• 식품과학과 산업
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• 제45권3호
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• pp.15-22
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• 2012

• BMB Reports
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• 제55권5호
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• pp.213-219
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• 2022

The blood-brain barrier (BBB) is an interface between cerebral blood and the brain parenchyma. As a gate keeper, BBB regulates passage of nutrients and exogeneous compounds. Owing to this highly selective barrier, many drugs targeting brain diseases are not likely to pass through the BBB. Thus, a large amount of time and cost have been paid for the development of BBB targeted therapeutics. However, many drugs validated in in vitro models and animal models have failed in clinical trials primarily due to the lack of an appropriate BBB model. Human BBB has a unique cellular architecture. Different physiologies between human and animal BBB hinder the prediction of drug responses. Therefore, a more physiologically relevant alternative BBB model needs to be developed. In this review, we summarize major features of human BBB and current BBB models and describe organ-on-chip models for BBB modeling and their applications in neurological complications.

• 전자통신동향분석
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• 제38권1호
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• pp.46-54
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• 2023

The announcement of the US Environmental Protection Agency that it will stop conducting or funding experimental studies on mammals by 2035 should prioritize ongoing efforts to develop and use alternative toxicity screening methods to animal testing. Toxicity screening is likely to be further developed considering the combination of human-induced pluripotent-stem-cell-derived organ-on-a-chip and multielectrode array (MEA) technologies. We briefly review the current status of MEA technology and MEA-based neuropharmacological drug screening using various cellular model systems. Highlighting the coronavirus disease pandemic, we shortly comment on the importance of early prediction of toxicity by applying artificial intelligence to the development of rapid screening methods.

• International Journal of Stem Cells
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• 제17권1호
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• pp.30-37
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• 2024

The lung is a complex organ comprising a branched airway that connects the large airway and millions of terminal gas-exchange units. Traditional pulmonary biomedical research by using cell line model system have limitations such as lack of cellular heterogeneity, animal models also have limitations including ethical concern, race-to-race variations, and physiological differences found in vivo. Organoids and on-a-chip models offer viable solutions for these issues. Organoids are three-dimensional, self-organized construct composed of numerous cells derived from stem cells cultured with growth factors required for the maintenance of stem cells. On-a-chip models are biomimetic microsystems which are able to customize to use microfluidic systems to simulate blood flow in blood channels or vacuum to simulate human breathing. This review summarizes the key components and previous biomedical studies conducted on lung organoids and lung-on-a-chip models, and introduces potential future applications. Considering the importance and benefits of these model systems, we believe that the system will offer better platform to biomedical researchers on pulmonary diseases, such as emerging viral infection, progressive fibrotic pulmonary diseases, or primary or metastatic lung cancer.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• 제24권6호
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• pp.441-452
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• 2020

In vivo animal models are limited in their ability to mimic the extremely complex systems of the human body, and there is increasing disquiet about the ethics of animal research. Many authorities in different geographical areas are considering implementing a ban on animal testing, including testing for cosmetics and pharmaceuticals. Therefore, there is a need for research into systems that can replicate the responses of laboratory animals and simulate environments similar to the human body in a laboratory. An in vitro two-dimensional cell culture model is widely used, because such a system is relatively inexpensive, easy to implement, and can gather considerable amounts of reference data. However, these models lack a real physiological extracellular environment. Recent advances in stem cell biology, tissue engineering, and microfabrication techniques have facilitated the development of various 3D cell culture models. These include multicellular spheroids, organoids, and organs-on-chips, each of which has its own advantages and limitations. Organoids are organ-specific cell clusters created by aggregating cells derived from pluripotent, adult, and cancer stem cells. Patient-derived organoids can be used as models of human disease in a culture dish. Biomimetic organ chips are models that replicate the physiological and mechanical functions of human organs. Many organoids and organ-on-a-chips have been developed for drug screening and testing, so competition for patents between countries is also intensifying. We analyzed the scientific and technological trends underlying these cutting-edge models, which are developed for use as non-animal models for testing safety and efficacy at the nonclinical stages of drug development.

• 생명과학회지
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• 제34권5호
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• pp.339-355
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• 2024

폐는 생리학적 기능과 해부 조직학적 구조 측면을 통합적으로 고려하여 분석해야만 하는 매우 복잡한 조직이기 때문에 폐질환의 병리학적 연구와 흡입독성 평가에 현재까지 주로 동물모델을 사용하고 있다. 그러나 실험동물 윤리와 동물복지를 이유로 점차적으로 실험동물 수를 줄이자는 전세계적인 움직임에 맞춰 생체 외 동물실험 대체법들이 집중적으로 개발되고 있다. 특히 경제협력개발기구(OECD)와 미국 환경보호청(USEPA)은 2030년대 이후, 동물실험을 금지하기로 잠정적으로 합의함에 따라 의생명공학과 제약 분야에서 생체 외 흡입 독성 및 폐질환 모델들을 확립하고 개발된 모델을 이용한 평가 법들의 표준화 연구가 활발하다. 그 모델 중에 예를 들어, 생체칩(organ-on-a-chip, OoC) 및 오가노이드(organoid) 모델은 3차원 바이오 프린터, 미세 유체 시스템, 인공지능(artificial intelligent) 기술들과 접목되어 연구되고 있다. 이러한 생체 장기를 모방한 복합 장기 생체 외 모델링 시스템은 개체 차이를 가지는 생체 내 동물 실험에 비해 복잡한 생물학적 환경을 보다 정확하게 모방할 수 있을 것으로 기대되고 있으나 생체 모방성, 재현성, 민감성, 기반 데이터베이스의 부족 등 아직은 여러 한계점도 가지고 있다. 따라서 본 리뷰 논문에서는 만능성 줄기 세포 또는 암세포를 이용한 폐포, 폐 공기액 인터페이스(air-liquid interface, ALI) 시스템, 트랜스웰 멤브레인(transwell membrane)을 포함하여 폐 OoC 및 오가노이드의 최근 생체 외 폐 시스템 연구결과들과 AI와 접목된 인실리코(in silico) 폐 모델링에 대한 결과들의 현황을 살펴보고자 한다.

• 동의생리병리학회지
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• 제19권6호
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• pp.1475-1482
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• 2005

It is over 100 years after Lee Je Ma has proposed concept of the Sasang constitutional medicine in his book DongEuiSooSeBoWon in 1894. As well known, this concept describes four constitution of Taeyang, Taeum, Soyang, and Soeum which are deals with physical body status and shape, desease and symptoms, personal characters, and organ function. In these days there are growing needs to elucidate this Sasang concept by the scientific manner, especially by biological tools. However there are no genes revealed related to the Sasang and moreover it is not easy to give a biological evidence for the Sasang constitution. Here are some considerations about the brief history of biological research on the Sasang constitution, and some prospectives of how to do to find genes of Sasang, and which to be done for what is about Sasang.

• 한국동물생명공학회지
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• 제39권1호
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• pp.2-11
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• 2024

Background: The small intestine plays a crucial role in animals in maintaining homeostasis as well as a series of physiological events such as nutrient uptake and immune function to improve productivity. Research on intestinal organoids has recently garnered interest, aiming to study various functions of the intestinal epithelium as a potential alternative to an in vivo system. These technologies have created new possibilities and opportunities for substituting animals for testing with an in vitro model. Methods: Here, we report the establishment and characterisation of intestinal organoids derived from jejunum tissues of adult pigs. Intestinal crypts, including intestinal stem cells from the jejunum tissue of adult pigs (10 months old), were sequentially isolated and cultivated over several passages without losing their proliferation and differentiation using the scaffold-based and three-dimensional method, which indicated the recapitulating capacity. Results: Porcine jejunum-derived intestinal organoids showed the specific expression of several genes related to intestinal stem cells and the epithelium. Furthermore, they showed high permeability when exposed to FITC-dextran 4 kDa, representing a barrier function similar to that of in vivo tissues. Collectively, these results demonstrate the efficient cultivation and characteristics of porcine jejunum-derived intestinal organoids. Conclusions: In this study, using a 3D culture system, we successfully established porcine jejunum-derived intestinal organoids. They show potential for various applications, such as for nutrient absorption as an in vitro model of the intestinal epithelium fused with organ-on-a-chip technology to improve productivity in animal biotechnology in future studies.