• Title/Summary/Keyword: Out of distribution

Search Result 8,341, Processing Time 0.052 seconds

Outlier Detection By Clustering-Based Ensemble Model Construction (클러스터링 기반 앙상블 모델 구성을 이용한 이상치 탐지)

  • Park, Cheong Hee;Kim, Taegong;Kim, Jiil;Choi, Semok;Lee, Gyeong-Hoon
    • KIPS Transactions on Software and Data Engineering
    • /
    • v.7 no.11
    • /
    • pp.435-442
    • /
    • 2018
  • Outlier detection means to detect data samples that deviate significantly from the distribution of normal data. Most outlier detection methods calculate an outlier score that indicates the extent to which a data sample is out of normal state and determine it to be an outlier when its outlier score is above a given threshold. However, since the range of an outlier score is different for each data and the outliers exist at a smaller ratio than the normal data, it is very difficult to determine the threshold value for an outlier score. Further, in an actual situation, it is not easy to acquire data including a sufficient amount of outliers available for learning. In this paper, we propose a clustering-based outlier detection method by constructing a model representing a normal data region using only normal data and performing binary classification of outliers and normal data for new data samples. Then, by dividing the given normal data into chunks, and constructing a clustering model for each chunk, we expand it to the ensemble method combining the decision by the models and apply it to the streaming data with dynamic changes. Experimental results using real data and artificial data show high performance of the proposed method.

Enhancement of Au·Ag Leaching by Mechanochemical Activation and Thiourea-Thiocyanate Mixing Solution (기계적-화학적 활성화와 티오요소-티오시안산염 혼합용액에 의한 Au·Ag 용출 향상)

  • You, Don-Sang;Park, Cheon-Young
    • Journal of the Korean earth science society
    • /
    • v.35 no.6
    • /
    • pp.401-411
    • /
    • 2014
  • In order to enhance the Au Ag leach rate, a mechanochemical activation process and a mixed thiourea-thiocyanate solution has been applied to Au concentrate. To achieve mechanochemical activation, the Au concentrate was mechanically ground using a dry and a wet process. The results of a particle size distribution analysis and an XRD analysis, average particle size and crystallite size were much smaller in the dry-sample than in the concentrate sample. As well the size was smaller in the wet-sample than in the dry-sample. In SEM and XRD analysis, the amorphization effect was observed in the wet-sample due to mechanochemical activation. Au Ag leaching experiments were carried out with a thiourea solution, a thiocyanate solution and a mixed thiourea-thiocyanate solution. The Au Ag leach rate was much greater in the dry-ground-sample than in the concentrate sample, and the leach rate was greater in the wet-ground-sample than in the dry-sample. The Au Ag leach rate was much greater in the thiocyanate solution than in the thiourea solution, and the leaching rate was much greater in the mixed thiourea-thiocyanate solution than in the thiocyanate solution. Up to a 99% leach rate for Au Ag were only achieved in the wet-sample using the mixed thiourea-thiocyanate leaching solution.

A Study on Impact Point Prediction of a Reentry Vehicle using Integrated Track Splitting Filters in a Cluttered Environment (클러터가 존재하는 환경에서의 ITS 필터를 이용한 재진입 발사체의 낙하지점 추정 기법 연구)

  • Moon, Kyung-Rok;Kim, Tae-Han;Song, Taek-Lyul
    • Journal of the Korean Society for Aeronautical & Space Sciences
    • /
    • v.40 no.1
    • /
    • pp.23-34
    • /
    • 2012
  • Space launch vehicles are designed to fly according to the elaborate pre-determined path. However, if a vehicle went out of the planned trajectory or its thrust terminated abnormally, or if a free-fall atmospheric reentry vehicle tracked by a tracking sensor became impossible to be measured, it is required to attempt to track by a another track equipment or estimate its impact point rapidly. In this paper a new algorithm is proposed, named the ITS-EKF combined with the Integrated Track Splitting (ITS) algorithm and the Extended Kalman Filter (EKF) to obtain the location information of a ballistic projectile without thrust, create its track and maintain it in an environment with clutter. For the reentry vehicle, the track performance is to be verified and the impact point is estimated by applying the simulation through ITS-EKF algorithm. To ensure the proposed algorithm's adequacy, by comparing the track performance and impact point distribution by the ITS-EKF with those of ITS-PF combined with ITS and Particle Filter (PF), it is confirmed that the ITS-EKF algorithm can be used an effective real-time On-line impact point prediction.

Combination Radiation and Steroid Therapy for Midline Granuloma (Midline Granuloma의 방사선 치료 및 Steroid병용요법)

  • 강현영;박준식
    • Proceedings of the KOR-BRONCHOESO Conference
    • /
    • 1981.05a
    • /
    • pp.14.3-15
    • /
    • 1981
  • Midline Granulcma(Malignant midline reticulosis) of upper respiratory tract was known as one of the fatal diseases that involve the nasal cavity, paranasal sinuses, pharynx and larynx, with progressive localized necrotizing inflammation and granuloma formation. The disease was first described in 1897 by McBride and after Stewart many clinical and histological studies have been done in 1933. But its etiology is still unclear and therapeutic methods are still under development. The authors carried out a clinical study of 15 cases which were diagnosed and treated as midline granuloma, including 7 cases which received combination radiation and steroid therapy from January 1964 to December 1980. The results are as follows: 1) Age and Sex distribution: 6 cases fell into the ages from 30 to 39 years: 13 cases (87%) were male and 2 cases (13%) were female. 2) Primary lesion sites were nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses area (8 cases: 53%), palatine tonsil (3 cases: 20%) and pharynx (2 cases: 13%) in order. 3) Common symptoms were nasal stuffiness and sore throat (6 cases: 40%), headache (5 cases: 33%), nasal discharge and facial edema (3 cases: 20%) in order. 4) Microorganisms were identified in 4 cases: staphylococcus in 2 cases, pseudomonas in 1 case and streptococcus in 1 case. 5) All 7 cases who received combination radiation and steroid therapy revealed complete regression and no recurrence. 6) Among the 5 cases, who received steroid and antibiotic therapy, 2 cases died and other 3 cases improved temporarily and then developed aggrevation of symptoms.

  • PDF

Hierarchical Message Forwarding Scheme for Efficient Data Distribution in P2P Messaging System (P2P 출판-구독 메시징 시스템에서 효율적인 정보 전파를 위한 계층적 메시지 전송 기법)

  • Jung, Jin Sun;Oh, Sangyoon
    • KIPS Transactions on Computer and Communication Systems
    • /
    • v.8 no.9
    • /
    • pp.209-216
    • /
    • 2019
  • Publish-subscribe communication model is popular for various type of distributed applications because of its loosely coupled style connections. Among the various architecture style for publish-subscribe system, peer-to-peer architecture has been used for the mission critical application domain since it provides high scalability and real-timeness. On the other hand, to utilize the bandwidth of given networks, message filtering is frequently used to reduce the number of messages on the system. Even if P2P provides superior scalability, it is hard to apply filtering to the its messaging system because the filtering process should be done on the peer-side in P2P architecture that are usually done on the broker server in conventional pub/sub architecture. In this paper, we propose a hierarchical subscription management structure as well as message forwarding scheme for efficient data dissemination. Our proposed scheme reduces the number of received messages by filter-out un-wanted messages and offloading the message dissemination work to other subscribers to enhance the messaging throughput.

A Study on Analysis Technique for Chloride Penetration in Cracked Concrete under Combined Deterioration (복합열화에 노출된 균열부 콘크리트 내의 염화물 침투 해석 기법에 대한 연구)

  • Kwon, Seung-Jun;Song, Ha-Won;Byun, Keun-Joo
    • Journal of the Korea Concrete Institute
    • /
    • v.19 no.3
    • /
    • pp.359-366
    • /
    • 2007
  • Recently, analysis researches on durability are focused on chloride attack and carbonation due to increased social and engineering significance. Generally, chloride penetration and carbonation occur simultaneously except for in submerged condition and chloride behavior in carbonated concrete is evaluated to be different from that in normal concrete. Furthermore, if unavoidable crack occurs in concrete, it influences not only single attack but also coupled deterioration more severely. This is a study on analysis technique with system dynamics for chloride penetration in concrete structures exposed to coupled chloride attack and carbonation through chloride diffusion, permeation, and carbonation reaction. For the purpose, a modeling for chloride behavior considering diffusion and permeation is performed through previous models for early-aged concrete such as MCHHM (multi component hydration heat model) and MPSFM (micro pore structure formation). Then model for combined deterioration is developed considering changed characteristics such as pore distribution, saturation and dissociation of bound chloride content under carbonation. The developed model is verified through comparison with previous experimental data. Additionally, simulation for combined deterioration in cracked concrete is carried out through utilizing previously developed models for chloride penetration and carbonation in cracked concrete. From the simulated results, CCTZ (chloride-carbonation transition zone) for evaluating combined deterioration is proposed. It is numerically verified that concrete with slag has better resistance to combined deterioration than concrete with OPC in sound and cracked concrete.

A Study on the Collaborative Partnership Factors between Freight Forwarders and Consignors (국제물류주선업체와 화주기업의 협력적 파트너쉽 요인에 관한 연구)

  • Jun, Kyung Sook;Jang, Hyun Mi;Kim, Sang Youl
    • Journal of Korea Port Economic Association
    • /
    • v.30 no.4
    • /
    • pp.169-198
    • /
    • 2014
  • Due to the recent worldwide economic downturn, companies are required to put more effort into their innovation and quality improvement. In particular, business relationship is increasingly emphasized to be changed from a vertical relationship to a more horizontal relationship, such as collaborative partnership based on trust. In the logistics industry, through the collaboration, consignors can gain competitive advantages by focusing on their core capabilities, and freight forwarders also take advantages of securing stable cargoes and specialist expertise in distribution. Therefore, this study aims to identify key factors for developing a collaborative partnership between freight forwarders and consignors, and further examine the differences between the two groups empirically by using questionnaire survey. Based on the results, the main factors were found as follows: 1) Trust Building, 2) Competence Improvement, 3) Business Ecosystem and 4) Government Assistance. According to the analysis on sub-factors, first, among the four main factors, it turned out that trust is the most important variable. Specifically, the sub-factor of providing regular and stable service was revealed to be most critical. Second, it was found that forwarders need to improve services on 'Information Exchange System' and 'Electronic Data Interchange'. Finally, it is necessary for both consignors and forwarders to have better understanding of partnership. Key implications for both groups are highlighted based on the results.

True Triaxial Physical Model Experiment on Brittle Failure Grade and Failure Initiation Stress (취성파괴수준과 파괴개시시점에 관한 진삼축 모형실험연구)

  • Cheon, Dae-Sung;Park, Chan;Park, Chul-Whan;Jeon, Seok-Won
    • Tunnel and Underground Space
    • /
    • v.17 no.2 s.67
    • /
    • pp.128-138
    • /
    • 2007
  • At low in-situ stress, the continuity and distribution of natural fractures in rock mass predominantly control the failure processes. However at high in-situ stress, the failure process are affected and eventually dominated by stress-induced fractures preferentially growing parallel to the excavation boundary. This fracturing is often observed in brittle type of failure such as slabbing or spatting. Recent studies on the stress- or excavation-induced damage of rock revealed its importance especially in a highly stressed regime. In order to evaluate the brittle failure around a deep underground opening, physical model experiments were carried out. For the experiments a new tue triaxial testing system was made. According to visual observation and acoustic emission detection, brittle failure grades were classified under three categories. The test results indicate that where higher horizontal stress, acting perpendicular $(S_{H2})$ and parallel $(S_{H1})$ to the axis of the tunnel respectively, were applied, the failure grade at a constant vertical stress level (Sy) was lowered. The failure initiation stress was also increased with the increasing $S_{H1}\;and\;S_{H2}$. From the multi-variable regression on failure initiation stress and true triaxial stress conditions, $f(S_v,\;S_{H1},\;S_{H2})$ was proposed.

Some New Problems of International Aviation Security- Considerations Forcused on its Legal Aspects (최근국제항공보안대책(最近國際航空保安対策)의 제간제(諸間題) -특히 법적측면(法的測面)을 중심(中心)으로-)

  • Choi, Wan-Sik
    • The Korean Journal of Air & Space Law and Policy
    • /
    • v.5
    • /
    • pp.53-75
    • /
    • 1993
  • This article is concerned with the comment on "Some New Problems of International Aviation Security-Considerations Forcused on its Legal Aspects". Ever since 1970, in addition to the problem of failure to accept the Tokyo, Hague and Montreal Conventions, there has been also the problem of parties to them, failing to comply with their obligations under the respective treaties, in the form especially of nominal penalties or the lack of any effort to prosecute after blank refusals to extradite. There have also been cases of prolonged detention of aircraft, passengers and hostages. In this regard, all three conventions contain identical clauses which submit disputes between two or more contracting States concerning the interpretation or application of the respective conventions to arbitration or failing agreement on the organization of the arbitration, to the International Court of Justice. To the extent to which contracting States have not contracted out of this undertaking, as I fear they are expressly allowed to do, this promision can be used by contracting States to ensure compliance. But to date, this avenue does not appear to have been used. From this point of view, it may be worth mentioning that there appears to be an alarming trend towards the view that the defeat of terrorism is such an overriding imperative that all means of doing so become, in international law, automatically lawful. In addition, in as far as aviation security is concerned, as in fact it has long been suggested, what is required is the "application of the strictest security measures by all concerned."In this regard, mention should be made of Annex 17 to the Chicago Convention on Security-Safeguarding International Civil Aviation against Acts of Unlawful Intereference. ICAO has, moreover, compiled, for restricted distribution, a Security Manual for Safeguarding Civil Aviation Against Acts of Unlawful Interference, which is highly useful. In this regard, it may well be argued that, unless States members of ICAO notify the ICAO Council of their inability to comply with opecific standards in Annex 17 or any of the related Annexes in accordance with Article 38 of the 1944 Chicago Convention on International Civil Aviation, their failure to do so can involve State responsibility and, if damage were to insure, their liability. The same applies to breaches of any other treaty obligation. I hope to demonstrate that although modes of international violence may change, their underlying characteristics remain broadly similar, necessitating not simply the adoption of an adequate body of domestic legislation, firm in its content and fairly administered, but also an international network of communication, of cooperation and of coordination of policies. Afurther legal instrument is now being developed by the Legal Committee of ICAO with respect to unlawful acts at International airports. These instruments, however, are not very effective, because of the absence of universal acceptance and the deficiency I have already pointed out. Therefore, States, airports and international airlines have to concentrate on prevention. If the development of policies is important at the international level, it is equally important in the domestic setting. For example, the recent experiences of France have prompted many changes in the State's legislation and in its policies towards terrorism, with higher penalties for terrorist offences and incentives which encourage accused terrorists to pass informations to the authorities. And our government has to tighten furthermore security measures. Particularly, in the case an unarmed hijacker who boards having no instrument in his possession with which to promote the hoax, a plaintiff-passenger would be hard-pressed to show that the airline was negligent in screening the hijacker prior to boarding. In light of the airline's duty to exercise a high degree of care to provide for the safety of all the passengers on board, an acquiescence to a hijacker's demands on the part of the air carrier could constitute a breach of duty only when it is clearly shown that the carrier's employees knew or plainly should have known that the hijacker was unarmed. The general opinion is that the legal oystem could be sufficient, provided that the political will is there to use and apply it effectively. All agreed that the main responsibility for security has to be borne by the governments. A state that supports aviation terrorism is responsible for violation of International Aviation Law. Generally speaking, terrorism is a violation of international law. It violates the sovereign rights of states, and the human rights of the individuals. We have to contribute more to the creation of a general consensus amongst all states about the need to combat the threat of aviation terrorism. I think that aviation terrorism as becoming an ever more serious issue, has to be solved by internationally agreed and closely co - ordinated measures.

  • PDF

A Preliminary Study for Expending of Hospital-Based Horne Health Care Coverage - Focused on Accident Inpatients Who has the Workers Compensation Insurance - (병원중심 가정간호사업 관리대상범위 확대를 위한 기초연구)

  • Lee, Sook-Ja;Lee, Jin-Kyung;Ryu, Ho-Sihn
    • Journal of Home Health Care Nursing
    • /
    • v.6
    • /
    • pp.5-18
    • /
    • 1999
  • This study was attempt to encourage for developing on rehabilitation delivery system and programs as a substitute service instead of hospitalization for accident patients at work, such as hospital based home health care nursing service. It needs vary substitutes service of hospitalization to curtail the length of stay for inpatients who were hospitalized with workers compensation insurance. It focused on developing an estimation of early discharge day of accident inpatients based on a detail statement of treatment for 115 inpatients who were hospitalized at General Hospital in 1997. This study has four specific purpose as follows. First, to find out the status of health service utilization. Second, to estimate the early discharge days and income increasing effect based on the early discharge for those patients. Third, to identify the factors to affect total medical expenditure and the length of stay for those inpatients. Forth, to figure out the need of utilizing home health care nursing service for accident patients. In order to analyze of the length of stay and medical expenditure for inpatients who were hospitalized due to the accident, the authors conducted with micro-analysis and macroanalysis from medical records and medical expenditure records. Micro-analysis was done by nominal group discussion of 4 expertise with the critical criteria. such as a decrease in the amount of treatment after surgery, treatments, tests, drugs and changes in the tests consistency, drug methods, vital signs, start of ROM exercise, doctor's order, patient's outside visiting ability, stable conditions. In addition to identify affected variables for medical expenditure. the length of stay and income effect due to early discharge day, the data was analyzed with multiple regression analysis and linear regression analysis model by SPSS-PC for windows and Excell program. Results of this study as follows. First, the mean length of stay was 37.1 days, whereas the mean length of stay due to early discharge was 28.2 days at the hospital. The estimation of early discharge days were shown that depends on the length of stay. The longer length of stay, the longer length of early discharge days, such as under 7 days length of stay patients was to estimated the mean length of stay was 4.9 days and early discharge days was 4.6. whereas the mean length of stay was 122.6 days and early discharge days was 92.0 respectively. The mean medical expenditure per day were found to be 133.409 Won. whereas the mean medical expenditure per day was shown negative linear trends according to the length of stay at the hospital. The estimation results of the income effect due to 11 early discharge days per bed was around 2,150,000 won. However, it means not the real benefits from early discharge, but the income increasing amount without considering medical prime cost in general hospital. Therefore, it needs further analysis on the cost containments and benefits under the considering as well turn over rates per bed as the medical prime costs. The length of stay was most significant and the sign was positive to the total medical expenditure, as expected. Surgery and patient's residential area also an important variable in explaining medical expenditure. The level of complications was most significant variable in explaining the length of stay. The level of the needs on horne health care nursing service which can be used for early discharge accident patients were shown very high. The needs distribution varied from 65.5% of patients and 88.9% of caregivers, to 96.4% of doctors, and 99.1% of nurses. In addition horne health nurse responded that they can be managed the accident inpatients from early discharge. From these research findings. the following suggestions has been drawn it needs to develop strategies on rehabilitation delivery system in order to focused on consumer's side which is planned for 21 century health policy in Korea. Vary intermediate facilities and horne health care would have been developed in the community based for comprehensive rehabilitation services as a substitutes of hospitalization for shortening the length of stay of hospitalizations. In hospital based horne health care nursing service, it's available immediately to utilize for the patients who wanted rehabilitation services as a substitutes of hospitalization under the cooperations with workers compensation insurance company.

  • PDF