• The Transactions of the Korea Information Processing Society
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• v.6 no.3
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• pp.729-741
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• 1999

ATM networks are widely deployed as the network that is capable of supporting multimedia services efficiently now. To date, a large portion of ATM connections, particularly in the WAN environment, have been of a permanent virtual circuits-requiring management intervention for set-up and tear-down. However, switched virtual circuits are required to support a range of desired characteristics on demand, to a reachable end user. To establish, maintain and release on-demand call/connections, the user-network interface(UNI) and node-node interface(NNI) signalling capabilities are required. Two protocols have been specified for NNI signalling within a public network: the broadband integrated-services user part(B-ISUP) protocol specified by the ITU-T, and the private network-network interface(PNNI) protocol specified by the ATM Forum. PNNI offers different type of internetwork or internodal interface from the traditional B-ISUP approach favored to date public network operators. In spite of its name, PNNI may find its place in network service provide networks as well as in private networks. Thus many public network operators and ATM equipment manufacturers are still unable to choose the NNI interface architecture of their system. In this paper, we survey the characteristics of the B-ISUP and PNNI protocols, and investigate the applicability issue of these specifications to the ATM-based Information Infra-Network of Korea. Analyzing the characteristics of the two protocols and clarifying the NNi requirements of the ATM-based Information Infra-Network of Korea, we propose that the B-ISUP protocol is more suitable than PNNI.

• Journal of Advanced Navigation Technology
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• v.26 no.5
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• pp.289-303
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• 2022

The purpose of this study verify to influence the effect of the 4th industrial revolution recognized by airport operators on the airport management system and the moderator effects of convergence and leadership between these influence relationships. Data collected through a survey of airport operators using simple random sampling at six international airports in Korea. Data analysis performed using Structural Equation Modeling. The research results found that the 4th industrial revolution had a positive effect on the airport management system. Also, moderator effects of convergence and leadership found significant statistically. In this paper, we asserts that it should be reconstructed the airport management system as a system suitable for the era of the 4th industrial revolution. This paper provide theoretical data and directions for empirical research to airport researchers, and implications for airport enterprise managers and airport policy planners. The findings of this study are particularly helpful for international airports that have adopted the technologies of the Fourth Industrial Revolution.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Culture
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• v.37 no.4
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• pp.335-344
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• 2022

The study was aimed to investigate the operational meal costs by kindergarten size in Seoul and to analyze recognition for optimal meal prices. A survey (31.6% recovery rate) was conducted on all kindergartens (779 kindergartens) in Seoul on April 2021 using descriptive analysis, t-test, and dispersion method. A price sensitivity measurement (psm) method was used to determine optimal meal prices. Result showed an average food cost for kindergartens of 2,647 won, an average labor cost of 605 won, an average operating cost of 146 won, and the total meal cost of 3,506 won. Total meal cost decreased with increasing kindergarten size (p<0.001). On the other hand, kindergartens with more students decreased the ratio of food cost to total meal cost, and operating cost and labor costs (p<0.001) increased. The optimal price of kindergarten operators' meal cost (OPP) was KRW 3,673. Furthermore, the analysis showed the sensitivity of operators' meal costs to kindergarten size was insignificant.

• The Journal of the Institute of Internet, Broadcasting and Communication
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• v.23 no.5
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• pp.29-34
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• 2023

Understanding individuals who consume content on OTT platforms is crucial for media operators and marketers due to the dominance of OTT services in the global media market. This study compared socio-demographic and personality characteristics of OTT non-users and users, and tested these characteristics impact on usage time of OTT services. Cross-sectional data from 9,686 respondents aged 13 and above that extracted from the 2022 Korean Media Panel Survey were analyzed, revealing significant differences between the groups in gender, age, education level, income level, employment status, openness to experience, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, and neuroticism. Moreover, gender, age, education level, income level, employment status, conscientiousness, extraversion, and agreeableness influenced usage time of OTT service. The findings expected to be valuable data that media operators and marketing practitioners can refer to when formulating strategies that consider the characteristics of users.

• Journal of the Korea Society of Computer and Information
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• v.29 no.1
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• pp.219-229
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• 2024

This study attempted to analyze the possibility of sports cooperatives for the disabled as a way to improve sports welfare and revitalize sports for the disabled. For this purpose, investigating the possibility as a review of the literature and a survey of 25 sports instructors for the disabled and 20 operators of cooperatives for the disabled, The results of analyzing the possibility with Excel and SPSS V26 programs were verified by the advisory committee to confirm the validity of the following conclusions. First, it found out the recognition, advantage, possibility of development about disabled sports cooperatives disabled sports, instructors' economic factors, social and environmental factors and institutional factors. Second, obvious planning, continuous business model, unity of members and professionalism of operators are important. If you know well about disabled, It will be possible to improve sports welfare and revitalize sports for the disabled through sports cooperatives for the disabled.

• Korean Journal of Human Ecology
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.325-341
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• 2010

A study on what kind of problems young consumers experience in buying and using mobile phone services with a comprehensive and consumers oriented perspective is needed. Through this acknowledgement, we investigated (i) the degree of consumer problems that young consumers experience in purchasing and using mobile phone services, and (ii) the related variables that affect experiences of this consumer problem. The parents of the teenagers were also included in the survey because they experience the same problems young consumers' experience in buying and using mobile phone services. Data were gathered through an internet survey (www.embrain.com) and a total of 699 samples from 350 parents and 349 youths using mobile phone services were analysed. The results are as follows. First, the teenagers and parents' experience level of young consumers' problems were generally high experiencing similar kinds of problems. Second, parents experienced more young consumers' problems than the teenagers in buying and using mobile phone services, especially in misuse and abuse of the phones. Third, among the teenagers, the monthly usage fee music or game usage, the number of changes in mobile phone service operators, the number of replacement mobile phones and the gender had a significant effect on consumers' problems of mobile phone services. Among the parents, the monthly usage fee, music or game usage, confirmation of the bill, and the gender of their child were significant consumer problems. Based on results of our survey the direction of consumer policy and education was suggested for teenagers and their parents.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.11 no.5
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• pp.586-596
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• 1998

The relevance and importance of buffalo production under coconut plantations in the North Westen Province of Sri Lanka was studied in three districts (Bingiriya, Pannala, Kuliyapitiya). The objective of the study was to collect baseline information on socioeconomic and cultural aspects of buffalo production, with a view to promote and disseminate new technologies. The survey technique used consisted of a formal survey using a structured questionnaire (71 households) and rapid appraisal (55 households). The results indicate the existence of a wide stratification of dariy farmers which ranged from skilled dairy operators with high levels of production and management of efficiency to marginal subsistence farmers with low levels of productivity. The most frequent family size of households ranged from 4-5 members (58%), and the average family size was 4.7. The actual average land ownership accounts to 2.4 ha of upland and 0.5 ha of lowland, but when their accessibility to common property resources are taken into account, the land availability was assessed at 13 ha and 0.7 ha of upland and lowland, respectively. The highest average monthly income (Rs. 13,590) was received by farmers with off-farm employment (primary) who are also engaged in livestock production (secondary), and livestock contributed 43% of the total income. Livestock farmers who practised integrated crop farming as a secondary source of income received a monthly income of Rs. 10,843, and those involved in crop production as the primary source received the lowest average income (Rs. 7,295). The survey revealed a high investment cost on concentrate feeds (47%) for milk production. However some farmers obtained higher milk yields (11 litres/cow/day) at lower ration costs, and this could be attributed to the entrepreneurship skills and management efficiency. The study area had a well developed market infrastructure for fresh milk, principally due to the existence of the Nestle's company and the Coconut Triangle Milk Union. On an average the producer collected Rs. 10 per litre of milk marketed.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.224-233
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• 2005

The objectives of this study were to (a) examine the users' characteristics of both government-dominant and non-governmental food bank programs, (b) understand the supporting quality of the food bank program, and (c) analyse the effectiveness of the programs from the users' perspectives. The random samples of 120 food bank operators were selected by proportionate stratified random sampling method and from each food bank, 3 users were selected for the survey. A total of 205 users were participated in this survey. The main results of this study were as follows; Average profile of food bank users were 58 year old, female, livelihood protectee ($56.6\%$). Food assistance frequency were mostly once a week ($34.1\%$), and everyday ($22.4\%$). The survey also showed that non-governmental food banks delivered the food directly to the $42.7\%$ of users, otherwise the users of government-dominant ones went to the food bank to receive the foods. Most of the donated foods were cooked food ($50.0\%$), and the users also wanted to receive that kinds of food. Saving food expenses ($55.6\%$) and overcoming hunger ($16.6\%$) were found as the effectiveness to the users.

• Journal of Radiation Protection and Research
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• v.47 no.1
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• pp.30-38
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• 2022

Background: Residential areas have some factors on the external exposure of residents, who usually spend a long time in these areas. Although various survey has been carried out by the government or the research institutions after the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant accident, the mechanism of radiocesium inventory in the terrestrial zone has not been cleared. To better evaluate the radiation environment, this study investigated the temporal changes in air dose rate and ¹³⁷Cs inventories (Bq/m²) in residential areas and agricultural fields. Materials and Methods: Air dose rate and ¹³⁷Cs inventories were investigated in residential areas located in an evacuation zone at 5-8 km from the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant. From December 2014 to September 2018, the air dose rate distribution was investigated through a walking survey (backpack survey), which was conducted by operators carrying a γ-ray detector on their backs. Additionally, from December 2014 to January 2021, the ¹³⁷Cs inventories on paved and permeable grounds were also measured using a portable γ-ray detector. Results and Discussion: In the areas where decontamination was not performed, the air dose rate decreased faster in residential areas than in agricultural fields. Moreover, the ¹³⁷Cs inventory on paved surfaces decreased with time owing to the horizontal wash-off, while the ¹³⁷Cs inventory on permeable surfaces decreased dramatically owing to the decontamination activities. Conclusion: These findings suggest that the horizontal wash-off of ¹³⁷Cs on paved surfaces facilitated the air dose rate decrease in residential areas to a greater extent compared with agricultural fields, in which the air dose rate decreased because of the vertical migration of ¹³⁷Cs. Results of this study can explain the faster environmental restoration in a residential environment reported by previous studies.

• Textile Coloration and Finishing
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• v.34 no.4
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• pp.272-283
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• 2022

In this study, the flat-section monofilaments of PBT for artificial eyelashes was developed, and the physical properties of the circular cross-section of artificial eyelashes were compared and observed, and the main performance of the artificial eyelash prototype was observed through processing for artificial eyelashes. In addition, a satisfaction survey of the prototype was conducted through a survey of consumers and artificial eyelash operators. It was found that the bending stiffness value of the monofilaments increased significantly as the thickness increased. As a result of measuring the bending properties of the flat-section PBT monofilaments, the bending stiffness was significantly lower than that of the circular-section PBT specimens of the same thickness. The deformed cross-section PBT monofilaments with flat cross sections developed in this study showed a light weight factor of less than 50% compared to the existing circular cross-section PBT ones. The adhesive strength of the developed PBT artificial specimens was greater than that of the existing circular cross-section yarn. It was also observed that the curl stability over time was excellent. As a result of the consumer survey, it was possible to obtain more than 85% of positive answers in the case of consumer subjects, and it was possible to investigate that the satisfaction of the operator subjects was more than 80% compared to the existing round-section eyelashes.