• 대한예방한의학회지
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• 제3권2호
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• pp.25-53
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• 1999

This study was conducted to provide basic data for policy of Oriental medicine by analyzing community residents' consciousness of taking herb medicine and its related factors. Data were collected from 1478 residents from March 2, 1999 to May 31, 1999. The results of this study are summarized as follows. 1. According to general characteristics of the subjects, 52.3% of the subjects was 'female'; 25.0% 'fifties of age'; 21.4% 'forties of age'; 20.9% 'thirties of ages'; 69.1% 'married'; 60.1% 'resident in a big city'; 12.1% 'residents in a small town or village'; 39.0% 'highschool graduate'; 35.9% 'above college graduate'; 23.4% 'housewife'; 23.4% 'professional' 34.1% 'Buddhist'; 81.1% 'middle class'. 2. The rate of experience of taking herb medicine was 85.2%(88.2% of 'male'; 82.5% of 'female'). It appeared to be significantly higher in the groups of 'the married', 'housewife', and 'Buddhist'. As the age increased, so the rate of experience of taking herb medicine was significantly high. 3. In case of purpose of taking herb medicine, taking herb medicine as a restorative(66.8%) was much higher than taking it as a curative medicine. Taking herb medicine as a curative medicine appeared to be significantly higher in the groups of 'male', 'thirties of age', 'resident in a town or village', 'above college graduate', 'professional technician', 'Christian', and 'the upper class'. 4. 52.1% of the respondents satisfied with the effect of herb medicine. The groups of 'male', 'older age', 'residents in a big city', 'insurant in company', and 'the employed' showed significantly high rate in satisfying with herb medicine than the other groups. 5. According to the reason for preferring herb medicine, 36.7% of the respondents preferred herb medicine because the herb medicine was effective, while 27.8% preferred it because its side effect was low. 16.7% preferred it. because persons around them recommended it. The preference for the herb medicine displayed significantly higher rate in the groups 'sixties of age', 'the unmarried', 'resident in a big city', 'office clerk', and 'the lower class'. 6. 42.6% of the respondents did not want to take the herb medicine because the price of the herb medicine was high. Also 20.6% of the respondents did not want to take herb medicine because it is uneasy to take herb medicine. 15.8% did not want to take it because certain foods should not be taken during the period of taking it. 9.4% did not want to take it because it tasted bitter. 7. In case of opinions on side effects of herb medicine, 40.8% of the respondents thinks that herb medicine is free from side effects, while 37.5% thinks that it causes side effects. There were significant difference in the opinions on side effects by sex, age, marital status, resident area, education level, occupation, and type of health insurance. 8. 60.7% of the respondents thinks the price of herb medicine is not resonable, while only 10.9% thinks it is resonable. 9. 14.2% of the respondents thinks health foods which contain herbs are good, while 16.8% thinks it is bad. 76.7% thinks that medicinal herbs in packages must be included in health insurance coverage, while only 3.0% thinks it needs not be included in health insurance coverage. 10. 45.2% of the respondents uses packs of decocted herbs although they think the packs of decocted herb are a little low effective because decocting herbs in home is bothersome. 45.2% uses packs of decocted herbs because they are convenient, being not related to the effect. 7.6% takes medicinal herbs after decocting them in a clay pot because they think the packs of decocted herbs have low effect. 11. According to the level of satisfaction with Oriental medical care, the respondents marked $3.47{\pm}0.64$ points on the base of 5 points. It was significantly higher in the groups of 'male', 'the married, resident in a big city', 'highschool graduate', 'the unemployed', 'office clerk', 'growing up in a big city', 'insurant in region', and 'the middle class'. 12. According to the result of a regression analysis of factors influencing preference for herb medicine, the factors displayed significant difference by sex, age, education level, health status, and times of receiving Oriental medical care. As shown in the above results, the community residents satisfy with the effect of herb medicine. Therefore, the method of taking herb medicine without difficulty must be devised. The medicinal herbs in packages need to be included in health insurance coverage and resonable price of herb medicine must be set. Also, education program for community residents must be developed in order to provide right information in herb medicine. Therefore, related public authority, associations, and professionals must make efforts, forming organic cooperative system.

• 동의생리병리학회지
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• 제17권5호
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• pp.1157-1176
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• 2003

The following conclusions are induced from a study on the acupuncture therapy depending on hyungsang of the persons. The study is made on the basis of 'Internal classic (內經)& and &Clinical Lectures by Dr. Jeesan&. The acupuncture originated from the treatment of spasm with numbness in the southern area. The acupuncture is basically a remedy for the exterior disease of meridian but also it can be a cure for the interior disease of Jang and obstinate disease with accurate method. Three mechanisms of acupuncture are described in 'Internal classic'. The first is to make meridian circulate smoothly. The second is to regulate Ki and Hyul. The third is to regulate points through which the meridian-Ki goes in and out smoothly or adversely. There are two ways of acupuncture in 'Internal classic'. One is based on pulse and symptom and the other on the Hyungsang. The former is more generally used therapy, to which depletion method, Asi point method(阿是穴 療法), Inyoung-kigu pulse comparison method (人迎氣口脈法) and method depending on jang-bu disease belong. Acupuncture is done on Su points(輸穴) and back-su point(背兪穴) in case of jang-disease. In case of bu-disease, the treatment is done on Hap points(合穴) and Mo-points(募穴). The latter includes two methods; one according to invariable Hyungsang. And the other to variable Hyungsang. The method of acupuncture according to invariable Hyungsang usually selects Won-points(原穴). Different Hyungsang requires different method of acupuncture; In case of Dam type, the acupuncture is mainly practiced on four-Kwan points with reinforcing and reducing methods achieved by the direction of the needle tip pointing to. In case of Bangkwang type, the acupuncture is usually done on Jungwan(中脘) and Poongyung(豊隆) with reinforcing and reducing methods by means of respiration. In case of female, more effective are the acupoints on the right and lateral parts of the body selected on the basis of five su-points of the twelve meridians matching the heavenly stems and earthly branches. In case of male, more effective are the acupoints on the left, front and rear parts of the eight extra meridians. In case of acupuncture to the person with Hyungsang of five jang and six bu, each person's intrinsic Hyung, color, pulse, must be observed. Because symptoms of jang-bu disease also must be checked up. Acupuncture is done on the Won-points of the meridians related to the jang and bu where the disease starts. The disease of five jang is so obstinate that it requires both of medication and acupuncture for a long time. In case of acupuncture to the person with Hyungsang of animal types, diagnosis is made on the basis of shape, temper, function and color. And the treatment is given on the Won-points of corresponding exterior and interior meridians. For the fish type, the acupuncture is done on the kidney meridian of foot-soyin and the urinary bladder of foot-taiyang. For the bird type, on the heart meridian of hand-soyin, the pericardium meridian of hand-gualyin, and the small intestine meridian of hand-taiyang For the deer type, on the liver meridian of foot-gualyin and the gallbladder meridian of foot-soyang. For the turtle type, on the lung meridian of hand-taiyin and the large intestine meridian of hand-yangmyung.

• 동국한의학연구소논문집
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• 제10권
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• pp.41-61
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• 2008

The outline and characteristics of the important doctors of the 'Zhe Zhong Pai'(折衷派) are as follows. Part 1. In the late Edo(江戶) period The 'Zhe Zhong Pai', which tried to take the theory and clinical treatment of the 'Hou Shi Pai (後世派)' and the 'Gu Fang Pai(古方派)' and get their strong points to make treatments perfect, appeared. Their point was 'The main part is the art of the ancients, The latter prescriptions are to be used'(以古法爲主, 後世方爲用) and the "Shang Han Lun(傷寒論)" was revered for its treatments but in actual use it was not kept at that. As mentioned above The 'Zhe Zhong Pai' viewed treatments as the base, which was the view of most doctors in the Edo period. However, the reason the 'Zhe Zhong Pai' is not valued as much as the 'Gu Fang Pai' by medical history books in Japan is because the 'Zhe Zhong Pai' does not have the substantiation or uniqueness of the 'Gu Fang Pai', and also because the view of 'gather as well as store up'(兼收並蓄) was the same as the 'Kao Zheng Pai'. Moreover, the 'compromise'(折衷) point of view was from taking in both Chinese and western medical knowledge systems(漢蘭折衷). Generally the pioneer of the 'Zhe Zhong Pai' is seen as Mochizuki Rokumon(望月鹿門) and after that was Fukui Futei(福井楓亭), Wadato Kaku(和田東郭), Yamada Seichin(山田正珍) and Taki Motohiro(多紀元簡). Part 2. The lives of Wada Tokaku(和田東郭), Nakagame Kinkei(中神琴溪), Nei Teng Xi Zhe(內藤希哲), the important doctors of the 'Zhe Zhong Pai', are as follows. First Wada Tokaku(和田東郭, 1743-1803) was born when the 'Hou Shi Pai' was already declining and the 'Gu Fang Pai' was flourishing and learned medicine from a 'Hou Shi Pai' doctor, Hu Tian Xu Shan(戶田旭山) and a 'Gu Fang Pai' doctor, Yoshimasu Todo(吉益東洞). He was not hindered by 'the old ways(古方)' and did not lean towards 'the new ways(後世方)' and formed a way of compromise that 'looked at hardness and softness as the same'(剛柔相摩) by setting 'the cure of the disease' as the base, and said that to cure diseases 'the old way' must be used, but 'the new way' was necessary to supplement its shortcomings. His works include "Dao Shui Suo Yan(導水瑣言)", "Jiao Chiang Fang Yi Je(蕉窗方意解)" and "Yi Xue Sho(醫學說)". Second. Nakagame Kinkei(中神琴溪, 1744-1833) was famous for leaving Yoshimasu Todo(吉益東洞) and changing to the 'Zhe Zhong Pai', and in his early years used qing fen(輕粉) to cure geisha(妓女) of syphilis. His argument was "the "Shang Han Lun" must be revered but needs to be adapted", "Zhong Jing can be made into a follower but I cannot become his follower", "the later medical texts such as "Ru Men Shi Qin(儒門事親)" should only be used for its prescriptions and not its theories". His works include "Shang Han Lun Yue Yan(傷寒論約言)". Third, Nei Teng Xi Zhe(內藤希哲, 1701-1735) learned medicine from Qing Shui Xian Sheng(淸水先生) and went out to Edo. In his book "Yi Jing Jie Huo Lun(醫經解惑論)" he tells of how he went from 'learning'(學) to 'skepticism'(惑) and how skepticism made him learn in 'the six skepticisms'(六惑). In the latter years Xi Zhe(希哲) combines the "Shen Nong Ben Cao Jing(神農本草經)", the main text for herbal medicine, "Ming Tang Jing(明堂經)" of accupuncture, basic theory texts "Huang Dui Nei Jing(皇帝內經)" and "Nan Jing(難經)" with the "Shang Han Za Bing Lun", a book that the 'Gu Fang Pai' saw as opposing to the rest, and became 'an expert of five scriptures'(五經一貫). Part 3. Asada Showhaku(淺田宗伯, 1815-1894) started medicine at Zhong Cun Zhong Zong(中村中倧) and learned 'the old way'(古方) from Yoshimasu Todo and got experience through Ouan Yue(川越) and Fu Jing(福井) and received teachings in texts, history and Wang Yangmin's principles(陽明學) fmm famous teachers. Showhaku(倧伯) meets a medical official of the makufu(幕府), Ben Kang Zong Yuan(本康宗圓), and receives help from the 3 great doctors of the Edo period, Taki Motokato(多紀元堅), Xiao Dao Xue Gu(小島學古) and Xi Duo Cun Kao(喜多村栲窻) and further develops his arts. At 47 he diagnoses the general Jia Mao(家茂) with 'heart failure from beriberi'(脚氣衡心) and becomes a Zheng Shi(徵土), at 51 he cures a minister from France and received a present from Napoleon, at 65 he becomes the court physician and saves Ming Gong(明宮) Jia Ren Qn Wang(嘉仁親王, later the 大正天皇) from bodily convulsions and becomes 'the vassal of merit who saved the national polity(國體)' At the 7th year of the Meiji(明治) he becomes the 2nd owner of Wen Zhi She(溫知社) and takes part in the 'kampo continuation movement'. In his latter years he saw 14000 patients a year, so we can estimate the qualjty and quantity of his clinical skills. Showhaku(宗伯) wrote over 80 books including the "Ju Chuang Shu Ying(橘窻書影)", "Wu Wu Yao Shi Fang Han(勿誤藥室方函)", "Shang Han Biang Shu(傷寒辨術)", "Jing Qi Shen Lun(精氣神論)", "Hunag Guo Ming Yi Chuan(皇國名醫傳)" and the "Xian Jhe Yi Hua(先哲醫話)". Especially in the "Ju Chuang Shu Ying(橘窻書影) he says "the old theories are the main, and the new prescriptions are to be used"(以古法爲主, 後世方爲用), stating the 'Zhe Zhong Pai' way of thinking, In the first volume of "Shang Han Biang Shu(傷寒辨術)" and "Za Bing Lun Shi(雜病論識)", 'Zong Ping'(總評), He discerns the parts that are not Zhang Zhong Jing's writings and emphasizes his theories and practical uses.

• 사상체질의학회지
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• 제8권1호
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• pp.43-56
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• 1996

논자(論者)는 소음인(少陰人)과 소양인(少陽人)의 병증(病證)을 고찰하여 각각의 표병(表病)과 이병(裏病)의 개요(槪要)를 살펴보고, 표양음양승강(表養陰陽升降)을 중심으로 각 병증을 장부론의 전사해(前四海), 후사해(後四海), 장(臟), 부(腑) 등과 연결하여 부위별로 설정하였다. 그리고 병리적(病理的) 전변과정(轉變過程)이 상대(相對)가 되는 병증을 상호비교하여 병증의 경중(經重)을 나누고 그것을 도해(圖解)하여 병중의 이해를 돕고자 한다. 그리하여 다음과 같이 결론(結論)을 요약할 수 있다. 1. 폐(肺) 비(脾) 간(肝) 신(腎)은 두뇌(頭腦) 배여, 요척(腰脊) 방광(膀胱)과 같이 표기(表氣)를 형성하고, 위원(胃院) 장위(腸胃) 소장(小腸) 대장(大腸)은 암 억(臆) 복(腹)과 같이 표기(表氣)를 형성한다. 2. 표병(表病)은 소음인(少陰人)에게 있어서 양기(陽氣)의 진퇴강약(進退强弱)에 따른 양기(陽氣)의 승강(升降)으로 표기(表氣) 이기(裏氣)를 포괄해서 나타나고, 소양인(少陽人)에게 있어서 표기(表氣)의 음기하강(陰氣下降)으로 표기(表氣) 이기(裏氣)를 포괄해서 나타난다. 이병(裏病)은 소음인(少陰人)에게 있어서 냉기(冷氣)의 취산경중(聚散輕重)에 따른 음기(陰氣)의 하강(下降)으로 이기(裏氣)에 나타나고 소양인(少陽人)에게 있어서 대장(大腸)의 청양상승(淸陽上升)으로 이기(裏氣)에 나타난다. 3. 표병(表病)에서 살펴 보면, ◈ 소음인(少陰人)의 신양곤열(腎陽困熱), 하초혈증(下焦血證)과 소양인(少陽人)의 소양상풍(少陽傷風)은 표기(表氣)(후사해(後四海))의 병으로 방광(膀胱)에서 승양작용불이(升陽作用不利)와 배여에서 음기하강불리(陰氣下降不利)의 병리적 현상을 나타낸다. ◈ 소음인(少陰人)의 위가실(胃家室)과 소양인(少陽人)의 결흉병(結胸病) 반표기이기병(半表氣裏氣病)(전사해(前四海))로 소복(小腹)에 승양작용불리(升陽作用不利)와 억(臆)에서 음기하강불리(陰氣下降不利)의 병리적 현상을 나타낸다. ◈ 소음인(少陰人)의 망양병(亡陽病)과 소양인(少陽人)의 망음병(亡陰病)은 이기(裏氣)${\rightarrow}$표기(表氣), 표기(表氣)${\rightarrow}$이기(裏氣)으로 이기(裏氣)에서 표기(表氣)로 양기(陽氣)가 외둔(外遁)하는 것과 표기(表氣)에서 이기(裏氣)로 음기(陰氣)가 내둔(內遁)하는 병리적 현상을 나타낸다. ◈ 그외 소음인(少陰人)의 대장파한과 소양인(少陽人)의 심하결흉(心下結胸)온 표기병(表氣病)으로 이기불화(裏氣不和)한 것으로 전사해부위(前四海部位)에서 소복경만(小腹硬滿)과 심하(心下)(억(臆))결흉(結胸)의 증상이 나타난다. 4. 이병(裏病)에서 살펴 보면, ◈ 소음인(少陰人)의 이병(裏病)은 냉기(冷氣)의 취산경중(聚散經重)에 따른 이기(裏氣)의 음기하강(陰氣下降)을 나타내며 태음증(太陰證)은 위(胃)증에 온기(溫氣)는 유지하나 대장(大腸)에 냉기(冷氣)가 의취(疑聚)된 것이고, 소음병(少陰病)은 대장(大腸)의 냉기(冷氣)가 위(胃)증에 온기(溫氣)를 범(犯)하여 태음증(太陰證)에 비해 병중이 더욱 중(重)하게 되는 것이다. ◈ 소양인(少陽人)의 이기(裏氣)은 대장(大腸)의 청양상승(淸陽上升)에 따른 이기(裏氣)의 양기상승(陽氣上升)을 나타내며 두면사지(頭面四肢)에 양기(陽氣)상승으로 충족(充足)하지 못하고 울열(鬱熱)되면 화기(火氣)가 되어 모양(耗陽)하는 병중의 단계(예 : 상소(上消))와 위국(胃局)에 양기(陽氣)상승으로 충족(充足)하지 못하고 울열(鬱熱)되는 병종의 단계(예 : 중소(中消))와 대장국(大腸局)에 양기상승(陽氣上升)으로 충족(充足)하지 못하고 울열(鬱熱)되는 병중의 단계(예 : 하소(下消), 음허오열(陰虛午熱) 음수배한이구(飮水背寒而嘔)가 있다. 상소(上消)와 중소(中消)는 이양(裡陽)의 상승(上升)에 허손(虛損)이 있더라도 표음양기(表陰降氣)가 온전하므로 경(輕)하고, 음허오열(陰虛午熱) 음수배한이구(飮水背寒而嘔)는 표이음양(表裏陰陽)이 모두 허손(虛損)함으로써 하소(下消)보다 더욱 중증(重證)이 된다.

• 사상체질의학회지
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• 제11권1호
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• pp.221-240
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• 1999

1. 연구 목적 사상의학(四象醫學)에 있어서 식이요법은 체질진단, 약물치료와 아울러 정신과 육체의 균형 및 조화라는 입장에서 매우 중요하다. 하지만 학자들간의 체질음식에 대한 리견(異見)으로 인하여 혼란이 있어왔다. 따라서 중요한 식품에 대한 역사적 유래, 특성, 효능에 대한 문헌고찰을 통하여 사상체질 식이요법의 이론적 배경을 제시할 필요성이 제기된다. 백채지주(百菜之主)라 할 수 있는 아욱(葵菜)은 다른 나라와 달리 우리 나라에서만 국이나 찌개에 넣어 식용(食用)되고 있다. 이러한 아욱은 접시꽃(蜀葵), 닥풀(黃蜀葵), 해바라기(向日葵)와 같이 공통적으로 이름에 규(葵)가 들어가고 성질이 비슷하기 때문에 같이 고찰하였다. 특히 해바라기에 대한 문헌정리가 없는 학계에 해바라기 도입연대를 추정하고 규(葵)를 해바라기로 오역함에 따른 폐단을 정정하는 근거를 제시하고자 한다. 2. 연구 방법 본초서(本草書) 뿐만 아니라 농서(農書), 유서(類書), 개인문집 등을 비교 분석하였다. 3. 연구 결과 (1) 규채(葵菜)는 '아부실(阿夫實) ${\rightarrow}$ 아욱(阿郁) ${\rightarrow}$ 아옥(아혹) ${\rightarrow}$ 아욱'의 표기변천을 거치며, 동규(冬葵)를 돌아욱이라하는 까닭은 해를 넘기는(돌) 아욱이라는 뜻이다. (2) 아욱의 향일성(向日性)은 충(忠)과 지(智)를 상징하는 의미로 사용되었으며, 촉규(蜀葵) 황촉규(黃蜀葵) 향일규(向日葵)의 향일성(向日性)과 맞물려 확대 해석하기에 이르렀다. (3) 黃蜀葵(닥풀)를 一日花(일일화)로 보았으나 해바라기가 도입된 이후 황촉규(黃蜀葵)와 해바라기를 혼동하여 닥풀을 해바라기(向日花)로 잘못 인식하기도 하였다. (4) 현존하는 문헌 중 해바라기에 대한 최초기록은 "청장관전서(靑莊館全書)"(1795)이며 1700년대 초기에서 중기사이에 도입되었을 것으로 추정된다. (5) 일부 사전류의 잘못된 기록으로 인하여 규(葵)에 대한 해석의 혼란을 가져왔으나 이는 바로 잡아져야만 한다.

• 대한한방소아과학회지
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• 제32권3호
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• pp.72-89
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• 2018

Objectives The objective of this study is to investigate the application of Sifeng point (EX-UE 10) in children and to make suggestions for domestic research and clinical application by reviewing relevant randomized controlled trials. Methods Eight electronic databases including English, Chinese, Korean databases were comprehensively searched for randomized controlled trials evaluating the effects of Sifeng point in children up to May 2, 2018. We extracted the year of publication, country, target diseases or symptoms, location of Sifeng, acupuncture method; such as acupuncture tool and depth of insertion, and frequency, number, and duration of the treatment. Results Fifty studies were included for analysis. All the included studies were conducted in China, and studies were published from 1962 to 2017. The most frequent target symptom was anorexia (46%). In addition, Sifeng point was used for digestive diseases or symptoms such as diarrhea, constipation, and mesenteric lymphadenitis, as well as respiratory diseases or symptoms such as cough, cold, acute bronchiolitis, recurrent respiratory tract infections, bronchopneumonia, and asthmatic bronchitis. Also, allergic diseases such as chronic urticaria, and other variety of symptoms such as malnutrition, fever, and iron-deficiency anemia were treated with the Sifeng point. The location of Sifeng points was inconsistent, and the most common location of the Sifeng point was the midpoint of transverse creases of the proximal interphalangeal joints of the index, middle, ring and little fingers (84.2%). The most commonly used acupuncture tool was three-edged needle (40.9%). All included studies have the method of squeezing out blood or mucus from the Sifeng points. The treatment was mostly conducted once per week (35.4%), mostly repeated for 4 times (32.6%). The most common treatment duration was 4 weeks (18.6%). Conclusions We could identify acupuncture method and various indications for the Sifeng points treatment. Based on this study, there is a need for the clinical application and related researches on the Sifeng points in children in Korea. In addition, the treatment location of Sifeng point should be standardized.

• 의료법학
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• 제13권2호
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• pp.179-214
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• 2012

There are two opinions on the legal characteristics of damages for non-pecuniary loss, a private sanctions theory and complementary function of damages for non-pecuniary loss, briefly. There is a close connection between the legal characteristics and the function of damages for non-pecuniary loss. The functions of damages for non-pecuniary loss are consist of satisfaction, prevention( sanctions) and complementation. Several cases of medical injury relief reported to Korea Comsumer Agency are categorized as follows, 1) cases of death after having an operation, 2) diagnosed with disability after a medical accident, 3) extended damages happening related to delayed diagnosis, 4) et cetera(a plastic surgery, a treatment with oriental medicine), and the damages for non-pecuniary loss in respect to each cases are examined. In the case of occurring death or disability, Korea Comsumer Agency has set up guidelines for assessment of damages for non-pecuniary loss by classifying into major and collateral violation for a duty of care. Furthermore, the damages for non-pecuniary loss in the case of all sorts of cancers, are assessed in accordance with the degree of responsibility subsequent to dividing cancer into good and poor prognosis. When it comes to a complementary function of damages for non-pecuniary loss in the actual work, it is hard to assess the damages as it is difficult to objectify non-pecuniary loss, such as emotional distress. Though compensation for damages is major legal characteristics of consolation money, preventing a damage(private sanctions) through consolation for a victim or sanctions against an assailant also has great significance. Therefore, it is necessary to approach flexibly for mutual agreement by considering specialty( concrete facts) of individual issue thoroughly. If considering this aging society that limits the possible age for work to 60 years old, it is needed to have a complementary function of consolation money in mind not to make it less meaningful for victims due to small sum of consolation money.

• 대한예방한의학회지
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• 제7권1호
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• pp.123-132
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• 2003

It is considered to be important to create aesthetically beautiful style through the change of external shape, however for the hair stylists, whose beauty expression is through hair, the role of hair doctor is becoming even more important with focus to improve the hair healthiness. Hair clinic is management of hair and scalp. It is the management process of preventing damages, while improving and cultivating healthy and shiny hair. The current concept in hair management is moving from simple hair styling to emphasis at hair management. As far as hair management is concerned, it usually includes treatment tools such as shampoo, conditioner, hair treatment and scalp scaling system, which is used for diagnosis of hair condition in order to treat the scalp. As the interest of hair healthiness becoming more wide spread, so does the breadth of clinic menu. The wide choice is to fulfill the profound desire of people, whose demands are simply to have variety in their choice. This is resulting in faucets of new value-added and differentiated products. The values that make-up the hair styles consist of mainly design (trend, preference), function(styling, management convenience) and clinic(hair quality improvement, damage repair). Shampoo and conditioner have gone beyond their original function of cleansing to providing combinational functions of treatment, to care and remedy, and advanced massage effectiveness. These are, to name a few that seem to go beyond their original function to satisfy the mental healthiness in people, the King Kong shampoo of shampooings in forward-backward manner, 5-minute shampoo massage that applies sports and relaxation massage, scalp acupunctural message and aural(ear) massage. More and more people are complaining about the damaged hair and hair loss problems due to perms, dyeing and bleaching of hair, in addition to natural scalp and hair damaging factors. Such complaints have stimulated many beauty products and various hair treatment systems being introduced with focus to provide nutrition and prevent damages to scalp and hair. As the living standards improve and the desire of people is to pursue differentiated lives, their demand also increases in hair styling products to fulfill the needs of healthy and aesthetical aspects of their lives.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• 제17권1호
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• pp.47-56
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• 2009

Schizandra chinensis (S. chinensis) exhibits a harmless, 'adaptogen-type' effect leading to improvements in mental performance and learning efficacy in brain. Activated microglia contributes to neuronal injury by releasing neurotoxic products, which make it important to regulate microglial activation to prevent further cytological as well as functional brain damage. However, the effect of S. chinensis on microglial activation has not been examined yet. We have investigated the effects of four compounds (Gomisin A, Gomisin N, Schizandrin and Schizandrol A) from S. chinensis on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced microglial activation. In this study, BV2 microglial cells were activated with LPS and the microglial activation was assessed by up-regulation of activation markers such as nitric oxide (NO), reactive oxygen species (ROS), and matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9). The results showed that all four compounds significantly reduced the intracellular level of ROS, the release of NO and MMP-9 as well as LPS-induced phosphorylation of ERK1/2. These results strongly suggested that S. chinensis may be useful to modulate inflammation-mediated brain damage by regulating microglial activation.

• Archives of Plastic Surgery
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• 제34권1호
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• pp.93-98
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• 2007

Purpose: Many options are available for the incision and pocket selection in breast augmentation. Each method has its advantages and disadvantages. To leave an invisible operation scar and to achieve easier pocket dissection by the central location of the incision on the breast, we made a transareolar-perinipple incision. To overcome the disadvantages of the transareolar incision, originally advocated by Pitanguy in 1973, we modified the direction of incision line and dissection plane. Methods: To avoid the injury of 4th intercostal nerve responsible for nipple sensation, we made perinipple incision on the medial side of the nipple instead of trans-nipple incision and made the transareolar incision as 11-5 o'clock on the left side and 1-7 o'clock on the right side instead of 3-9 o'clock on both sides. To avoid the possible infection and breast feeding problem caused by the injury to the lactiferous duct, and the possible implant hernia caused by the incisions lying on a same plane of pocket dissection, we made a subcutaneous dissection just above the breast tissue medially down to the bottom of breast tissue and made a subglandular or subfascial pocket, which may avoid the injury of lactiferous duct and create different planes for skin incision and pocket dissection. Other advantages of the transareolar-perinipple incision include easier pocket dissection, less chance of hematoma, and as a result less postoperative pain because of the central location of the approach which allow finger dissection and meticulous bleeding control with direct vision, without any specialized instrument such as an endoscope or long mammary dissectors. As for pocket selection, we made dual pockets. We prefer subglandular or subfascial pocket. Also, we made a subpectoral pocket in the upper 1/4 of the pocket to add more volume on the upper part of the augmented breast, which can make aesthetically more desirable breasts in thin Asian women with small breasts. Possible disadvantages of our method are subclinical infection and scar widening, which could be overcome by meticulous operation techniques, antibiotic therapy, and intradermal tattooing. Results: From September, 2003 to August, 2005, 12 patients underwent breast augmentation using round smooth surface saline implants by our method. During the mean follow-up period of 13 months, there were no complications such as infection, hematoma, capsular contracture, and sensory change of nipple, and results were satisfactory. Conclusion: We suggest breast augmentation via transareolar-perinipple incision and dual pockets(subpectoral-subglandular or subfascial) as a valuable method in thin oriental women with small breasts.