• Journal of Korean Home Economics Education Association
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.19-39
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• 2016

The purpose of this study was to develop the safety theme-based integrated teaching learning process plans for the middle school Home Economics(HE) Instruction and ultimately to contribute for the middle school students to live their safe lives. To achieve the goals of this study, HE curriculum documents from the 1st to the 2015 revision were analyzed and a survey was conducted to identify the middle school students' current status of safety accidents and needs on the HE safety education. The respondents of the survey were the 512 students of one ${\bigcirc}{\bigcirc}$ Girls' Middle School in Busan. And then, the seven integrated themes were selected, each seven integrated theme-networks were formed, and safety theme-based Home Economics curriculum and learning materials were developed. The results of this study were as the follows. The safety education content has continually been included from the first HE curriculum of 1954 to the 2015 revised HE curriculum. The middle school student respondents highly needed the content of 'the methods to deal with sexual violence and prostitution prevention', 'suicide prevention', and 'bullying net' for the HE safety education. All the 42 items were needed for the HE safety education by the respondents. The safety theme-based HE teaching learning process plans developed finally included the seven integrated themes, which were (1) dietary life safety, (2) adolescents' sex and safety, (3) adolescents' relationships with friends and safety, (4) family life and safety, (5) dwelling life and safety, (6) adolescents' egos and safety, and (7) social environment and safety. Each integrated theme consisted of three to six small themes, which amounted to total 28(for 35 lessons). Each small theme was presented with learning objectives and particular goals. The total 157 learning materials including the Home Economics curriculum were developed, which offered learning objectives and content for each safety theme, total 28 teaching and learning plans(for 35 lessons) were developed, which offered specific instructions for the easy implementation of the curriculum in the classroom, 28 PPTs, 25 film materials, four reading materials, 61 workbooks, 14 activity sheets, 16 evaluation sheets, 3 test sheets, 2 reference materials, and 4 learning material models(the refrigerator model, traffic lights for discussions, food tray model and stickers, and food mileage card). In this study, the safety education themes of 'clothing life and safety', 'conflict and safety', 'professional life and safety', and 'consumer and safety' were not addressed because these theme were not needed highly by the respondents. Therefore, for the further development of the teaching learning process plans for the HE safety education, it is necessary to develop and evaluate the teaching learning process plans to address the themes of 'clothing life and safety', 'conflict and safety', 'professional life and safety', and 'consumer and safety'.

• KDI Journal of Economic Policy
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.71-130
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• 2008

Using data from the Korean Labor & Income Panel Study (KLIPS), this study investigates private income transfers in Korea, where adult children have undertaken the most responsibility of supporting their elderly parents without well-established social safety net for the elderly. According to the KLIPS data, three out of five households provided some type of support for their aged parents and two out of five households of the elderly received financial support from their adult children on a regular base. However, the private income transfers in Korea are not enough to alleviate the impact of the fall in the earned income of those who retired and are approaching an age of needing financial assistance from external source. The monthly income of those at least the age of 75, even with the earning of their spouses, is below the staggering amount of 450,000 won, which indicates that the elderly in Korea are at high risk of poverty. In order to analyze microeconomic factors affecting the private income transfers to the elderly parents, the following three samples extracted from the KLIPS data are used: a sample of respondents of age 50 or older with detailed information on their financial status; a five-year household panel sample in which their unobserved family-specific and time-invariant characteristics can be controlled by the fixed-effects model; and a sample of the younger split-off household in which characteristics of both the elderly household and their adult children household can be controlled simultaneously. The results of estimating private income transfer models using these samples can be summarized as follows. First, the dominant motive lies on the children-to-parent altruistic relationship. Additionally, another is based on exchange motive, which is paid to the elderly parents who take care of their grandchildren. Second, the amount of private income transfers has negative correlation with the income of the elderly parents, while being positively correlated with the income of the adult children. However, its income elasticity is not that high. Third, the amount of private income transfers shows a pattern of reaching the highest level when the elderly parents are in the age of 75 years old, following a decreasing pattern thereafter. Fourth, public assistance, such as the National Basic Livelihood Security benefit, appears to crowd out private transfers. Private transfers have fared better than public transfers in alleviating elderly poverty, but the role of public transfers has been increasing rapidly since the welfare expansion after the financial crisis in the late 1990s, so that one of four elderly people depends on public transfers as their main income source in 2003. As of the same year, however, there existed and occupied 12% of the elderly households those who seemed eligible for the National Basic Livelihood benefit but did not receive any public assistance. To remove elderly poverty, government may need to improve welfare delivery system as well as to increase welfare budget for the poor. In the face of persistent elderly poverty and increasing demand for public support for the elderly, which will lead to increasing government debt, welfare policy needs targeting toward the neediest rather than expanding universal benefits that have less effect of income redistribution and heavier cost. Identifying every disadvantaged elderly in dire need for economic support and providing them with the basic livelihood security would be the most important and imminent responsibility that we all should assume to prepare for the growing aged population, and this also should accompany measures to utilize the elderly workforce with enough capability and strong will to work.

• The korean journal of orthodontics
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• v.31 no.3 s.86
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• pp.311-323
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• 2001

One of the various mechanics used to treat unilateral Class II malocclusion is head gear with asymmetric face bow. We made the finite element models of unilateral Class II maxillary dental arch and power arm asymmetric face bow. We designed this experiment to observe stress distribution of periodontal ligament, reaction force, and displacement and to understand force system, so to predict the therapeutic effect. On the basis of computerized tomograph of maxillary dental arch of 25 years old male with normal occlusion without extraction and orthodontic treatment history, we made finite element models of maxillary dental arch and periodontal ligament. Then we modified that model to unilateral maxillary Class II malocclusion model of which maxillary left molar displaced mesially. Also, We made finite element model of asymmetric face bow of which right outer bow shorter than left by 25mm(RMO, Penta-FormTM/Medium size, 0.045 inch iner bow, 0.072 inch outer bow). After that, retraction force of 250g, 300b, 350g were applied to maxillary first molar. We concluded as follow. 1. The Net force that both maxillary first molars were received increased as the retraction force increased. Mesially positioned tooth received more force than normally positioned tooth. But, both tooth were received distal force, so distal movement occured. 2. Both tooth received buccal lateral force. In analysis of force element, as the retraction force were increased, force of X-axis at mesially positioned tooth decreased, and force of X-axis at normally positioned tooth increased. so lateral force component moved to the side received less force from more force. 3. There were rotation, tipping with distal movement in maxillary first molar. As retraction force were increased, rotation and tipping also increased. More tipping and rotation occured at the side received more force, that is, mesially positioned tooth. Though it Is small change, displacement of same pattern occur in normally positioned tooth

• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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• v.28 no.3
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• pp.183-194
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• 1990

In an attempt to develop prophylactic and therapeutic measures of the intestinal giant-cystic disease caused by Thelohanellus kitauei in the Israel carp, Cyprinus carpio nodus, pathological observations were conducted upon the carps which were hatched in May 1988 and raised in a net cage fish farm at the Soyang lake, managed by Horim Fisheries for the period of 21 months with 1~2 months interval. After a gross inspection of the carps, necropsy was carried out periodically in order to clarify the pathological changes in various internal organs and muscular tissues. Also. the prevalence of the disease was checked during the period from 1988 to 1990. Gross inspections revealed that the infected carps showed some degree of fading in body and gill color, back-emaciation symptoms, reddish anus accompanying erosion and relaxation and pot-belly, as well as discharge of yellowish white mucoid material from the anus. However, most carps died eventually of intestinal obstruction. Other significant necropsy fadings included cyst formation of various size in the intestinal mucosa, ascites, anemic condition through internal organs and muscular tissues, hyperemia and dilation of intestines with decreased tension, thinness and fragility, and full contents of semi-fluid or yellowish white mucoid material in the intestinal canals. Based on the morphological characteristics of the spores found in the cysts, parasitic location in the intestines, macro- and microscopic findings of the lesions, the parasites were identised as Thelohanellus kitauei Egusa os Nakajima, 1981. Although monthly changes of water temperature were distinct, the extrusion rates of the polar filaments of the spores stayed constant throughout the year with an exception of a lower rate in July, The lesions initiated from mucosa and submucosa in early July became large swellings and then complete mature (orms following the peracute course. From late August the upper cysts were gradually opened and most of the spores were dispersed from anus into the surrounding water through December but only a few lasted until next April. The cysts were completely recovered until next September. Comparing the incidence and prevalence of the disease by year tremendous infection and death rates were checked in the first prevalent year, 1988, but the rates were significantly decreased in the second year, and showed an almost normal status in the third year, 1990. As the above summarized results showed, the disease entity might come to an end in three years after the first prevalent year, however, the spores must be strictly prevented because they could be infective in the water for one year.

• Horticultural Science & Technology
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• v.32 no.4
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• pp.427-433
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• 2014

Trellising is an important cultural practice that affects grape quality and yield. Some grape cultivars require different trellising under different climate and soil conditions. To find suitable trellis conditions for grape cultivar 'Cheongsoo', we measured growth and fruit characteristics with three different trellis systems: curtain, Geneva double curtain (GDC), and modified T. The maximum light exposure of clusters in the curtain, GDC, modified T trellis systems was 670, 1,654, and $1,649{\mu}mol{\cdot}m^{-2}{\cdot}s^{-1}$, respectively. However, there was no difference in air temperature among the three trellis systems. Net $CO_2$ assimilation rate at $1,500{\mu}mol{\cdot}m^{-2}{\cdot}s^{-1}$ light intensity was 13.4, 13.7, and $8.7{\mu}mol{\cdot}m^{-2}{\cdot}s^{-1}$ in curtain, GDC, and modified T trellis systems, respectively. Trunk cross section area (TCSA) and bud burst rate were not significantly different among the three systems. Shoot number was 31.3, 47.0, and 37.0 in curtain, GDC, and modified T trellis systems, respectively. The shoot length was higher (243.9 cm) in the modified T trellis system than in the single curtain (171.1 cm) and GDC (151.5 cm) systems. Interior leaf number and leaf layer number were higher in the GDC system, in which there are two primary branches, in comparison to the modified T and curtain systems, which utilize one primary branch. Primary leaf area and lateral leaf area were significantly higher in the modified T trellis system in comparison to the GDC system. Berry weight, length and diameter, and total soluble solids were not significantly different among the three trellis systems. However, cluster weight and cluster number per tree were significantly higher in GDC. Titratable acidity was significantly lower in GDC. Collectively, our data suggest that the GDC trellis system is preferable for grape 'Cheongsoo' to maintain fruit quality and quantity in Korea.

• The Sea:JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN SOCIETY OF OCEANOGRAPHY
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.180-195
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• 2011

A balanced trophic model for Sinjido marine ecosystem was constructed using ECOPATH model and data obtained 1994 in the region. The model integrates available information on biomass and food spectrum, and analyses ecosystem properties, dynamics of the main species populations and the key trophic pathways of the system, and then compares these results with those of other marine environments. The model comprises 17 groups of benthic algae, phytoplankton, zooplankton, gastropoda, polychaeta, bivalvia, echinodermata, crustacean, cephalopoda, goby, flatfish, rays and skates, croaker, blenny, conger, flatheads, and detritus. The model shows trophic levels of 1.0~4.0 from primary producers and detritus to top predator as flathead group. The model estimates total biomass(B) of 0.1 $kgWW/m^2$, total net primary production(PP) of 1.6 $kgWW/m^2/yr$, total system throughput(TST) of 3.4 $kgWW/m^2/yr$ and TST's components of consumption 7%, exports 43%, respiratory flows 4% and flows into detritus 46%. The model also calculates PP/TR of 0.012, PP/B of 0.015, omnivory index(OI) of 0.12, Fin's cycling index(FCI) of 0.7%, Fin's mean path length(MPL) of2.11, ascendancy(A) of 4.1 $kgWW/m^2/yr$ bits, development capacity(C) of 8.2 $kgWW/m^2/yr$ bits and A/C of 51%. In particular this study focuses the analysis of mixed trophic impacts and describes the indirect impact of a groupb upon another through mediating one based on 4 types. A large proportion of total export in TST means higher exchange rate in the study region than in semi enclosed basins, which seems by strong tidal currents along the channels between islands, called Sinjido, Choyakdo and Saengildo. Among ecosystem theory and cycling indices, B, TST, PP/TR, FCI, MPL and OI are shown low, indicating the system is not fully mature according to Odum's theory. Additionally, high A/C reveals the maximum capacity of the region is small. To sum up, the study region has high exports of trophic flow and low capacity to develop, and reaches a development stage in the moment. This is a pilot research applied to the Sinjido in terms of trophic flow and food web system such that it may be helpful for comparison and management of the ecosystem in the future.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.101 no.4
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• pp.722-728
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• 2012

Climate change affects all biological processes in terrestrial ecosystems including photosynthesis, plant growth and productivity. This study was conducted to investigate the effects of experimental warming on the growth of Quercus variabilis seedlings. One-year-old Q. variabilis seedlings were planted in control and warmed plots in April 2010. The air temperature of warmed plots was increased by $3^{\circ}C$ compared to control plots using the infrared lamp from November 2010. Shoot height and root collar diameter were measured in March 2011 and June 2012, respectively, and aboveground and belowground biomass were also measured in March 2011 and 2012, respectively. Shoot height and root collar diameter were significantly higher in warmed plots than in control plots, except for root collar diameter in March 2011. Increment (mm) of shoot height and root collar diameter were also higher in warmed plots ($529{\pm}30$, $5.6{\pm}0.5$) than in control plots ($464{\pm}28$, $4.5{\pm}0.4$). However, there were no significant differences between warmed and control plots except for root collar diameter. Increment (g/year) of total, aboveground and belowground biomass were higher in warmed plots ($36.88{\pm}6.52$, $11.91{\pm}3.44$, $24.97{\pm}3.73$) than in control plots ($30.59{\pm}5.51$, $8.73{\pm}1.66$, $21.86{\pm}3.88$), however, the differences were not statistically significant. Higher seedling growth and biomass of warmed plots might be related to the enhanced net photosynthetic rates in spring and the extended growing season.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.151-156
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• 1984

The Chili fish, one of the most common species of the freshwater fishes, is distributed in the river basins of the western coast of Korea. However, any studies on this fish, especially its development or life history, have not been made so far. The authors, therefore, carried out an experiment to reveal some characteristics of egg develoment and fry in this fish. For accomplshing this study, we caught some adult Chili fish by means of a casting net at raceway in the vicinity of Kunsan in June and July, 1983; then, we injected 0. 1 cc Gonadotrophic hormone 1,000 unit solution (Puberogen) in order to induce the spawning on the abdominal cavity of male and female respectively, Approximately 12 hours after injection, the artificially fertilized eggs by using of the dry method and the naturally fertilized eggs were observed simultaneously in the aquarium ($30{\times}50{\times}70cm$). The fertilized eggs, in spherical shape, were sperative, demersel, adhesive nature and $1.38{\sim}1.59\;mm$ in diameter. The light yellow yolk was opaque and $1.17{\sim}l.27\;mm$ in diameter. The hatching of eggs took place at 29.5 hours after fertilization under the condition of $23.5{\sim}25.0^{\circ}C$ water temperature. Basically there were not found so many different aspects in comparison with the common species of Cyprinidae in the development process of eggs : however, there were a few noticable characteristics, that is, pigment cells, eye balls and blood circulation are invisible, or the velocity of egg development is rapid, seemed similar to the Loach's egg. Newly hatched larvae with the yolk sac (2.39 mm in size) were $3.87{\sim}3.99\;mm$ in total length and their myotome number was expressed as 28+15=43. About 20 hours after hatching, a caudal and a pectoral fin as well as an anus began to orgin. In addition, a few malanophore showed on the upper regin of the yolk sac of the larvae whose size was 4.73 mm in total length. The larvae developed about 5.02 mm in total length, and the median fin fold in the abdomen extended forward to two thirds or beyond of the yolk sac at 50 hours after hatching. Simultaneously, the eye balls and mouth also appeared. After 3 days, the yolk sac nearly disappeared, and the larvae (5.4 mm in total length) with perfect eye balls began to swim for themselves for the first time. Also, the specialization between the gill arches and the ailmentary canal, the development of each fins except dorsal fin as well as the blood circulation obviously distinguished in this stage. The larvae whose total length was 5.68 mm was very brisk: also, the development of the dorsal fin rudiment, nearly perfect formation of each organs and the function of the upper and lower jaws were noticeably observed 5 days after hatching.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.83 no.2
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• pp.191-204
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• 1994

Due to its topographic complexities and various climatical condition, Korea exhibits diverse forest types. Dominant tree species in this zone are Quercus spp., Betula spp., Zelkova spp., Fraxinus spp., Pinus densiflora, Pinus koraiensis, and Pinus thunbergii ete. Genetic conservation in forest species in Korea there are three ways ; one is in situ, other is ex situ and third is in-facility conservation. In situ conservation include that are the present status of conservation of rare and endangered flora and ecosystem, the reserved forest, the national and provincial park, and the gene pool of natural forests. Ex situ conservation means to be established the new forest from in situ forest stands, progeny and provenance test populations, seed orchard and clone banks, and gene conservation in-facility. As a tool for low temperature storage, several aspects on in vitro system were studied ; (1) establishment of in vitro cultures from juvenile and/or rejuvenated tissues, (2) induction of multiple shoots from the individual micropropagules, (3) elongation of the proliferated shoots. Studies on cold storage for short-and long-term maintenance of in vitro cultures under $4^{\circ}C$ in the refrigerator were conducted. For the cryopreservation at $-196^{\circ}C$, various factors affecting survivability of the plant materials are being examined. The necessity of gene conservation of forest trees is enlarged not only to increase the adaptability for various environments but also to gain the breeding materials in the future. For effective gene conservation of forest trees, I would like to suggest followings ; 1. Forest stands reserved for other than the gene conservation purposes such as national parks should be investigated by botanical and gene-ecological studies for selecting bio-diversity and gene conservation stands. 2. Reserved forest for gene pool should be extented both economically important tree spp. and non-economical species. 3. Reserved forest for progeny test and clone bank should be systematically investigated for the use of Ex situ forest gene conservation. 4. We have to find out a new methodology of genetic analysis determining the proper and effective size of subpopulation for in situ gene conservation. 5. We should develop a new tree breeding systems for successful gene conservation and utilization of the genetic resources. 6. New method of in-facility gene conservation using advanced genetic engineering should be developed to save time and economic resources. 7. For the conservation of species with short-life span of seed or shortage of knowledge of seed physiology, tissue culture techniques will be played a great role for gene conservation of those species. 8. It is are very useful conservation not only of genes but of genotypes which were selected already by breeding program. 9. Institutional and administrative arrangements including legistlation must be necessarily taken for gene conservation of forest trees. 10. It is national problems for conservation of forest resources which have been rapidly destroyed because of degenerating environmental condition and of inexperienced management system of bio-diversity and gene conservation. 11. In order to international cooperation for exchanging data of bio-diversity and gene conservation, we should connect to international net works as soon as possible.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.14
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• pp.123-131
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• 1973

1. In order to evaluate the performance of the $F_2$ and $F_3$ generations of $F_1$ varietal crosses which in past trials yielded better than or as high as the recommended double-cross hybrids, eleven yellow and five white-endosperm $F_1$ varietal crosses, their $F_2$ and $F_3$ generations, and the parental open-pollinated varieties together with the standard double-cross hybrids were tested in performance trials in the 1963 wet and 1963-64 dry seasons. The former trials, however, failed due to a strong typhoon that damaged the crop. 2. Net hybrid vigor was highly manifested in grain yield in the $F_1$ varietal crosses, which on the average was 39.9 per cent of the mid-parent yields. Reduction in heterosis was 27.2 per cent in the $F_2$and 30.3 per cent in the $F_3$ generation, respectively. 3. A fairly high degree of reduction in yield occurred in the $F_2$ and $F_3$ generation. On the average, the $F_2$ generation decreased by 17.6 per cent and the $F_3$ by 20.7 per cent. The losses in two generations were exhibited in two levels; four crosses decreased by 10.9 per cent and twelve combinations by 22.0 per cent. The advanced generations of one yellow cross, Cuban Yellow Flint ${\times}$ Hawaiian Flinty Dent, and three white flint crosses, Bicol White Flint ${\times}$ Eto Blanco, College White Flint ${\times}$ Eto Blanco and Bicol White Flint ${\times}$ Nariono 330b, yielded as high as Philippine Hybrid No.1 and Philippine Hybrid No.4, respectively. 4. No significant differences in yield were obtained between the $F_2$ and $F_3$ populations, showing that genetic equilibrium was reached in $F_2$, as may be expected in view of the Hardy-Weinberg law on panmixis. 5. As in past trials, Hawaiian Flinty Dent, a variety, yielded as high as Philippine Hybrid No. 1.