making industry) were analyzed from 1994 to 2007. Data were compared using geometric mean and standard deviation with minimum and maximum values according to year of measurement, type of lead industries and type of operation of lead industries. The geometric mean and standard deviation of air concentration for a total of 1140 samples in all lead industries for overall 14 years were 70.7${\mu}g/m^3$ and 5.51 with minimum of 1${\mu}g/m^3$ and maximum of 9,185 ${\mu}g/m^3$. The overall geometric means of air concentration were above the permissible exposure levels(PEL) until year of 2001 and thereafter they were remained at the level of half of PEL. The geometric means of primary smelting, secondary smelting and litharge making industry for overall 14 years were 21.7${\mu}g/m^3$(number of samples: 353), 82.5${\mu}g/m^3$(number of samples: 357) and 164.2 ${\mu}g/m^3$(number of samples: 430) respectively. In primary smelting industry, the highest geometric mean air concentration was 35.4 ${\mu}g/m^3$ in the secondary smelting operation; followed by casting operation (24.9 ${\mu}g/m^3$) and melting operation (14.9 ${\mu}g/m^3$), respectively. On the other hand, in secondary smelting industries, the highest geometric mean air concentration was 125.4${\mu}g/m^3$ in melting operation; followed by casting operation (90.5${\mu}g/m^3$) and pre-treatment operation (43.4${\mu}g/m^3$), respectively. However, in litharge making industries, there were no significant differences of geometric mean air concentrations between litharge operation and stabilizer operation. The proportion of over PEL (50${\mu}g/m^3$) was highest in litharge industry and followed by secondary smelting industries. However The proportions of over PEL(${\mu}g./m^3.$) were decreased by the years of environmental monitoring. The significant reduction of mean air lead concentration since year of 2000 was observed due to more active environmental engineering control and new introduction of new operation in manufacturing process, but may be also influenced by non-engineering method such as reduction of operation hours or reduction of exposure time during actual environmental measurement by industrial hygienist according to more strict enforcement of occupational and safety law by the government.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.55 no.8
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• pp.280-285
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• 2012

Purpose: The authors analyzed the trend from the birth-related statistics of high birth weight infants (HBWIs) over 50 years in Korea from 1960 to 2010. Methods: We used 2 data sources, namely, the hospital units (1960's to 1990's) and Statistics Korea (1993 to 2010). The analyses include the incidence of HBWIs, birth weight distribution, sex ratio, and the relationship of HBWI to maternal age. Results: The hospital unit data indicated the incidence of HBWI as 3 to 7% in the 1960's and 1970's and 4 to 7% in the 1980's and 1990's. Data from Statistics Korea indicated the percentages of HBWIs among total live births decreased over the years: 6.7% (1993), 6.3% (1995), 5.1% (2000), 4.5% (2000), and 3.5% (2010). In HBWIs, the birth weight rages and percentage of incidence in infants' were 4.0 to 4.4 kg (90.3%), 4.5 to 4.9 kg (8.8%), 5.0 to 5.4 kg (0.8%), 5.5 to 5.9 kg (0.1%), and >6.0 kg (0.0%) in 2000 but were 92.2%, 7.2%, 0.6%, 0.0%, and 0.0% in 2009. The male to female ratio of HBWIs was 1.89 in 1993 and 1.84 in 2010. In 2010, the mother's age distribution correlated with low (4.9%), normal (91.0%), and high birth weights (3.6%): an increase in mother's age resulted in an increase in the frequency of low birth weight infants (LBWIs) and HBWIs. Conclusion: The incidence of HBWIs for the past 50 years has been dropping in Korea. The older the mother, the higher was the risk of a HBWI and LBWI. We hope that these findings would be utilized as basic data that will aid those managing HBWIs.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.87 no.3
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• pp.328-333
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• 1998

To obtain basic information for establishing a pest control strategy for insect pest management system, changes in the population densities of the black-tipped sawfly(Acantholyda posticalis posticalis Matsumura) and damage patterns in tree growth were investigated in national forests in Hoigok-ri, Kapyung-gun, Kyunggi-do, where the pest control measures were taken. The results obtained were as follows ; 1. The larval density in the soil of the forests where the insecticides were applied have been kept below economic threshold for about 7 years. The density was the highest in the middle of slopes and similar to the level of the early stage of the insect outbreak. 2. After the pest control by insecticides, reduction in tree height and diameter growth lasted for 2-3 years in trees defoliated by over 70%. 3. The diameter growth of the trees damaged by black-tipped sawfly recovered faster in upper stem than in the lower. 4. volume growth of the trees defoliated over 70% by the insect decreased for three to four years. The volume loss of trees defoliated by 70% and 90% was 19.6% and 54.0%, respectively. 5. Maintaining the rate of defoliation below 50%, which is the economic threshold, by chemical control measures had an effect of reducing the tree volume loss by $40m^2/ha$ as compared with a stand defoliated by 90%.

• Atmosphere
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• v.28 no.3
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• pp.305-315
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• 2018

This study investigates the characteristic spatial patterns and dynamic processes associated with the summertime extreme temperature events in South Korea during the last 20 years (1995~2014) using Self-Organizing Map (SOM). The classified SOM patterns commonly have high temperature and anticyclonic circulation anomalies over South Korea. The two major teleconnection patterns are identified: one is from the subtropical western North Pacific (WNP) affecting to the north and the other is from the North Atlantic (NA) affecting downstream region. The meridional teleconnection pattern is related to the forcing of positive sea surface temperature (SST) anomaly over the WNP. The northward propagating Rossby wave generates the East Asia-Pacific (EAP) pattern to form an anticyclonic circulation anomaly over South Korea. On the other hand, NA SST anomalies generate an eastward Rossby wave train across the Eurasian continent, leading to the development of an anticyclonic circulation anomaly over South Korea. The EAP pattern occurs more frequently in July and August, whereas the midlatitude teleconnection pattern associated with NA SST anomalies develops more frequently in early summer (June).