• The Korean Journal of Air & Space Law and Policy
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• v.2
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• pp.31-67
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• 1990

One of the first issues which arose in the evolution of air law was the determination of the vertical limits of airspace over private property. In 1959 the UN in its Ad Hoc Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space, started to give attention to the question of the meaning of the term "outer space". Discussions in the United Nations regarding the delimitation issue were often divided between those in favour of a functional approach ("functionalists"), and those seeking the delineation of a boundary ("spatialists"). The functionalists, backed initially by both major space powers, which viewed any boundary as possibly restricting their access to space(Whether for peaceful or military purposes), won the first rounds, starting with the 1959 Report of the Ad Hoc Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space which did not consider that the topic called for priority consideration. In 1966, however, the spatialists, were able to place the issue on the agenda of the Outer Sapce Committee pursuant to Resolution 2222 (xxx1). However, the spatialists were not able to present a common position since there existed a variety of propositions for delineation of a boundary. Over the years, the funtionalists have seemed to be losing ground. As the element of location is a decisive factor for the choice of the legal regime to be applied, a purely functional approach to the regulation of activities in the space above the Earth does not offer a solution. It is therefore to be welcomed that there is clear evidence of a growing recognition of the defect inherent to such an approach and that a spatial approach to the problem is gaining support both by a growing number of States as well as by publicists. The search for a solution of the problem of demarcating the two different legal regimes governing the space above the Earth has undoubtedly been facilitated, and a number of countries, among them Argentina, Belgium, France, Italy and Mexico have already advocated the acceptance of the lower boundary of outer space at a height of 100km. The adoption of the principle of sovereignty at that height does not mean that States would not be allowed to take protective measures against space activities above that height which constitute a threat to their security. A parallel can be drawn with the defence of the State's security on the high seas. Measures taken by States in their own protection on the high seas outside the territorial waters-provided that they are proportionate to the danger-are not considered to infringe the principle of international law. The most important issue in this context relates to the problem of a right of passage for space craft through foreign air space in order to reach outer space. In the reports to former ILA Conferences an explanation was given of the reasons why no customary rule of freedom of passage for aircraft through foreign territorial air space could as yet be said to exist. It was suggested, however, that though the essential elements for the creation of a rule of customary international law allowing such passage were still lacking, developments apperaed to point to a steady growth of a feeling of necessity for such a rule. A definite treaty solution of the demarcation problem would require further study which should be carried out by the UN Outer Space Committee in close co-operation with other interested international organizations, including ICAO. If a limit between air space and outer space were established, air space would automatically come under the regime of the Chicago Convention alone. The use of the word "recognize" in Art. I of chicago convention is an acknowledgement of sovereignty over airspace existing as a general principle of law, the binding force of which exists independently of the Convention. Further it is important to note that the Aricle recognizes this sovereignty, as existing for every state, holding it immaterial whether the state is or is not a contracting state. The functional criteria having been created by reference to either the nature of activity or the nature of the space object, the next hurdle would be to provide methods of verification. With regard to the question of international verification the establishment of an International Satelite Monitoring Agency is required. The path towards the successful delimitation of outer space from territorial space is doubtless narrow and stony but the establishment of a precise legal framework, consonant with the basic principles of international law, for the future activities of states in outer space will, it is still believed, remove a source of potentially dangerous conflicts between states, and furthermore afford some safeguard of the rights and interests of non-space powers which otherwise are likely to be eroded by incipient customs based on at present almost complete freedom of action of the space powers.

• Progress in Medical Physics
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.92-98
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• 2013

The experimental verification of treatment planning on the treatment spot is the ultimate method to assure quality of radiotherapy, so in-vivo skin dose measurement is the essential procedure to confirm treatment dose. In this study, glass rod dosimeter (GRD), which is a kind of photo-luminescent based dosimeters, was studied to produce a guideline to use GRDs in vivo dosimetry for quality assurance of radiotherapy. The pre-processing procedure is essential to use GRDs. This is a heating operation for stabilization. Two kinds of pre-processing methods are recommended by manufacturer: a heating method (70 degree, 30 minutes) and a waiting method (room temperature, 24 hours). We equally irradiated 1.0 Gy to 20 GRD elements, and then different preprocessing were performed to 10 GRDs each. In heating method, reading deviation of GRDs at same time were relatively high, but the deviation was very low as time went on. In waiting method, the deviation among GRDs was low, but the deviation was relatively high as time went on. The meaningful difference was found between mean reading values of two pre-processing methods. Both methods present mean dose deviation under 5%, but the relatively high effect by reading time was observed in waiting method. Finally, GRD is best to perform in-vivo dosimetry in the viewpoint of accuracy and efficiency, and the understanding of how pre-processing affect the accuracy is asked to perform most accurate in-vivo dosimetry. The further study is asked to acquire more stable accuracy in spite of different irradiation conditions for GRD usage.

• Management & Information Systems Review
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• v.39 no.1
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• pp.35-57
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• 2020

Recently, research F&E(Facilities and Equipment) have become very important as tools and means to lead the development of science and technology. The government has been continuously expanding investment budgets for R&D and research F&E, and the need for efficient operation and systematic management of research F&E built up nationwide has increased. In December 2010, The government developed and completed a standardized classification system for national research F&E. However, accuracy and trust of information classification are suspected because information is collected by a method in which a user(researcher) directly selects and registers a classification code in NTIS. Therefore, in the study, we analyzed linearly using linear discriminant analysis(LDA) and analysis of variance(ANOVA), to measure the classification accuracy for the standardized classification system(8 major-classes, 54 sub-classes, 410 small-classes) of the national research facilities and equipment established in 2010, and revised in 2015. For the analysis, we collected and used the information data(50,271 cases) cumulatively registered in NTIS(National Science and Technology Service) for the past 10 years. This is the first case of scientifically verifying the standardized classification system of the national research facilities and equipment, which is based on information of similar classification systems and a few expert reviews in the in-outside of the country. As a result of this study, the discriminant accuracy of major-classes organized hierarchically by sub-classes and small-classes was 92.2 %, which was very high. However, in post hoc verification through analysis of variance, the discrimination power of two classes out of eight major-classes was rather low. It is expected that the standardized classification system of the national research facilities and equipment will be improved through this study.

• Journal of the Institute of Electronics Engineers of Korea SD
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• v.46 no.1
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• pp.15-23
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• 2009

Microprocessors, which need correct arithmetic operations, have been the subject of in-depth research in relation to soft errors. Of the existing microprocessor devices, the memory cell is the most vulnerable to soft errors. Moreover, when soft errors emerge in a memory cell, the processes and operations are greatly affected because the memory cell contains important information and instructions about the entire process or operation. Users do not realize that if soft errors go undetected, arithmetic operations and processes will have unexpected outcomes. In the field of architectural design, the tool that is commonly used to detect and correct soft errors is the error check and correction code. The Itanium, IBM PowerPC G5 microprocessors contain Hamming and Rasio codes in their level-2 cache. This research, however, focuses on huge server devices and does not consider power consumption. As the operating and threshold voltage is currently shrinking with the emergence of high-density and low-power embedded microprocessors, there is an urgent need to develop ECC (error check correction) circuits. In this study, the in-output data of the level-2 cache were analyzed using SimpleScalar-ARM, and a 32-bit H-matrix for the level-2 cache of an embedded microprocessor is proposed. From the point of view of power consumption, the proposed H-matrix can be implemented using a schematic editor of Cadence. Therefore, it is comparable to the modified Hamming code, which uses H-spice. The MiBench program and TSMC 0.18 um were used in this study for verification purposes.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.540-552
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• 2020

The purpose of this study is to analyze forest healing from a Buddhist perspective and improve its effect, and the forest has a close relationship with Buddhism than any religion. the Buddha's life is connected to forest and tree, which is caused by the spiritual nature and role of forest. Healing deals with the problem of suffering of the mind, and in Buddhism, it is solved through practice. By understanding the phenomenon of delusions such as thoughts, greed, and bad feelings about sensory control, vhfptmxmhelps to escape from the desire to pursue unnecessary stimuli or external objects, Human beings can get comfort and pleasure through the five senses in the beautiful natural scenery, and find the stability of the mind. This is because when entering the forest, good environments that prevent the 6th consciousness from growing delusions way the operation of the five senses are contained in the forest, This study is a preliminary study that analyzed the effects based on the natural environmental healing factor and Buddhist theory of forests based on previous studies, As a result of examining whether Buddhism can maximize the healing effect of forest healing, it was confirmed that it can contribute to activation along with existing forest healing techniques, The verification of the effectiveness will be left as a follow-up research project through future experimental research, and this study is expected to contribute to the activation of forest healing effect.

• Journal of the Korean Geotechnical Society
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.51-63
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• 2005

Concrete pavement may suffer from material deterioration or structural problems, which lead to surface cracks and deflection of a concrete pavement. Degraded concrete pavement, when it is still under operation, should be recovered by an urgent maintenance to avoid the discontinued service leading to the significant traffic problems and economic loss. Seismic techniques are good tools to assess the structural integrity of concrete runway. It is because seismic techniques can evaluate engineering properties nondestructively and quickly and the evaluation can be extended to subgrade. In this study, a series of numerical simulations of stress-wave propagation were performed to verify feasibility of seismic techniques as an assessment tool. Based on the results of the numerical simulation, a framework of using seismic techniques was presented fur the nondestructive integrated assessment fur structural integrity of concrete runway. And the presented framework was applied to $\bigcirc\bigcirc$ concrete runway with surface cracks, which required urgent maintenance, to identify the causes of the surface cracks. The results obtained from the structural integrity assessment were compared with the measurements of the cores collected from the same runway for verification of the presented framework.

• The Korean Journal of Community Living Science
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• v.15 no.3
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• pp.137-148
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• 2004

The purpose of this study is to prevent and review counter-action for the sexual harassment in campus by revealing current state of sexual harassment in campus relatively weak in sexual discrimination with regard to sexual harassment emerged as social problem serious in our nation. The targets of study were students and assistants in three schools located at $Kwangju\cdot{Chonnam}$ area, a questionnaire made by pre-researcher was applied to student vs. assistant with regard to sexual consciousness and recognition, and current state of sexual harassment, with analysis of material processed through statistical analysis using SPSSWIN 10.0 for verification of $$\chi$^2$ for identification of difference vs. family and student vs. assistant. The result of this research with regard to sexual harassment is under following: Firstly, the recognition of concept of sexual harassment was proved to be aware of be more than half a responders above average, lack of recognition showed significant number requiring establishment of concept of sexual harassment, the responders stated that they could do it alone should be treated in the counseling room in school. Secondly, 28.7% of students and assistants answered that they have suffered from sexual harassment now and. before, even a great number of males have experienced such sexual harassment. In case of female assistants, more than half of them suffered from sexual harassment suggesting us significant level of sexual harassment to female assistants. A depth of sexual harassment to assistants should be investigated in a further way by preparing for and establishing concrete preventive actions and researches, mostly suffered by males; In this respect, a preventive training of sexual harassment should be deemed to be provided to males. Thirdly, as a result of investigation of sex education and preventive action against sexual harassment in college, most of elementary, junior, junior high school hardly provide no or inefficient sexual harassment, and they responded that the campus needs its education. As a way to educate campus with sexual harassment efficiently, a special lecture or regular class might be designed for systematic education or sexual harassment through schools counseling room might be effective emphasizing upon role of the room according to opinions of responders. The college is required to install such offices or centers as can exclusively manage and take charge of sex education program operation, legal system of anti-sexual harassment, or personnel arrangement for such activities in school by reflecting such result into school for appropriate and efficient education of or counseling to sex.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute Of Construction Engineering and Management
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• autumn
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• pp.294-298
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• 2003

Recently, Design-build project as delivery system public construction sector tends to be increased according to the Masterplan for promotion of construction technologies, and construction projects are increasing their complexity, variety and scale. And owner's requirements become various. Preliminary design for design eligibility judging of design-build has been designed excessively to get a good point and this tendency includes the elements which is capable of wasting the budget. Because of excessive design, owners require to apply VE study into the design development phase but in the Design-build system, VE application has not been of no effect that owners expect, owing to the characters of lum-sum contracts. The purpose of this study is to propose the plan for effective application of VE in the design development phase in order to solve the problems such as excessive design of preliminary design in the design-build project. This study established plans for VE application through investigating and analyzing VE application case and then proposed the applications in the aspect of regulations and contracts, parties participated in project, VE operation through research for verification of usefulness.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.21 no.11
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• pp.180-186
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• 2020

ICT convergence using smart livestock is that in the first-generation dairy smart farm model, each device made by several manufacturers uses its own communication method, limiting the mutual operation of each device. This study uses a model based on open control technology to secure interoperability of existing ICT devices and to manage data efficiently. The open integrated control derived from this process is the software interface structure of Open API. It is an observer that serves as real-time data collection according to the communication method of ICT devices and sensors located at each end. It consists of a broker that connects and transmits to the upper integrated management server. As a result of the performance analysis through verification of two first-generation dairy smart farm model sites, the average daily milk production increased compared to the previous year (farm A 5.13%, farm B 1.33%, p<0.05). Cow days open (DO) was reduced by 17.5% on farm A and 13.3% for farm B(p<0.05). Cows require an adaptation period after the introduction of the ICT device, but if continuous effects are observed, the effect of production can be expected to increase gradually.

• Journal of Korean Society of Transportation
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• v.34 no.5
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• pp.465-475
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• 2016

Since inaccurate demand estimation for recent urban rail construction may result in financial burden to cities, precise prediction for operating cost as well as construction costs is necessary to avoid or reduce budget loss of the local or central government. The operating cost is directly related to the public fare and affect a policy to determine the rate system. Therefore, there is a pressing need to develop an estimating model for reliable operating cost of urban railway. This study introduces a new model to estimate the operating cost with new variables. It provides a better prediction in accuracy and reliability compared to the existing model, considering the feature of urban railway. For verification of our model, railway operation data from a few cities for the last five years were comprehensively examined to determine variables that affect the operating cost. The operating cost was estimated in a dummy regression model using five independent variables, which were average distance between stations, daily trains distance, total passenger capacity of a train in a train, driving mode(manned/unmanned), and investment type(financial/private).