• 수산해양교육연구
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• 제26권4호
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• pp.868-876
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• 2014

This study was conducted to estimate the optimum dietary protein to energy (P/E) ratio in juvenile river puffer. Nine experimental diets were formulated with three energy levels and three protein levels at each energy levels. Three energy levels of 3000, 3750 and 4500 kcal diets were included at 45, 50 and 55% crude protein (CP) levels, respectively (45P3000, 45P3750, 45P4500, 50P3000, 50P3750, 50P4500, 55P3000, 55P3750 and 55P4500). Fish averaging $3.43{\pm}0.02$ g randomly were fed the experimental diets in triplicate groups for 8 weeks. Weight gain of fish fed the 50P4500 diet were significantly higher than that of fish fed the 45P3000, 45P3750, 45P4500, 50P3000 and 50P3750 diets (P<0.05), but there was not significantly different from that of fish fed the 50P4500, 55P3750 and 55P4500 diets. Feed efficiency of fish fed the 50P4500 diet were significantly higher than that of fish fed the 45P3000, 45P3750, 45P4500, 50P3000 and 50P3750 diets (P<0.05), but there was not significantly different from that of fish fed the 50P4500, 55P3000, 55P3750 and 55P4500 diets. Protein efficiency ratio of fish fed the 45P3000 and 45P3750 diets was higher than that of fish fed 50P4500 and 55P4500, but there was not significantly different from that of fish fed the 45P3000, 45P3750, 45P4500, 50P3000, 50P3750, 55P3000 and 55P3750 diets. Based on weight gain, feed efficiency and specific growth rate, diets containing energy levels 4500 kcal/kg diet had an optimum P/E ratio of approximately 111 mg protein/kcal (50% crude protein) in juvenile river puffer.

• 한국수산과학회지
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• 제48권3호
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• pp.308-313
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• 2015

A $3{\times}3$ factorial study was conducted to investigate the effects of dietary protein and lipid levels on the growth, feed utilization and innate immunity of red seabream Pagrus major. Nine diets consisting of three protein levels (42%, 46% and 50% crude protein) and three lipid levels (10%, 14% and 18% crude lipid) were formulated. Triplicate groups of red seabream were fed the experimental diets to apparent satiation (5-6 times a day, from 08:00 to 18:00 h at 2-h intervals) for 10 weeks. At the end of the feeding trial, the weight gain and specific growth rate of fish fed P46L14 (46% protein and 14% lipid), P50L10 (50% protein and 10% lipid) and P50L14 (50% protein and 14% lipid) were significantly (P<0.05) higher than those of fish fed P42L18 (42% protein and 18% lipid). The feed conversion ratios (FCR) of the fish were affected by dietary lipid levels (P<0.039), but not dietary protein levels. The FCR tended to increase with increasing dietary lipid levels from 10% to 18% with the 46% and 50% protein levels. The weight gain, protein efficiency ratio, specific growth rate, feed intake and survival of fish were not affected by either dietary protein or lipid levels. Myeloperoxidase activity in the group fed P50L14 (50% protein and 14% lipid) was significantly higher than that in the group fed P42L10 (42% protein and 10% lipid) or P50L18 (50% protein and 18% lipid). However, the myeloperoxidase activity of fish was not affected by either dietary protein or lipid level. The fish fed P46L14 (46% protein and 14% lipid) and P46L18 (46% protein and 18% lipid) showed significantly higher superoxide dismutase activity than did the fish fed P46L10 (46% protein and 10% lipid), P50L10 (50% protein and 10% lipid) of P50L18 (50% protein and 18% lipid). In conclusion, the optimum protein and lipid levels for the growth and feed utilization of juvenile red seabream were 46% and 14%, respectively, and the optimum dietary protein to energy ratio was 27.4 g/MJ.

• 한국작물학회지
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• 제39권4호
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• pp.373-381
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• 1994

호밀을 답리작으로 재배시 수량, 일반사료성분과 에너지 함량 및 수량을 질소시비량 및 예취시기에 따른 반응을 요약하면 다음과 같다. 1. 호밀은 질소시비량이 30kg/10a까지 많을수록 청예 및 건물수량이 증가하고 건물률은 감소하였으며 식물체의 엽신과 엽초의 비율은 증가하는 반면 줄기와 이삭의 비율은 감소하였다. 2. 호밀은 질소시비량이 많을수록 단백질, 총가소화양분(TDN), 무기물 및 에너지 함량과 수량이 모두 증가하였으며 ADF(acid detergent fiber) 와 NDF(neutral detergent fiber)의 함량은 감소하고 상대적사료가치가 높아졌다. 3. 질소시비량이 많아지면 예취시기가 늦더라도 전체 조단백질 함량 중에서 가급태 단백질이 차지하는 비율이 크게 낮아지지 않았다. 4. 호밀의 수확적기는 관행사료가치의 관점에서 는 대체로 유숙기 무렵으로 판단되었으나 사료의 에너지 관점에서는 이와 다소 차이가 있었다. 증체에너지(NEG)와 유지에너지(NEM) 면에서 본 수확적기는 개화후기에 높고 관행사료가치보다 10일정도 빨랐으며 에너지추정값(ENE)과 필유에너지(NEL)는 유숙기 무렵으로 같았다.

• 한국수소및신에너지학회논문집
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• 제29권5호
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• pp.427-433
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• 2018

This study was performed to evaluate initial pH and substrate concentration on hydrogen fermentation of protein. The optimum initial pH and substrate concentration of hydrogen fermentation using protein was 8.0 and 1.0 g peptone/L, respectively. The maximum hydrogen yield at initial pH 8.0 and 1.0 g peptone/L was $19.2{\pm}0.8mL\;H_2/g$ peptone. As results of VFAs analysis, percentages of valerate was similar to hydrogen yield. Also, C. stickalandii, which was hydrogen and valerate producing bacteria, was dominated.

• 한국양식학회지
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• 제18권3호
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• pp.135-141
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• 2005

본 실험은 치어기 Japanese eel (A. japonica)의 에너지 수준에 대한 사료내 적정 단백질 비를 평가하기 위하여 갈색어분(Brownfish meal)과 혈분(Blood meal)을 사용하여 조단백질 함량은 에너지에 대해 각각 45%와 50%,그리고 총에너지 함량은 각각 3800, 4150, 4500 kcal/kg의 반정제사료(semipurified)를 제조하여 16주간 사육실험을 실시하였다. 본 연구는 사료내 에너지 수준에 따라 단백질 함량을 달리 조절하여 사육실험을 실시하여 에너지 수준에 따른 적정 단백질 함량을 규명하는데, %증체율(WG), 일간성장률(SGR) 등의 성장평가와 사료효율(FE), 단백질효율(PER) 등의 사료영양학적 평가 및 혈액성상학적 평가와 연관해서 수행하였으며 실험 종료 후 어체내 일반성분 및 혈청 내 생화학적 조성을 비교 조사하였다. WG과 SCR에 있어서 $_{100}P_{45}$실험구가 다른 실험구들에 비해서 유의적으로 높게 나타났다(P<0.05). FE에 있어서 $_{100}P_{45}$실험구가 $_{100}P_{45}$ 실험구를 제외한 다른 실험구들에 비해서 유의하게 높은 것으로 나타났으며(P<0.05), SGR 역시 $_{100}P_{45}$ 실험구가 다른 실험구들에 비하여 유의적으로 높게 나타는데 $_{100}P_{45}$ 실험구와는 유의적인 차이가 없었으며, 이들을 제외한 나머지 실험구들간에 있어서 유의한 차이는 나타나지 않았다(P<0.05). 따라서, 본 결과를 통하여 치어기 Japanese eel (A. japonica)에 있어서 사료내 단백질 함량 45%, 에너지 4500 kcal/g가 최적의 성장을 나타낼 것으로 예측되며, 이때 단백질과 에너지 비율(P/E ratio)은 100mg protein/kcal가 적합한 것으로 판단된다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제21권2호
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• pp.232-236
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• 2008

This experiment was performed to investigate the effects of two energy levels and four lysine:digestible energy (DE) ratios on the apparent digestibility of nutrients in finishing pigs. The experiment was conducted using a $2{\times}4$ randomized complete block (RCB) design with three replicates. Twenty-four cross-bred finishing barrows ((Landrace${\times}$Yorkshire)${\times}$Duroc) with an average body weight of $64.2{\pm}0.69kg$ were assigned to one of eight treatments. Each barrow was placed in an individual metabolism crate and dietary treatment and water was provided ad libitum. Diets were designed to contain lysine:ME ratios of 1.5, 1.8, 2.1 and 2.4 g/Mcal at 3.35 and 3.6 Mcal/kg of diet in a $4{\times}2$ factorial arrangement. Dry matter (DM), ash, Ca and P digestibility were not affected by energy density or lysine:DE ratios. Crude fat digestibility increased as the energy density increased from 3.35 to 3.6 Mcal of DE/kg. Increasing the lysine:DE ratio also increased crude protein digestibility. There were no interactions between energy density and lysine:DE ratio in terms of nutrient digestibility. Nitrogen excretion via feces was not affected by energy density and lysine:DE ratio, while nitrogen excretion via urine was significantly affected by energy density and lysine:DE ratio. The apparent digestibility of all amino acids except for isoluecine, arginine and aspartic acid as well as average values of essential amino (EAA), non-essential amino acids (NEAA) and total amino acid digestibility (p>0.05) were not affected by energy density. The apparent digestibility of all amino acids except for leucine, proline, alanine and tyrosine, NEAA and total amino acid digestibility were significantly affected by lysine: DE ratio (p<0.05). Interactive effects of energy and lysine:DE ratio also significantly affected amino acid digestibility except for isoleucine, alanine, cystine, leucine, phenylalanine, glutamine and proline (p<0.05). In conclusion, these results suggest that maintaining the appropriate lysine:DE ratio becomes more important as the energy density of the diet increases. Consequently, increasing the lysine:DE ratio can result in increased crude protein digestibility and urinary nitrogen excretion, although apparent protein digestibility and nitrogen excretion were not affected by energy density Furthermore, increasing the lysine:DE ratio also increased the apparent digestibility of essential amino acids, except for leucine, regardless of energy density. The optimum lysine:DE ratio for maximum essential amino acid digestibility of the $64.2{\pm}0.69kg$ pig is approximately 2.4 g of lysine/Mcal of DE.

• 한국양식학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국양식학회 2003년도 추계학술발표대회 논문요약집
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• pp.17-18
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• 2003

Although flounder is one of the most important marine fish for aquaculture in Korea, feeding the flounder in commercial farms depends mainly on moist pellet in which over 70% frozen fishes (e.g. frozen horse mackerel) are incorporated in its formulation. Therefore, for further expansion of flounder farming, it is essential to employ practical formulated feeds that can support reasonable growth. Development of nutritionally balanced and cost-effective feeds is dependant on the information about nutritional requirement and feed utilization of the species. Nutrient and energy source in feed are needed for the growth and maintenance of fish. Protein is probably the most important nutrient affecting fish growth and feed cost. Therefore, it is essential to determine the optimum dietary protein level for the growth of fish, both its high proportion in the feed and because it is the main factor in determining feed cost. Dietary energy level is also critical because protein source in the feed is utilized as an energy source when the feed deficient in energy is fed to fish, whereas when the feed excess in energy is fed to fish, feed consumption decreased and resulted in growth reduction due to lack of other necessary nutrients for normal growth. Improper dietary protein, energy levels and/or their ratio will lead to an increase of fish production cost and deterioration of water quality resulting from wasted feed; thus, they are important in formulating commercial feed. Dietary lipids play important roles in providing energy and essential fatty acid for normal growth and survival of fish. Although carbohydrates are not essential nutrients for carnivorous fish, these compounds play important roles as a low-cost energy source for protein sparing and also as a feed binder. Nutrition researches for flounder have identified its requirements of protein, lipid and essential fatty acid, vitamin, and minerals for normal growth. Other studies have also been carried out to investigate the utilization of the protein, lipid and carbohydrate sources. Based on these nutritional information obtained, practical feed formulations have been studied for improve aquaculture production of flounder. The results of the researches on utilization of dietary protein, lipid and carbohydrate by flounder are discussed in this review.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제31권6호
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• pp.798-803
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• 2018

Objective: The objective of this study was to estimate the genetic parameters for milk ${\beta}$-hydroxybutyrate (BHBA), acetone (Ac), fat protein ratio (FPR), and energy balance (EB) using milk test day records and investigate the effect of early lactation FPR and EB on milk ketone body concentrations. Methods: Total 262,940 test-day records collected from Korea Animal Improvement Association during the period of 2012 to 2016 were used in this study. BHBA and Ac concentrations in milk were measured by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). FPR values were obtained using test day records of fat and protein percentage. EB was calculated using previously developed equation based on parity, lactation week, and milk composition data. Genetic parameters were estimated by restricted maximum likelihood procedure based on repeatability model using Wombat program. Results: Elevated milk BHBA and Ac concentrations were observed during the early lactation under the negative energy balance. Milk FPR tends to decrease with the decreasing ketone body concentrations. Heritability estimates for milk BHBA, Ac, EB, and FPR ranged from 0.09 to 0.14, 0.23 to 0.31, 0.19 to 0.52, and 0.16 to 0.42 respectively at parity 1, 2, 3, and 4. The overall heritability for BHBA, Ac, EB and FPR were 0.29, 0.32, 0.58, and 0.38 respectively. A common pattern was observed in heritability of EB and FPR along with parities. Conclusion: FPR and EB can be suggested as potential predictors for risk of hyperketonemia. The heritability estimates of milk BHBA, Ac, EB, and FPR indicate that the selective breeding may contribute to maintaining the milk ketone bodies at optimum level during early lactation.

• 한국양식학회지
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• 제6권1호
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• pp.29-46
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• 1993

조피볼락 사료의 적정 에너지/단백질 비를 구명하기 위해서, 사료의 단백질 함량이 $45\%$와 $40\%$일 때의 2회에 걸쳐 평균 체중이 각각 36g 및 80g되는 실험어를 대상으로 사육 실험을 실시하여, 사료의 에너지 함량 변화에 따른 조피볼락의 성장, 사료효율, 영양소 축적효율, 어체성분 및 소화율의 변화를 검토하였다. 실험 사료구는 사료의 가소화 에너지/단백질 비(DE/P비)가 단백질 $45\%$ 사료에서는 7.4-10 kcal/g protein이 되도록 6개구를, 단백질 $40\%$ 사료에서는 7.5-8.9 kca1/g protein이 되도록 3개구를 설정하였다. 사료의 에너지 함량은 dextrin과 지질의 함량을 변화시켜 조정하였으며, 단백질원으로는 북양어분을 사용하였다. 실험 결과, 어체 100g 당 일간 증중랭과 사료효율은 단백질 $45\%$와 $40\%$ 사료에서 모두 사료의 DE/P비 변화에 따른 유의적인 차이를 나타내지 않았다. 반면, 일간 단백질 및 에너지 축적량, 단백질, 지질 및 에너지 축적효율과 어체의 일반성분은 사료의 DE/P비 변화에 따라 증가 또는 감소하는 경향을 나타내었다. 이러한 결과로부터 조피볼락 사료의 적정 DE/P비는 단백질 $40\%$ 및 $45\%$ 사료에서 모두 8kca1/g protein으로 추정되었다. DE/P비가 이보다 높은 경우에는 흡수된 가소화 에너지 1Mcal당 단백질 축적량만 점차 감소할 뿐, 일간 증중량, 일간 단백질 축적량, 사료효율 및 단백질 축적효율에는 아무런 개선효과가 없었다. 또한, 사료의 DE/P비가 증가함에 따라 조피볼락의 전어체와 내장의 지질함량이 급격히 증가하여, 사료의 에너지 증대효과는 주로 비가식부인 내장에 지질축적으로 나타났다. 한편, 산화크롬 $(Cr_2O_3)$을 표식물질로 사용하여 간접법으로 측정한 조피볼락의 단백질 (어분), 지질 및 탄수화물(dextrin) 소화율은 각각 $90\%$, $98\%$ 및 $70\%$ 내외로 조성이 다른 각 실험 사료간에 큰 차이가 없었다.

• Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• 제19권5호
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• pp.24.1-24.6
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• 2016

We determined the optimum dietary protein level in juvenile barred knifejaw Oplegnathus fasciatus in cages. Five semi-purified isocaloric diets were formulated with white fish meal and casein-based diets to contain 35, 40, 45, 50, and 60 % crude protein (CP). Fish with an initial body weight of $7.1{\pm}0.06g$ ($mean{\pm}SD$) were randomly distributed into 15 net cages (each size: $60cm{\times}40cm{\times}90cm$, $W{\times}L{\times}H$) as groups of 20 fish in triplicates. The fish were fed at apparent satiation level twice a day. After 8 weeks of feeding, the weight gain (WG) of fish fed 45, 50, and 60 % CP diets were significantly higher than those of fish fed 35 and 40 % CP diets. However, there were no significant differences in WG among fish fed 45, 50, and 60 % CP diets. Generally, feed efficiency (FE) and specific growth rate (SGR) showed a similar trend as WG. However, the protein efficiency ratio (PER) was inversely related to dietary protein levels. Energy retention efficiency increased with the increase of dietary protein levels by protein sparing from non-protein energy sources. Blood hematocrit content was not affected by dietary protein levels. However, a significantly lower amount of hemoglobin was found in fish fed 35 % CP than in fish fed 40, 45, 50, and 60 % CP diets. Fish fed 60 % CP showed the lowest survival rate than the fish fed 35, 40, 45, and 50 % CP diets. Broken-line analysis of WG showed the optimum dietary protein level was 45.2 % with 18.8 kJ/g diet for juvenile barred knifejaw. This study has potential implication for the successful cage culture of barred knifejaw.