• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Applied Pharmacology
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• 2008.04a
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• pp.5-20
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• 2008

GLP-1-based drugs (GLP-1 analogues and DPP IV inhibitors) and incretin mimetics are currently one of the most exciting classes of agents for type II diabetes. GLP-1, a gut peptide, is an incretin that potentiates glucose-dependent insulin release from the pancreas, slows GI-transit and stimulates the proliferation of beta-cells. DPP IV inhibitors act like incretins by inhibiting DPP IV which inactivates GLP-1. LC15-0133 is a competitive, reversible DPP IV inhibitor ($IC_{50}$ = 24 nM, Ki=0.247 nM) with excellent selectivity over other critical human proteases such as DPP II, DPP 8, elastase, trypsin. and urokinase. LC15-0133 showed long half-life and good bioavailability in rats and dogs. Inhibition of plasma DPP IV activity by LC15-0133 was kept more than 50% 24 hours after oral dosing in rats and dogs at 0.1 mg/kg and 0.02 mg/kg, respectively. The Minimum effective doses of LC15-0133 were 0.01 mg/kg for lowering blood glucose excursion during oral glucose tolerance test and 0.1 mg/kg for increasing glucose-induced GLP-1 response in C57BL/6 mice. Repeat oral administration of LC15-0133 for 1 month delayed the progression to diabetes and reduced HbA1c levels in a dose-dependent manner in Zucker Diabetic Fatty rats. In conclusion, LC15-0133 is a novel, potent, selective and orally active DPP IV inhibitor and showed an excellent blood glucose lowering effects in various animal models.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.30 no.5
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• pp.700-711
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• 2017

Objective: The current study aimed to investigate the impact of high-fat diets composed of different animal and vegetable fat sources on serum metabolic health markers in Japanese quail, as well as the overall lipid content and fatty acid profiles of the edible bird tissues following significantly increased dietary lipid supplementation. Methods: Fifty seven male quail were divided into six groups and fed either a standard diet or a diet enriched with one of five different fats (22% coconut oil, lard, palm oil, soybean oil, or sunflower oil) for 12 weeks. The birds were subjected to an oral glucose tolerance test following the feeding period, after which they were euthanized and blood, liver, breast, and thigh muscle samples collected. Total fat content and fatty acid profiles of the tissue samples, as well as serum uric acid, triglyceride, cholesterol, total protein, albumin, aspartate transaminase, and total bilirubin concentrations were assessed. Results: High-fat diet feeding had no significant effects on the glucose tolerance of the birds. Dietary fatty acid profiles of the added fats were reflected in the lipid profiles of both the liver and breast and thigh muscle tissues, indicating successful transfer of dietary fatty acids to the edible bird tissues. The significantly increased level of lipid inclusion in the diets of the quail used in the present study was unsuccessful in increasing the overall lipid content of the edible bird tissues. Serum metabolic health markers in birds on the high-fat diets were not significantly different from those observed in birds on the standard diet. Conclusion: Thus, despite the various high-fat diets modifying the fatty acid profile of the birds' tissues, unlike in most mammals, the birds maintained a normal health status following consumption of the various high-fat diets.

• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
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• v.31 no.1
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• pp.47-54
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• 2005

To evaluate the hypoglycemic effect of propolis, streptozotocin (STZ) induced diabetic rats were divided into 4 groups such as, diabetic control group, low dose of propolis (0.1 ml) group, medium dose of propolis (0.3 ml) group and high dose of propolis (0.9 ml) group and feeded with propolis extracts for 30 days. After experiment, oral glucose tolerance test (Oral GTT) was carried, and 16 hours fasting blood sugar levels, body weights, blood lipid levels were measured. Finally, pancreatic histopathological study was performed. In conclusion, the propolis is effective to the treatment diabetes due to the reduction of the blood sugar level and the regeneration of the damaged $\beta$-cells shown in streptozotocininduced diabetic rats.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.47 no.5
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• pp.313-320
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• 2014

Purpose: In this study, we investigated the effects of jaceosidin on blood glucose regulation in type 1 diabetic mice. Methods: C57BL/6 mice were divided into four groups; normal control (Normal), diabetes control (D-Control), diabetes low-jaceosidin (D-0.005%), and diabetes high-jaceosidin (D-0.02%). Type 1 diabetes was induced by streptozotocin and mice were then fed a diet containing jaceosidin for eight weeks. Fasting blood glucose, oral glucose tolerance test, insulin tolerance test, lipid peroxidation, and antioxidant enzyme activities were assessed. Results: Jaceosidin supplementation for eight weeks had no effect on body weight, organ weight, and blood lipid profiles. However, jaceosidin supplementation significantly lowered fasting blood glucose level and reduced insulin resistance. We also found that jaceosidin supplementation increased antioxidant capacity by enhancement of catalase and GSH-px activities. Conclusion: These results suggest that jaceosidin could be a therapeutic candidate to ameliorate hyperglycemia through increase of antioxidant enzyme activity.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.41 no.6
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• pp.759-765
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• 2012

This study was performed to investigate improvements in diabetes mellitus by extracts of yacon in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats. Fifty rats were divided into a normal group and four experimental groups. STZ (45 mg/kg) was injected intraperitoneally to induce type I diabetes in the four experimental groups. Yacon extracts were administered for 5 weeks. Forty-five ICR mice were also divided into one positive control group and four experimental groups for the oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) after fed yacon extract. The control group did not eat any yacon extracts, while Group 1 (GI) was fed 125 mg/kg of yacon extracts, Group 2 (GII) was fed 250 mg/kg of yacon extracts, and Group 3 (GIII) was fed 500 mg/kg of yacon extracts. After treatment for 5 weeks, blood glucose in GIII group showed decreased tendency at the 5 week. In OGTT by glucose, the glucose level of yacon treatment group in diabetic rats was significantly decreased compared to the glucose level of the control group, but there was no difference in OGTT by maltose. In ICR mice, the glucose level of the experimental group in OGTT by maltose was significantly decreased compared to the control group. The area of the islets of Langerhans was increased by yacon treatment in a dose-dependent manner on diabetic rats. Insulin concentration of the GIII group was also decreased compared to the control group, while the concentration of fructosamine, total cholesterol, and triglycerides in serum showed no difference. OGTT by glucose or maltose in ICR mice or diabetic rats, area of the Islets of Langerhans, and insulin concentration improved. Yacon treatment may be a useful therapeutic and preventive strategy for diabetes mellitus.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.40 no.5
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• pp.682-688
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• 2011

The purpose of this study was to measure the blood glucose level and glycemic index (GI) in response to persimmon (Diospyros kaki Thunb) syrup extracted from persimmon and extract of persimmon by-products. Major component analyses of persimmon syrup I (PSI, 95:5 mixture of purified persimmon syrup and non-purified persimmon syrup) and persimmon syrup II (PSII, 50:50 mixture ratio of purified persimmon syrup and non-purified persimmon syrup) were $0.3{\pm}0.1$ and $0.6{\pm}0.2$ mg/g for total polyphenolic compounds and $70.6{\pm}0.6$ and $66.6{\pm}1.6%$ for total carbohydrates, respectively. Blood glucose responses of PSI and PSII were determined using both normal ICR mice and streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic male Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats. Further, oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) was performed on diabetic rats to assess the effects of the experimental diets. Blood glucose response and OGTT showed that blood glucose levels were significantly lower in mice and diabetic rats fed PSI and PSII compared to those fed diets of sugar, maple syrup, or honey. The GIs of healthy volunteers in response to PSI and PSII were calculated to be 51.9 and 35.7, respectively. On the contrary, the GIs of healthy volunteers fed diets including sugar, maple syrup, or honey were 52.6, 20.0, and 93.0, respectively. These results suggest that persimmon syrup can be used for both the treatment of diabetics and healthy people due to its beneficial effects on blood glucose level.

• Advances in Traditional Medicine
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• v.8 no.3
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• pp.279-285
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• 2008

Diospyros peregrina Gurke. (Ebenaceae) is a small middle sized tree grows luxuriantly in the plains of costal West Bengal, India. The objective of the study was to explore the antidiabetic activity of methanol extract of matured fruits of Diospyros peregrina to substantiate the folklore claim of traditional practitioners. It was also aimed to establish correlation with reduction of oxidative state associated with diabetes. Methanol extract of matured fruits of Diospyros peregrina was administered orally at doses of 150 and 300 mg/kg body weight for 12 consecutive days to normal and streptozotocin induced diabetic rats. Fasting blood glucose level was estimated in both normal and diabetic rats while serum lipid profiles, liver glycogen level and pancreatic thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) were evaluated for diabetic rats. Initial and final changes in body weight were also recorded. Oral glucose tolerance test was performed during the course of study. Experimental findings showed significant antidiabetic potential of extract in term of reduction of fasting blood glucose level of both normal and diabetic rats. It was found that extract at the dose of 300 mg/kg body weight is more effective and percentage reduction (55.64) of elevated blood glucose level is comparable to that of standard drug glibenclamide (60.60) at a dose of 10 mg/kg body weight. Observed data found statistically significant in reduction of serum lipid and pancreatic TBARS levels whilst improvement was observed in liver glycogen level and body weight profiles in extract treated diabetic rats.

• Advances in Traditional Medicine
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• v.3 no.4
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• pp.196-204
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• 2003

Aqueous extract of Enicostemma littorale is reported to have antidiabetic activity. In the present investigation, we studied the effect of aqueous extract of E. littorale and its different fractions i.e., toluene, chloroform, ethyl acetate, n-butanol fractions and remaining residual fraction in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced neonatal type 2 diabetic rats. Fasting glucose and insulin levels in NIDDM were significantly (P<0.05) higher than control rats and they were significantly decreased by treatment with aqueous extract of E. littorale and its n-butanol and ethyl acetate fractions. Results of oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) showed that aqueous extract and its n-butanol and ethyl acetate fractions significantly (P<0.05) decrease both $AUC_{glucose}$ and $AUC_{insulin}$ values in NIDDM treated groups. Insulin sensitivity $(K_{ITT})$ index of NIDDM control was significantly lower as compared to normal control and this was significantly (P<0.05) increased after treatment with aqueous extract, its n-butanol and ethyl acetate fractions. Treatment with aqueous extract of E. littorale and its n-butanol and ethyl acetate fractions lowered the elevated cholesterol and triglyceride levels observed in NIDDM rats. Treatment with aqueous extract of E. littorale and its n-butanol fraction showed significant decrease in creatinine, urea, SGPT and SGOT levels as compared to NIDDM control rats. However ethyl acetate fraction showed significant changes only in creatinine and SGOT levels, and not in the levels of urea, and SGPT as compared to NIDDM control rats. Treatment with toluene, chloroform and residual fractions of E. littorale did not produce any effect on glucose, insulin, triglyceride, cholesterol, creatinine, urea, SGPT or SGOT levels as compared to NIDDM control rats. Our data suggest that n-butanol and ethyl acetate fractions contain the active compounds which may be responsible for the above activity and associated complications in NIDDM diabetes mellitus.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.34 no.2
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• pp.104-112
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• 2010

Fermented red ginseng (FRG) was prepared by inoculating 0.1% Lactobacillus fermentum NUC-C1 and fermenting them at $40^{\circ}C$ for 12 hours. The ginsenoside contents of FRG were increased compared with those of red ginseng (RG). Moreover, the levels of the ginsenosides Rg2, Rg3, and Rh2 in FRG increased significantly. In an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT), blood glucose levels were lower in animals fed with RG and FRG extracts than in normal controls. In particular, FRG extracts in OGTT were superior to RG extracts. The antidiabetic effects of FRG in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats were investigated. Rats were divided into four groups: normal control, diabetes mellitus (DM), FRG administered at 100 mg/kg, and FRG administered at 200 mg/kg groups. FRG extracts were orally administered to each treatment group for 3 weeks, and blood glucose, insulin, and lipid levels of each group were determined. Orally administered FRG extracts significantly reduced blood glucose levels and increased plasma insulin levels in diabetic rats. Additionally, the activities of disaccharidases, including sucrase, lactase, and maltase, were decreased significantly in the FRG groups. FRG groups also had reduced triglyceride and total cholesterol levels, compared with the DM group. These results suggest that FRG may have antidiabetic effects in STZ-induced diabetic rats.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.52 no.1
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• pp.81-88
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• 2020

The biological activities of Platycodon grandiflorum (PG) root extracts have been studied intensively, whereas there are limited number of studies on PG seed extract (PGSE). PGSE was prepared by ethanol extraction, and its antidiabetic effect was evaluated in mice with type 2 diabetes (C57BLKS/J-db/db). Results indicated that the administration of high-dose PGSE (600 mg/kg, wb) significantly stabilized the blood glucose levels, as evidenced by the results of the oral glucose tolerance test. Mice treated with high-dose PGSE exhibited significantly lower serum hemoglobin A1c, insulin, and leptin levels after eight weeks of feeding trial (p<0.05). High-dose PGSE administration significantly improved glucose uptake in the femoral muscle of db/db mice by activating both IRS-1/PI3K/AKT/AS160 and AMPK phosphorylation pathways. GLUT4 translocation from the cytosol to the plasma membrane increased 1.7-fold in the PGSE high-dose group. These results suggest that PGSE has potential for development as an antidiabetic agent.